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165-701: The Intrepid Museum (originally the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum ) is an American military and maritime history museum in New York City . It is located at Pier 86 at 46th Street , along the Hudson River , in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood on the West Side of Manhattan . The museum is mostly composed of exhibits, aircraft, and spacecraft aboard the museum ship USS  Intrepid ,

330-408: A Chapter 11 bankruptcy at the giant telecommunications company Worldcom , in 2004 its bondholders ended up being paid 35.7 cents on the dollar. In a bankruptcy involving reorganization or recapitalization, as opposed to liquidation, bondholders may end up having the value of their bonds reduced, often through an exchange for a smaller number of newly issued bonds. A number of bond indices exist for

495-413: A Concorde , labeled G-BOAD, that had been used by British Airways . This airplane set a world speed record for passenger airliners on February 7, 1996, when it flew between London and New York in 2 hours, 52 minutes and 59 seconds. This airplane logged the most flying hours (23,397) of the 20 Concordes built; it typically occupies an exhibit space on Pier 86. The vast majority of the museum's collection

660-634: A Royal Navy Supermarine Scimitar , and a MiG-15 were transferred to the Empire State Aerosciences Museum. Growler was also displayed next to Intrepid until 2004. The nose section of a former El Al Boeing 707 , 4X-ATA, was put on display in 1985 after the airframe was retired and broken up. During the museum's renovations, it was sold to the Cradle of Aviation Museum in Uniondale, New York . Pier 86 formerly contained

825-581: A Royal Navy uniform, gauge, dinner bell, and parachute-packing tool. The museum has hosted some attractions on a temporary basis; for example, the lightship Frying Pan (LV-115) was docked outside the museum during mid-1993. Many objects from the Intrepid Museum's collection were loaned from the Army and Navy. In the late 1990s, some of the craft were given back to their respective owners. Numerous other craft were relocated during that time, including

990-494: A World War II –era aircraft carrier , as well as a cruise missile submarine named USS  Growler and exhibits on Pier 86. The Intrepid Museum Foundation, a 501(c)(3) organization established in 1979, operates the museum. The museum was proposed in the late 1970s as a way to preserve Intrepid , and it opened on August 3, 1982. The Intrepid Museum Foundation filed for bankruptcy protection in 1985 after struggling to attract visitors. The foundation acquired USS Growler and

1155-468: A diesel electric submarine which carried out nuclear deterrent patrols armed with Regulus missiles , is berthed next to Pier 86. The submarine is accessed exclusively through a series of narrow oval bulkhead doors and she can only fit roughly twenty guests at once. Due to restrictions created by fire codes , disabled visitors and individuals under forty inches tall cannot enter Growler . The museum has two pieces of spacecraft from NASA . One of these

1320-517: A ram air turbine , salvaged from an F-8 Crusader and restored, as well as a Curtiss Pusher on the hangar deck. The below-decks spaces contain several thousand artifacts, such as a helmet that belonged to an aviation machinist fighting in the Vietnam War. The New York Times estimated in 2016 that former Intrepid crew members and their families donated 10 objects to the museum every month. Artifacts donated by Intrepid crew members have included

1485-458: A tap issue or bond tap . Nominal, principal, par, or face amount is the amount on which the issuer pays interest, and which, most commonly, has to be repaid at the end of the term. Some structured bonds can have a redemption amount which is different from the face amount and can be linked to the performance of particular assets. The issuer is obligated to repay the nominal amount on the maturity date. As long as all due payments have been made,

1650-619: A "Flight Deck Olympics" and exhibitions of ships. In addition, the Intrepid Museum has presented Kids' Week, a series of activities geared toward children. It held the New York Tugboat Race annually in the 1990s and early 2000s, with events such as line-throwing, nose-to-nose pushing, and spinach-eating contests. The museum has hosted sleepovers since 2009 as part of an event called Operation Slumber, and it also hosts Kids' Week events during late February. The Intrepid Museum Foundation issues several awards each year. These include

1815-497: A bond will immediately affect mutual funds that hold these bonds. If the value of the bonds in their trading portfolio falls, the value of the portfolio also falls. This can be damaging for professional investors such as banks, insurance companies, pension funds and asset managers (irrespective of whether the value is immediately " marked to market " or not). If there is any chance a holder of individual bonds may need to sell their bonds and "cash out", interest rate risk could become

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1980-520: A cafeteria, bathrooms, and a terrace on the stern . The hangar deck also contains a space dedicated to Medal of Honor recipients, as well as some aviation artifacts and plaques detailing the carrier's history and exhibits. Also on the hangar deck is the Exploreum, an interactive hall with exhibits such as a full-size Bell 47 helicopter. The hangar deck also has a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m) event space called Michael Anthony Fisher Hall, as well as

2145-496: A campaign to attract visitors; Lawrence Sowinski, the director of exhibits, described the museum as "too valuable a resource to close". Advertising firm McCann-Erickson was hired to promote the museum, running cheap advertisements in newspapers, on the radio, and in New York City Subway cars. The state also provided $ 1.024 million for the museum in its 1985 budget, though ultimately the museum got $ 850,000. Intrepid

2310-404: A centralized exchange or trading system. Rather, in most developed bond markets such as the U.S., Japan and western Europe, bonds trade in decentralized, dealer-based over-the-counter markets. In such a market, liquidity is provided by dealers and other market participants committing risk capital to trading activity. In the bond market, when an investor buys or sells a bond, the counterparty to

2475-555: A childhood background of relative socio-economic deprivation .  For example, after the US suspended conscription in 1973, "the military disproportionately attracted African American men, men from lower-status socioeconomic backgrounds, men who had been in nonacademic high school programs, and men whose high school grades tended to be low". However, a study released in 2020 on the socio-economic backgrounds of U.S. Armed Forces personnel suggests that they are at parity or slightly higher than

2640-432: A children's ride, a flight simulator , as well as a bathysphere that was closed to the public. Following the 2008 renovation, the museum has contained three flight simulators, a 4D theater , and interactive exhibits for children. There is also a space dedicated to Zachary Fisher and his wife Elizabeth M. Fisher. The Michael Tyler Fisher Center for Education occupies a three-story 18,000-square-foot (1,700 m) space in

2805-583: A civilian job while training under military discipline at weekends; he or she may be called out to deploy on operations to supplement the full-time personnel complement. After leaving the armed forces, recruits may remain liable for compulsory return to full-time military employment in order to train or deploy on operations . Military law introduces offences not recognized by civilian courts, such as absence without leave (AWOL) , desertion, political acts, malingering , behaving disrespectfully, and disobedience (see, for example, offences against military law in

2970-422: A creditor stake in a company (i.e. they are lenders). As creditors, bondholders have priority over stockholders. This means they will be repaid in advance of stockholders, but will rank behind secured creditors , in the event of bankruptcy. Another difference is that bonds usually have a defined term, or maturity, after which the bond is redeemed, whereas stocks typically remain outstanding indefinitely. An exception

3135-638: A cruise-ship port for four months, Intrepid was towed to dry dock in April 2007 and received exterior modifications, including new paint, new propellers, and a restored hull . After exterior modifications were completed, the carrier was towed to Staten Island , New York, for interior repairs in June 2007, on the anniversary of D-Day . At Staten Island, Intrepid 's facilities were upgraded and expanded; for example, workers replaced 80,000 square feet (7,400 m) on Intrepid 's three top decks. The fo'c'sle

3300-673: A graffitied portion of the Berlin Wall , which was displayed temporarily during the 1990s and early 2000s. This segment of the Berlin Wall weighed 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg; 3.1 long tons) and was painted by German artist Kiddy Citny , who gave it to artist Peter Max . Felix de Weldon 's 1954 sculpture Iwo Jima Monument (a smaller version of the Marine Corps War Memorial in Virginia), was installed outside

3465-525: A huge influence on Asian military doctrine, and from the late 19th century, on European and United States military planning . It has even been used to formulate business tactics, and can even be applied in social and political areas. The Classical Greeks and the Romans wrote prolifically on military campaigning . Among the best-known Roman works are Julius Caesar 's commentaries on the Gallic Wars , and

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3630-595: A military is usually defined as defence of their state and its interests against external armed threats. In broad usage, the terms "armed forces" and "military" are often synonymous, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's armed forces may include other paramilitary forces such as armed police. A nation's military may function as a discrete social subculture , with dedicated infrastructure such as military housing, schools , utilities, logistics , hospitals , legal services, food production, finance, and banking services. Beyond warfare,

3795-524: A minimum period of service of several years; between two and six years is typical of armed forces in Australia, the UK and the US, for example, depending on role, branch, and rank. Some armed forces allow a short discharge window, normally during training, when recruits may leave the armed force as of right. Alternatively, part-time military employment, known as reserve service , allows a recruit to maintain

3960-524: A party to celebrate the Intrepid 's 40th anniversary. Starting in 1982, the Intrepid also hosted an annual benefit called Night to Remember, described by Naval History magazine as "a black-tie affair with thousands of couples dining and dancing to a swing band's music on the flight deck and disco tempos on the hangar deck". The Intrepid Museum Foundation, in conjunction with Radio City Music Hall Productions, also hosted concerts and other events on

4125-429: A price of 100), their prices will move towards par as they approach maturity (if the market expects the maturity payment to be made in full and on time) as this is the price the issuer will pay to redeem the bond. This is referred to as " pull to par ". At the time of issue of the bond, the coupon paid, and other conditions of the bond, will have been influenced by a variety of factors, such as current market interest rates,

4290-452: A price of 75.26, indicates a selling price of $ 752.60 per bond sold. (Often, in the US, bond prices are quoted in points and thirty-seconds of a point, rather than in decimal form.) Some short-term bonds, such as the U.S. Treasury bill , are always issued at a discount, and pay par amount at maturity rather than paying coupons. This is called a discount bond. Although bonds are not necessarily issued at par (100% of face value, corresponding to

4455-509: A project announced in May 2001, Earth Tech Inc. built a cable-stayed bridge connecting the museum to the east side of 12th Avenue. By then, nearly half of the museum's patrons hailed from foreign countries, and Steele described the Intrepid as the "largest naval museum in the world". After the September 11 attacks , the museum was temporarily closed and served as temporary field headquarters for

4620-419: A real problem, conversely, bonds' market prices would increase if the prevailing interest rate were to drop, as it did from 2001 through 2003. One way to quantify the interest rate risk on a bond is in terms of its duration . Efforts to control this risk are called immunization or hedging . There is no guarantee of how much money will remain to repay bondholders. As an example, after an accounting scandal and

4785-464: A sense of military tradition , which is used to create cohesive military forces. Still, another is to learn to prevent wars more effectively. Human knowledge about the military is largely based on both recorded and oral history of military conflicts (war), their participating armies and navies and, more recently, air forces . Despite the growing importance of military technology , military activity depends above all on people. For example, in 2000

4950-618: A significant impact at the strategic level. This concept was pioneered by the German army prior to and during the Second World War . At this level, planning and duration of activities takes from one week to a month, and are executed by Field Armies and Army Corps and their naval and air equivalents. Military tactics concerns itself with the methods for engaging and defeating the enemy in direct combat. Military tactics are usually used by units over hours or days, and are focused on

5115-468: A space for temporary exhibits. The permanent exhibit halls were Pioneer Hall, which was dedicated to early air travel; Technology Hall, which contained displays about spaceflight; Navy Hall, which had Navy artifacts and a film; and Intrepid Hall, which discussed Intrepid 's role in World War II. The exhibits about the oldest artifacts are toward the rear or aft ; the back of the carrier contains

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5280-495: A theater, and flight simulators, as well as individual objects like a cockpit and an air turbine. Several craft and other objects have been sold off or removed from the museum's collection over the years. The museum serves as a space for community and national events, such as Fleet Week and awards ceremonies. USS  Intrepid , an Essex -class aircraft carrier, was launched in 1943. She participated in World War II ,

5445-653: A victory more often than that achieved by the Romans in praying to the gods before the battle. Later this became known as military science , and later still, would adopt the scientific method approach to the conduct of military operations under the influence of the Industrial Revolution thinking. In his seminal book On War , the Prussian Major-General and leading expert on modern military strategy , Carl von Clausewitz defined military strategy as 'the employment of battles to gain

5610-707: A year and a fixed lump sum at maturity is attractive. Bondholders also enjoy a measure of legal protection: under the law of most countries, if a company goes bankrupt , its bondholders will often receive some money back (the recovery amount ), whereas the company's equity stock often ends up valueless. However, bonds can also be risky but less risky than stocks: Bonds are also subject to various other risks such as call and prepayment risk, credit risk , reinvestment risk , liquidity risk , event risk , exchange rate risk , volatility risk , inflation risk , sovereign risk and yield curve risk . Again, some of these will only affect certain classes of investors. Price changes in

5775-423: A year of taking over. Restaurant Associates took over the museum's food service the same year to accommodate the high number of after-hours parties and events at the Intrepid Museum. The Intrepid Museum constructed a new visitor center at 46th Street and 12th Avenue that year. In addition, the museum planned to improve Pier 86, build a 245-seat theater, and erect a pedestrian overpass on 12th Avenue. As part of

5940-446: Is a 12-digit alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies debt securities. In English , the word " bond " relates to the etymology of "bind". The use of the word "bond" in this sense of an "instrument binding one to pay a sum to another" dates from at least the 1590s. Bonds are issued by public authorities, credit institutions, companies and supranational institutions in the primary markets . The most common process for issuing bonds

6105-623: Is a replica of a NASA Aurora 7 Mercury capsule. The other is the Space Shuttle Enterprise , which was used as a test orbiter and is located within a pavilion on the flight deck. The museum also contains a Russian Soyuz descent module, which had docked with the International Space Station during the Soyuz TMA-6 mission. The museum has some individual objects in its collection. These include

6270-431: Is also an area in which much effort is invested – it includes everything from global communication networks and aircraft carriers to paint and food. Possessing military capability is not sufficient if this capability cannot be deployed for, and employed in combat operations. To achieve this, military logistics are used for the logistics management and logistics planning of the forces military supply chain management ,

6435-399: Is an irredeemable bond, which is a perpetuity , that is, a bond with no maturity. Certificates of deposit (CDs) or short-term commercial paper are classified as money market instruments and not bonds: the main difference is the length of the term of the instrument. The most common forms include municipal , corporate , and government bonds . Very often the bond is negotiable, that is,

6600-407: Is arguably one of the most complex activities known to humanity; because it requires determining: strategic, operational, and tactical capability requirements to counter the identified threats; strategic, operational , and tactical doctrines by which the acquired capabilities will be used; identifying concepts, methods, and systems involved in executing the doctrines; creating design specifications for

6765-408: Is commonly used for smaller issues and avoids this cost, is the private placement bond. Bonds sold directly to buyers may not be tradeable in the bond market . Historically, an alternative practice of issuance was for the borrowing government authority to issue bonds over a period of time, usually at a fixed price, with volumes sold on a particular day dependent on market conditions. This was called

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6930-405: Is conducted by determining a military budget , which is administered by a military finance organization within the military. Military procurement is then authorized to purchase or contract provision of goods and services to the military, whether in peacetime at a permanent base, or in a combat zone from local population. Capability development, which is often referred to as the military 'strength',

7095-592: Is displayed on the Essex -class aircraft carrier Intrepid . Like other "long-hull" Essex -class carriers, Intrepid has a displacement of 27,100 tonnes (26,700 long tons; 29,900 short tons). She has an overall length of 872 feet (266 m), a beam of 147 feet 6 inches (44.96 m), and a draft of 28 feet 7 inches (8.71 m). Most of the museum's aircraft and spacecraft are on Intrepid 's flight deck (see Intrepid Museum § Flight, hangar, and gallery decks ). USS  Growler ,

7260-571: Is in the nature of the secrecy of the information they seek, and the clandestine nature that intelligence operatives work in obtaining what may be plans for a conflict escalation , initiation of combat , or an invasion . An important part of the military intelligence role is the military analysis performed to assess military capability of potential future aggressors, and provide combat modelling that helps to understand factors on which comparison of forces can be made. This helps to quantify and qualify such statements as: " China and India maintain

7425-427: Is only partially correct. Bonds do suffer from less day-to-day volatility than stocks, and bonds' interest payments are sometimes higher than the general level of dividend payments. Bonds are often liquid – it is often fairly easy for an institution to sell a large quantity of bonds without affecting the price much, which may be more difficult for equities – and the comparative certainty of a fixed interest payment twice

7590-429: Is the definition of the redemption yield on the bond, which is likely to be close to the current market interest rate for other bonds with similar characteristics, as otherwise there would be arbitrage opportunities. The yield and price of a bond are inversely related so that when market interest rates rise, bond prices fall and vice versa. For a discussion of the mathematics see Bond valuation . The bond's market price

7755-434: Is the rate of return received from investing in the bond. It usually refers to one of the following: The quality of the issue refers to the probability that the bondholders will receive the amounts promised at the due dates. In other words, credit quality tells investors how likely the borrower is going to default. This will depend on a wide range of factors. High-yield bonds are bonds that are rated below investment grade by

7920-421: Is through underwriting . When a bond issue is underwritten, one or more securities firms or banks, forming a syndicate , buy the entire issue of bonds from the issuer and resell them to investors. The security firm takes the risk of being unable to sell on the issue to end investors. Primary issuance is arranged by bookrunners who arrange the bond issue, have direct contact with investors and act as advisers to

8085-453: Is usually expressed as a percentage of nominal value: 100% of face value, "at par", corresponds to a price of 100; prices can be above par (bond is priced at greater than 100), which is called trading at a premium, or below par (bond is priced at less than 100), which is called trading at a discount. The market price of a bond may be quoted including the accrued interest since the last coupon date. (Some bond markets include accrued interest in

8250-562: The Air Force Museum Foundation , expressed concerns that the museum was incapable of properly maintaining the aircraft. After the Guadalcanal plan was canceled in early 1996, the Intrepid Museum launched an advertising campaigns to attract patrons; previously, most of its publicity came from word of mouth and public service announcements . Retired Marine Corps general Donald Ray Gardner replaced Sowinski as

8415-472: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) while they investigated the attacks. Additionally, part of the flight deck was cleared to make way for a temporary helipad. The museum reopened after five weeks and hosted an exhibit commemorating attack victims. The footbridge across 12th Avenue was completed in May 2003 for $ 11 million. Its construction experienced delays because of difficulties in constructing

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8580-474: The Hell's Kitchen neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Most of the collection is on board Intrepid , the third Essex -class carrier built and one of four preserved Essex -class carriers, besides Yorktown , Lexington , and Hornet . When Intrepid was converted into a museum ship, only one-quarter of her area was accessible to the public. Additionally, many of

8745-576: The Intrepid Museum in 1995. The monument was removed after the Intrepid Museum closed for renovation in 2006, as the Intrepid Museum Foundation could not afford to buy the monument. A fiberglass model of the Statue of Liberty was given to the then-planned National September 11 Memorial & Museum when the Intrepid was renovated. The Intrepid Museum Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization established in 1979, operates

8910-551: The Intrepid Museum's new Space Shuttle Pavilion, charging an additional fee for admission. The museum was closed in October 2012 due to Hurricane Sandy , which damaged Enterprise . Although the museum reopened that December, the Space Shuttle Pavilion did not reopen until July 2013. Museum officials contemplated erecting a permanent pavilion for Enterprise on Pier 86 or on a parking lot across 12th Avenue. At

9075-625: The Korean War , and the Vietnam War , and was a recovery ship for space missions. Intrepid was supposed to be scrapped after decommissioning in the late 1970s, but Odysseys in Flight, a nonprofit organization founded by Michael D. Piccola and Bruce Sherer, wished to convert Intrepid into a museum ship . Odysseys in Flight had initially planned to salvage the carriers Lexington or Franklin D. Roosevelt . The United States Navy wanted

9240-634: The New York City Council , and $ 5 million from the state; the city later increased its share to $ 23 million. Intrepid closed on October 1, 2006, in preparation for being towed to a dry dock at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne, New Jersey . Museum officials had decided to tow the carrier away, as they estimated that the project would cost $ 100 million and take five years if Intrepid were left in place. Just before

9405-593: The Roman Civil war – written about 50 BC. Two major works on tactics come from the late Roman period: Taktike Theoria by Aelianus Tacticus , and De Re Militari ('On military matters') by Vegetius . Taktike Theoria examined Greek military tactics, and was most influential in the Byzantine world and during the Golden Age of Islam . De Re Militari formed the basis of European military tactics until

9570-486: The United States Army Corps of Engineers to help dredge the mud around the keel so tugboats could tow her to a dry dock. That July, the foundation announced that Intrepid , along with Pier 86, would undergo renovations and repairs. Initially, the project was supposed to cost $ 58 million and take 18 months. The project was to be funded with $ 31 million from the federal government, $ 17 million from

9735-474: The West Side of Manhattan , where Intrepid was to be docked. The museum leased the pier from the city for 33 years at $ 50,000 per year, making annual payments in lieu of taxes totaling $ 400,000. Intrepid was towed to her permanent home at Pier 86 in June 1982. Following a soft opening on July 4, the museum opened on August 3, 1982, as the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum. This made Intrepid

9900-446: The credit rating agencies . As these bonds are riskier than investment grade bonds, investors expect to earn a higher yield. These bonds are also called junk bonds . The market price of a tradable bond will be influenced, among other factors, by the amounts, currency and timing of the interest payments and capital repayment due, the quality of the bond, and the available redemption yield of other comparable bonds which can be traded in

10065-407: The history of war , with military history focusing on the people and institutions of war-making, while the history of war focuses on the evolution of war itself in the face of changing technology, governments, and geography. Military history has a number of facets. One main facet is to learn from past accomplishments and mistakes, so as to more effectively wage war in the future. Another is to create

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10230-560: The 245-seat Lutnick Theater, which shows a 16-minute film on the carrier's history. The gallery deck houses the Combat Information Center and Men of the Intrepid exhibits. At the front of the carrier, artifacts from the officers' quarters are displayed in the fo'c'sle, which was opened to the public in 2008. The junior officers' and general berthing quarters are publicly accessible, and the crew's quarters are open to

10395-610: The 800,000 annual patrons that were required to break even . Attendance had been negatively impacted because of the lack of nearby public transit, and the museum struggled to raise money despite increasing its ticket prices. Nonetheless, the museum planned to expand by 1984; it had received $ 250,000 from the Astor Foundation for classrooms and conference rooms, and the New York state government gave $ 850,000 for historic preservation. Film and television executive Stanley Abrams

10560-620: The British Army declared: "Man is still the first weapon of war." The military organization is characterized by a command hierarchy divided by military rank , with ranks normally grouped (in descending order of authority) as officers (e.g. colonel ), non-commissioned officers (e.g. sergeant ), and personnel at the lowest rank (e.g. private ). While senior officers make strategic decisions, subordinated military personnel ( soldiers , sailors , marines , or airmen ) fulfil them. Although rank titles vary by military branch and country,

10725-510: The Free Fridays program, admission to the museum is typically waived on selected Fridays during the summer. The museum serves as an event space for community and national events. For example, it started hosting annual Fleet Week activities in 1988. It continues to host Fleet Week activities every year as of 2023. During past Fleet Weeks, Intrepid has hosted activities including tug-of-war, cooking, and arm wrestling contests, as well as

10890-543: The Gulf War. By early 1991, the museum recorded 5,000 visitors on a typical weekend, more than twice the previous year's weekend patronage. The Intrepid Museum received $ 900,000 from the state, $ 350,000 from the New York City Board of Education , and $ 60,000 from the city government annually. All of this funding was eliminated in 1992, forcing the museum to fire a quarter of its staff, and two young men formed

11055-632: The Hall of Honor, the United States' first archive dedicated to Medal of Honor recipients, on December 10, 1983; the Medal of Honor Society also relocated into offices within the carrier. The museum originally was projected to attract 1.3 to 1.4 million visitors annually, but it recorded only half of this amount in its first year. This forced the museum's directors to delay payments on its debt. The museum had recorded 450,000 patrons in 1984, nearly half of

11220-890: The Intrepid Freedom Award, for political leaders; the Intrepid Salute Award, for philanthropists and businesspeople; the Intrepid Salute Award for the Performing Arts, for performing-arts organizations; the Zachary & Elizabeth Fisher Award for Patriotism; the Intrepid Leadership Award, for community leaders; the Hometown Heroes Award, for residents of the New York metropolitan area who have contributed to

11385-659: The Intrepid Museum Foundation permission to sell tax-exempt bonds in December 1980, the bonds were sold to the public in July 1981. The federal grant was approved in January 1982, even though the project "had nothing to do with housing". The renovation involved the addition of a theater, several planes on Intrepid 's deck, and aviation and maritime exhibit halls. The carrier's navigation and flight bridges were also restored. The city spent around $ 2.5 million to renovate Pier 86 on

11550-505: The Intrepid Museum Foundation's president in September 1996. Gardner laid off staff, sharply restricted expense spending, deaccessioned some costly artifacts, and reduced the number of planes on exhibit. Gardner also planned to add electronic kiosks to attract children, as well as develop an endowment fund. U.S. President Bill Clinton approved $ 13 million for a renovation of the Intrepid Museum in late 1997, over his staff's objections to

11715-543: The Intrepid Museum Society and raised money through various events. The Intrepid Museum held numerous fundraisers and received $ 1.1 million from numerous city and state agencies between 1992 and 1996. Despite this, the museum continued to struggle to remain solvent; the Village Voice wrote in 1996 that "the continued taxpayer subsidies seem hard to justify". Although the museum rented Pier 86 from

11880-478: The MI their true capabilities, and to impress potential ideological recruits. Having military intelligence representatives participate in the execution of the national defence policy is important, because it becomes the first respondent and commentator on the policy expected strategic goal , compared to the realities of identified threats . When the intelligence reporting is compared to the policy, it becomes possible for

12045-542: The Navy transferred the Intrepid to Fisher, who led the nonprofit Intrepid Museum Foundation, on April 27, 1981. The conversion of the carrier's top two decks cost $ 22 million and was funded by $ 2.4 million in private donations, as well as $ 15.2 million of tax-exempt bonds and $ 4.5 million from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development . After the New York City Board of Estimate gave

12210-529: The Navy, the state, and the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs . In mid-1999, retired Marine Corps general Martin R. Steele took over as the Intrepid Museum Foundation's president and began planning 15 modifications to exhibits and 17 construction projects, including a $ 5.25 million renovation of the flight deck. Steele wished to attract students and increase annual patronage to 1.2 million, and he installed interactive kiosks within

12375-975: The United Kingdom ). Penalties range from a summary reprimand to imprisonment for several years following a court martial . Certain rights are also restricted or suspended, including the freedom of association (e.g. union organizing) and freedom of speech (speaking to the media). Military personnel in some countries have a right of conscientious objection if they believe an order is immoral or unlawful, or cannot in good conscience carry it out. Personnel may be posted to bases in their home country or overseas, according to operational need, and may be deployed from those bases on exercises or operations . During peacetime, when military personnel are generally stationed in garrisons or other permanent military facilities, they conduct administrative tasks, training and education activities, technology maintenance , and recruitment . Initial training conditions recruits for

12540-414: The aircraft lack engines, and some were disassembled before arriving at the museum. According to The New York Times , the vast majority of aircraft were transported to the museum by airplane, helicopter, or barge. One aircraft, a Bell AH-1J Sea Cobra gunship, flew to the museum under its own power before its engine was removed. Visitors cannot ordinarily go inside the aircraft. In 2003, the museum received

12705-497: The armed forces, and at all levels of the military hierarchy of command. Although concerned with research into military psychology , particularly combat stress and how it affects troop morale , often the bulk of military science activities is directed at military intelligence technology, military communications , and improving military capability through research. The design, development, and prototyping of weapons , military support equipment, and military technology in general,

12870-513: The bond includes embedded options , the valuation is more difficult and combines option pricing with discounting. Depending on the type of option, the option price as calculated is either added to or subtracted from the price of the "straight" portion. See further under Bond option § Embedded options . This total is then the value of the bond. More sophisticated lattice- or simulation-based techniques may (also) be employed. Bond markets, unlike stock or share markets, sometimes do not have

13035-474: The bond issuer in terms of timing and price of the bond issue. The bookrunner is listed first among all underwriters participating in the issuance in the tombstone ads commonly used to announce bonds to the public. The bookrunners' willingness to underwrite must be discussed prior to any decision on the terms of the bond issue as there may be limited demand for the bonds. In contrast, government bonds are usually issued in an auction. In some cases, both members of

13200-431: The bonds to match their liabilities, and may be compelled by law to do this. Most individuals who want to own bonds do so through bond funds . Still, in the U.S., nearly 10% of all bonds outstanding are held directly by households. The volatility of bonds (especially short and medium dated bonds) is lower than that of equities (stocks). Thus, bonds are generally viewed as safer investments than stocks , but this perception

13365-488: The carrier's decks; from top to bottom, they are the flight, hangar, and gallery decks. Most of the museum's collection is composed of aircraft, which are exhibited on the flight deck. Among the museum's collection are a Concorde SST , a Lockheed A-12 supersonic reconnaissance plane, and the Space Shuttle Enterprise . The hangar and gallery decks contain a variety of attractions such as exhibit halls,

13530-489: The carrier's equipment, including the large airplane elevators, were disabled. One of the carrier's former elevators, which transported planes between the flight and hangar decks, was converted into a theater. Due to regulations that require "easy passage", and to prevent theft, much of Intrepid 's equipment has been removed or relocated. The Intrepid Museum spans three of the carrier's decks; due to fire-safety regulations, Intrepid 's other decks remain closed to

13695-423: The carrier's island on the starboard side, as well as an anti-aircraft mount in a gun tub on the starboard bow. Also on the flight deck is a plaque marking the spot where a 1944 kamikaze attack killed or injured 22 soldiers. The museum's main entrance has been through the carrier's hangar deck , below the flight deck, since 2008. The hangar deck originally contained four permanent exhibit halls, in addition to

13860-527: The city for $ 252,000 annually, it paid no rent between March 1995 and October 1997. To raise money, the museum tried to acquire the decommissioned amphibious assault ship Guadalcanal in 1994, berth her next to Intrepid , and use Guadalcanal as a heliport. Although the United States Senate approved the plan, residents of the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood objected to the fact that the heliport would cut off their access to Pier 84. That year,

14025-513: The civilian population with respect to socio-economic indicators such as parental income, parental wealth and cognitive abilities. The study found that technological, tactical, operational and doctrinal changes have led to a change in the demand for personnel. Furthermore, the study suggests that the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups are less likely to meet the requirements of the modern U.S. military. The obligations of military employment are many. Full-time military employment normally requires

14190-592: The commanding forces and other military, as well as often civilian personnel participate in identification of these threats. This is at once an organization, a system and a process collectively called military intelligence (MI). Areas of study in Military intelligence may include the operational environment, hostile, friendly and neutral forces, the civilian population in an area of combat operations, and other broader areas of interest. The difficulty in using military intelligence concepts and military intelligence methods

14355-526: The community; and the Intrepid Lifetime Achievement Award, for people who have helped others throughout their lifetime. Recipients of the awards have included U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush ; foreign heads of state; members of U.S. presidential cabinets; U.S. Congress members; and mayors of New York City, In the museum's first year, the Intrepid Museum Foundation hosted

14520-454: The concepts and methods used by the command to employ appropriately military skilled, armed and equipped personnel in achievement of the tangible goals and objectives of the war , campaign , battle , engagement, and action. The line between strategy and tactics is not easily blurred, although deciding which is being discussed had sometimes been a matter of personal judgement by some commentators, and military historians. The use of forces at

14685-410: The concerns of military command. Military strategy is more concerned with the supply of war and planning, than management of field forces and combat between them. The scope of strategic military planning can span weeks, but is more often months or even years. Operational mobility is, within warfare and military doctrine , the level of command which coordinates the minute details of tactics with

14850-512: The consumables, and capital equipment of the troops. Although mostly concerned with the military transport , as a means of delivery using different modes of transport; from military trucks , to container ships operating from permanent military base , it also involves creating field supply dumps at the rear of the combat zone, and even forward supply points in a specific unit's tactical area of responsibility . These supply points are also used to provide military engineering services, such as

15015-459: The cost of Pier 86, ultimately cost $ 115 million or $ 120 million. The cost overruns almost bankrupted the museum, which asked donors and politicians to contribute an additional $ 10 million each to the project. The carrier was towed back to Pier 86 at the beginning of October 2008, and the Concorde was moved back to Pier 86. The museum reopened to the public on November 8. Four aircraft were added to

15180-490: The currency, the term of the bond (length of time to maturity) and the conditions applying to the bond. The following descriptions are not mutually exclusive, and more than one of them may apply to a particular bond: The nature of the issuer will affect the security (certainty of receiving the contracted payments) offered by the bond, and sometimes the tax treatment. Some companies, banks, governments, and other sovereign entities may decide to issue bonds in foreign currencies as

15345-682: The dealers earn revenue by means of the spread, or difference, between the price at which the dealer buys a bond from one investor—the "bid" price—and the price at which he or she sells the same bond to another investor—the "ask" or "offer" price. The bid/offer spread represents the total transaction cost associated with transferring a bond from one investor to another. Bonds are bought and traded mostly by institutions like central banks , sovereign wealth funds , pension funds , insurance companies , hedge funds , and banks . Insurance companies and pension funds have liabilities which essentially include fixed amounts payable on predetermined dates. They buy

15510-429: The demands of military life, including preparedness to injure and kill other people, and to face mortal danger without fleeing. It is a physically and psychologically intensive process which resocializes recruits for the unique nature of military demands. For example: The next requirement comes as a fairly basic need for the military to identify possible threats it may be called upon to face. For this purpose, some of

15675-420: The destroyer USS Edson in the late 1980s to attract guests and raise money, although it remained unprofitable through the 1990s. The museum received a minor renovation in 1998 after it started turning a profit. Between 2006 and 2008, the Intrepid Museum was completely closed for a $ 115 million renovation. A new pavilion for the Space Shuttle Enterprise opened in 2012. The Intrepid Museum spans three of

15840-517: The destroyer escort Slater and the lightship Nantucket (LV-112) . The destroyer Edson was given back to the Navy in 2004. Additional objects were returned when the museum's renovation commenced in 2006, including a Saturn rocket loaned from the National Air and Space Museum . After the Enterprise was lifted onto the Intrepid 's flight deck in 2012, a Douglas F3D Skyknight ,

16005-483: The early 2000s. By the middle of that decade, the museum had 750,000 visitors per year, including over 100,000 students; it had recorded ten million all-time visitors by August 2005. The museum spent $ 17 million annually just on overhead costs. By June 2006, the Intrepid Museum Foundation executives had notified state and federal governments of their plans to renovate Intrepid , though few details of this renovation were disclosed publicly. The foundation had already asked

16170-408: The end of the year, Growler was also towed to Bayonne for renovation, while the Concorde on Pier 86 was floated to Floyd Bennett Field so the pier could be repaired. The Intrepid Museum Foundation also sold $ 7.08 million in bonds to fund its continuing operations. Pier 86 was demolished and rebuilt to accommodate plumbing and cables, which had not been present in the original pier. After sitting at

16335-463: The end of war'. According to Clausewitz: strategy forms the plan of the War, and to this end it links together the series of acts which are to lead to the final decision, that is to say, it makes the plans for the separate campaigns and regulates the combats to be fought in each. Hence, Clausewitz placed political aims above military goals , ensuring civilian control of the military . Military strategy

16500-489: The executive director. Before resigning, White had tried to obtain a Space Shuttle for the museum's collection. The Intrepid Museum announced in May 2011 that it would acquire the Space Shuttle Enterprise . It initially planned to exhibit the Space Shuttle on Pier 86, but then announced plans to display the spacecraft in a parking lot across 12th Avenue, prompting U.S. senator Sherrod Brown to ask that NASA award

16665-401: The existence of the military is to engage in combat , should it be required to do so by the national defence policy, and to win. This represents an organisational goal of any military, and the primary focus for military thought through military history . How victory is achieved, and what shape it assumes, is studied by most, if not all, military groups on three levels. Military strategy is

16830-628: The fact that the adjacent pier needed to be repaired and could not be used for berthing Edson . After Edson was removed from the Intrepid Museum in 2004, the Navy sold the destroyer to the Saginaw Valley Naval Ship Museum . The Michael Tyler Fisher Center for Education opened within the museum in 2004, and the Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation , cofounded by the Fishers, occupied some space during

16995-490: The flight deck and halls for weddings. Military A military , also known collectively as armed forces , is a heavily armed , highly organized force primarily intended for warfare . Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state , with their members identifiable by a distinct military uniform . They may consist of one or more military branches such as an army , navy , air force , space force , marines , or coast guard . The main task of

17160-505: The foreign currency may appear to potential investors to be more stable and predictable than their domestic currency. Issuing bonds denominated in foreign currencies also gives issuers the ability to access investment capital available in foreign markets. A downside is that the government loses the option to reduce its bond liabilities by inflating its domestic currency. The proceeds from the issuance of these bonds can be used by companies to break into foreign markets, or can be converted into

17325-793: The form of military camouflage or misdirection using decoys , is used to confuse the enemy as a tactic. A major development in infantry tactics came with the increased use of trench warfare in the 19th and 20th centuries. This was mainly employed in World War I in the Gallipoli campaign , and the Western Front . Trench warfare often turned to a stalemate, only broken by a large loss of life, because, in order to attack an enemy entrenchment, soldiers had to run through an exposed ' no man's land ' under heavy fire from their opposing entrenched enemy. As with any occupation, since ancient times,

17490-470: The foundations and because of the need to decontaminate the site. A Concorde supersonic aircraft was towed to the Intrepid Museum in November 2003, making the museum one of two in the United States with a Concorde. In conjunction with this acquisition, the museum created a new exhibit on transatlantic crossings . Also in late 2003, the Intrepid Museum offered to resell Edson back to the Navy, citing

17655-550: The issuer has no further obligations to the bond holders after the maturity date. The length of time until the maturity date is often referred to as the term or tenor or maturity of a bond. The maturity can be any length of time, although debt securities with a term of less than one year are generally designated money market instruments rather than bonds. Most bonds have a term shorter than 30 years. Some bonds have been issued with terms of 50 years or more, and historically there have been some issues with no maturity date (irredeemable). In

17820-413: The issuer receives are thus the issue price, less issuance fees. The market price of the bond will vary over its life: it may trade at a premium (above par, usually because market interest rates have fallen since issue), or at a discount (price below par, if market rates have risen or there is a high probability of default on the bond). Bonds can be categorised in several ways, such as the type of issuer,

17985-431: The issuing company's local currency to be used on existing operations through the use of foreign exchange swap hedges. Foreign issuer bonds can also be used to hedge foreign exchange rate risk. Some foreign issuer bonds are called by their nicknames, such as the "samurai bond". These can be issued by foreign issuers looking to diversify their investor base away from domestic markets. These bond issues are generally governed by

18150-517: The largest armed forces in the World" or that "the U.S. Military is considered to be the world's strongest". Although some groups engaged in combat, such as militants or resistance movements , refer to themselves using military terminology, notably 'Army' or 'Front', none have had the structure of a national military to justify the reference, and usually have had to rely on support of outside national militaries. They also use these terms to conceal from

18315-540: The late 17th century. Perhaps its most enduring maxim is Igitur qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum (let he who desires peace prepare for war). Due to the changing nature of combat with the introduction of artillery in the European Middle Ages , and infantry firearms in the Renaissance , attempts were made to define and identify those strategies, grand tactics , and tactics that would produce

18480-496: The law of the market of issuance, e.g., a samurai bond, issued by an investor based in Europe, will be governed by Japanese law. Not all of the following bonds are restricted for purchase by investors in the market of issuance. The market price of a bond is the present value of all expected future interest and principal payments of the bond, here discounted at the bond's yield to maturity (i.e. rate of return ). That relationship

18645-422: The length of the term and the creditworthiness of the issuer. These factors are likely to change over time, so the market price of a bond will vary after it is issued. (The position is a bit more complicated for inflation-linked bonds.) The interest payment ("coupon payment") divided by the current price of the bond is called the current yield (this is the nominal yield multiplied by the par value and divided by

18810-482: The level of organization between strategic and tactical is called operational mobility . Because most of the concepts and methods used by the military, and many of its systems are not found in commercial branches, much of the material is researched, designed, developed, and offered for inclusion in arsenals by military science organizations within the overall structure of the military. Therefore, military scientists can be found interacting with all Arms and Services of

18975-426: The management of forces in wars and military campaigns by a commander-in-chief , employing large military forces, either national and allied as a whole, or the component elements of armies , navies and air forces ; such as army groups , naval fleets , and large numbers of aircraft . Military strategy is a long-term projection of belligerents' policy, with a broad view of outcome implications, including outside

19140-630: The manufacturers who would produce these in adequate quantity and quality for their use in combat; purchase the concepts, methods, and systems; create a forces structure that would use the concepts, methods, and systems most effectively and efficiently; integrate these concepts, methods, and systems into the force structure by providing military education , training , and practice that preferably resembles combat environment of intended use; create military logistics systems to allow continued and uninterrupted performance of military organizations under combat conditions, including provision of health services to

19305-406: The market for United States Treasury securities, there are four categories of bond maturities: The coupon is the interest rate that the issuer pays to the holder. For fixed rate bonds , the coupon is fixed throughout the life of the bond. For floating rate notes , the coupon varies throughout the life of the bond and is based on the movement of a money market reference rate (historically this

19470-423: The markets. The price can be quoted as clean or dirty . "Dirty" includes the present value of all future cash flows, including accrued interest, and is most often used in Europe. "Clean" does not include accrued interest, and is most often used in the U.S. The issue price at which investors buy the bonds when they are first issued will typically be approximately equal to the nominal amount. The net proceeds that

19635-497: The military has been distinguished from other members of the society by their tools: the weapons and military equipment used in combat. When Stone Age humans first took flint to tip the spear , it was the first example of applying technology to improve the weapon. Since then, the advances made by human societies, and that of weapons, has been closely linked. Stone weapons gave way to Bronze Age and Iron Age weapons such as swords and shields . With each technological change

19800-436: The military may be employed in additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within the state, including internal security threats, crowd control , promotion of political agendas , emergency services and reconstruction, protecting corporate economic interests, social ceremonies, and national honour guards . The profession of soldiering is older than recorded history . Some images of classical antiquity portray

19965-412: The museum added 4,000 square feet (370 m) of park space to Pier 86. The Intrepid Museum dropped "Sea, Air & Space" from its official name in October 2023 as part of a rebranding. In May 2024, the museum opened 4,000 square feet (370 m) of space on Pier 86 as a public park. The Intrepid Museum is located along Hudson River Park at the intersection of 46th Street and 12th Avenue , within

20130-401: The museum during his lifetime. Fisher was enthusiastic about the project, eventually attracting other high-profile supporters such as radio and TV personality Arthur Godfrey and actress Maureen O'Hara . The Navy also hoped that Intrepid could be used for recruitment. Mayor Ed Koch announced plans for the Intrepid 's conversion in mid-April 1981, and the United States Department of

20295-415: The museum planned to display a submarine alongside Intrepid. Fisher funded the addition of two permanent exhibits in the late 1980s, at which point Intrepid had 39 aircraft. USS  Growler , a Grayback -class submarine that carried nuclear Regulus missiles , was towed to the museum in late 1988 and opened to the public the next May. USS  Edson , a Forrest Sherman -class destroyer that

20460-533: The museum received part of a $ 1 million appropriation earmarked for the restoration of the USS ; Constellation in Baltimore. The museum remained unprofitable, recording a $ 1 million loss in 1996. Annual revenue from ticket sales totaled $ 3 million, less than half of the museum's budget; donations and event rentals covered the rest of the budget. Agencies that had loaned planes to the Intrepid Museum, such as

20625-543: The museum reopened in 2008, the New York Daily News estimated that the carrier hosted 150 events annually, ranging "from black-tie galas to bar mitzvahs, photos shoots and runway shows". It held concerts during the 2013 MLB All-Star Weekend and during Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. In addition, the museum continued to host other events such as political fundraisers, film screenings, and social events like Astronomy Night. The museum's operators have also rented out

20790-471: The museum was the only major point of interest on the rundown Hudson River waterfront, in part due to delays in the construction of nearby developments such as Javits Center . The Intrepid Museum Foundation presented a reorganization plan to the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in July 1987, in which nearly half of the museum's $ 28.4 million debt would be forgiven, but creditors would only receive a portion of their claims. After successfully exiting bankruptcy proceedings,

20955-432: The museum's collection when the museum reopened. At the time, the Intrepid Museum planned to attract one million annual visitors, with ten percent of this figure being students. Museum officials hired advertising firm Austin & Williams to promote the museum. The museum's president Bill White , who had overseen the 2000s renovation, resigned in 2010 and was succeeded the next year by Susan Marenoff-Zausner, who had been

21120-430: The museum, with a meeting space, breakout rooms, and classrooms. There was originally two gift shops: one at the entrance to Pier 86 and one on the hangar deck. The current 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m) visitor center at 46th Street and 12th Avenue, completed in 1999, replaces the original 3,000-square-foot (280 m) visitor center. The new edifice had a metal and glass facade, and it incorporated about one-fourth of

21285-718: The museum. As of 2023, Susan Marenoff is listed as the principal officer of the foundation. For the fiscal year that ended in December 2021, the organization recorded $ 23,304,017 in revenue and $ 23,432,181 in expenses. In addition to operating the museum, the Intrepid Museum Foundation is associated with programs such as the Intrepid Family Support Fund and the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund , and it distributes funds to families of US armed service members killed in action . The museum also employs some youth through internship programs. As part of

21450-425: The national leadership to consider allocating resources over and above the officers and their subordinates military pay, and the expense of maintaining military facilities and military support services for them. Source: SIPRI Defense economics is the financial and monetary efforts made to resource and sustain militaries, and to finance military operations , including war. The process of allocating resources

21615-483: The nearby Pier 84 during the late 1980s. Other craft such as the battleship USS  Iowa , also berthed outside Intrepid for special events in the 1980s. After the Gulf War started, the museum held events such as a tribute for the first New Yorker who died in the war, as well as a commemoration of the war's first anniversary. During the 1990s, the museum continued to host other events such as memorials, benefits, ceremonies, parties, and weddings. The museum's flight deck

21780-458: The old visitor center. A bridge measuring 277 feet (84 m) long connects the museum to a ramp on the eastern side of 12th Avenue. This bridge contains a central 59-foot-tall (18 m) tower, as well as sail-shaped fabric canopies. All of the aircraft on Intrepid 's flight deck are retired craft that are no longer capable of flying, either due to mechanical problems or because they had flown more than their maximum flight hours . Many of

21945-455: The organization to raise $ 3 million for the carrier's upkeep. The organization hosted an exhibit at 6 World Trade Center to raise support for the project, and Odysseys in Flight had raised $ 2 million by March 1979. One of the museum's largest supporters was local real estate developer Zachary Fisher , who established the Intrepid Museum Foundation in March 1978 and contributed over $ 25 million to

22110-421: The overarching goals of strategy . A common synonym is operational art. The operational level is at a scale bigger than one where line of sight and the time of day are important, and smaller than the strategic level, where production and politics are considerations. Formations are of the operational level if they are able to conduct operations on their own, and are of sufficient size to be directly handled or have

22275-441: The ownership of the instrument can be transferred in the secondary market . This means that once the transfer agents at the bank medallion-stamp the bond, it is highly liquid on the secondary market. The price of a bond in the secondary market may differ substantially from the principal due to various factors in bond valuation . Bonds are often identified by their international securities identification number, or ISIN , which

22440-417: The personnel, and maintenance for the equipment; the services to assist recovery of wounded personnel, and repair of damaged equipment; and finally, post-conflict demobilization , and disposal of war stocks surplus to peacetime requirements. Development of military doctrine is perhaps the most important of all capability development activities, because it determines how military forces are used in conflicts,

22605-486: The physicality of armed forces, their personnel , equipment , and the physical area which they occupy. As an adjective, military originally referred only to soldiers and soldiering, but it broadened to apply to land forces in general, and anything to do with their profession. The names of both the Royal Military Academy (1741) and United States Military Academy (1802) reflect this. However, at about

22770-550: The power and feats of military leaders . The Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC from the reign of Ramses II , features in bas-relief monuments. The first Emperor of a unified China , Qin Shi Huang , created the Terracotta Army to represent his military might. The Ancient Romans wrote many treatises and writings on warfare, as well as many decorated triumphal arches and victory columns . The first recorded use of

22935-439: The price). There are other yield measures that exist such as the yield to first call, yield to worst, yield to first par call, yield to put, cash flow yield and yield to maturity. The relationship between yield and term to maturity (or alternatively between yield and the weighted mean term allowing for both interest and capital repayment) for otherwise identical bonds derives the yield curve , a graph plotting this relationship. If

23100-505: The project; at the time, the museum had 500,000 annual visitors. The next year, Gardner closed the Intrepid Museum for a minor renovation, the first in its history; the museum reopened in February 1998 with two new exhibits. The city waived $ 600,000 in unpaid rent, as well as future rent payments for Pier 86, in late 1998 after Fisher donated to mayor Rudy Giuliani . By then, the museum received hundreds of thousands of dollars annually from

23265-440: The public and banks may bid for bonds. In other cases, only market makers may bid for bonds. The overall rate of return on the bond depends on both the terms of the bond and the price paid. The terms of the bond, such as the coupon, are fixed in advance and the price is determined by the market. In the case of an underwritten bond, the underwriters will charge a fee for underwriting. An alternative process for bond issuance, which

23430-401: The public as well. There are replicas of two rooms that were created when the mess was subdivided in the 1970s. The middle of the carrier contains a hole that allows visitors to see through seven decks. The museum originally displayed newsreels of pre–World War II events, dioramas of World War II battles, and models of ships. By the 1990s, the museum also featured an undersea-exploration hall,

23595-415: The public. The carrier's topmost deck, the flight deck , showcases many of the museum's craft (see Intrepid Museum § Exhibits and collection ). The Space Shuttle Enterprise is housed within a pavilion on the flight deck, originally within an inflatable tent placed on the stern of Intrepid . The superstructure 's command bridges are accessible to the public. There is a three-inch weapon mount on

23760-445: The rank hierarchy is common to all state armed forces worldwide. In addition to their rank, personnel occupy one of many trade roles, which are often grouped according to the nature of the role's military tasks on combat operations: combat roles (e.g. infantry ), combat support roles (e.g. combat engineers ), and combat service support roles (e.g. logistical support ). Personnel may be recruited or conscripted , depending on

23925-415: The recovery of defective and derelict vehicles and weapons, maintenance of weapons in the field, the repair and field modification of weapons and equipment; and in peacetime, the life-extension programmes undertaken to allow continued use of equipment. One of the most important role of logistics is the supply of munitions as a primary type of consumable, their storage, and disposal . The primary reason for

24090-459: The renovation was scheduled to begin, Newsday reported that corrupt activities may have been involved in the renovation contract for Pier 86, prompting concerns that Intrepid and the Intrepid Museum Foundation were being investigated. Furthermore, after the dry dock in Bayonne was found to be deteriorated, museum officials decided to move Intrepid to another pier in that city until the dry dock

24255-399: The second aircraft carrier in the U.S. to be converted into a museum, after the USS  Yorktown . Larry Sawinski was named as the museum's director of exhibits. When the Intrepid Museum opened, it showcased several aircraft and spacecraft, and it also contained an exhibit on the early history of carriers. The exhibit halls on hangar level (including Pioneer Hall and Navy Hall), as well as

24420-675: The shuttle to another museum. The museum took title to the spacecraft that December, after engineers determined that it was safe to fly on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft once again. Enterprise was flown to the nearby JFK Airport in April 2012 and then moved by barge to the Intrepid Museum that June. To make room for the Enterprise display, three aircraft were transferred to the Empire State Aerosciences Museum near Schenectady, New York . The Enterprise went on public display July 19, 2012, at

24585-453: The specific tasks and objectives of squadrons , companies , battalions , regiments , brigades , and divisions , and their naval and air force equivalents. One of the oldest military publications is The Art of War , by the Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu . Written in the 6th century BCE, the 13-chapter book is intended as military instruction, and not as military theory , but has had

24750-698: The system chosen by the state. Most military personnel are males; the minority proportion of female personnel varies internationally (approximately 3% in India, 10% in the UK, 13% in Sweden, 16% in the US, and 27% in South Africa ). While two-thirds of states now recruit or conscript only adults, as of 2017 50 states still relied partly on children under the age of 18 (usually aged 16 or 17) to staff their armed forces. Whereas recruits who join as officers tend to be upwardly-mobile , most enlisted personnel have

24915-502: The theater, were not completed. Maritime and aviation schools were planned for the lower two decks, the renovation of which was expected to cost $ 22 million. The museum had 50 paid staff, who worked mostly in the cafeteria, gift shop, and ticket booths; another 100 volunteers were responsible for the museum's displays and expansion. The museum's opening was expected to create 469 jobs in the surrounding area, though many of these jobs never materialized. The Intrepid Museum Foundation dedicated

25080-471: The time of the Napoleonic Wars , military began to be used in reference to armed forces as a whole, such as " military service ", " military intelligence ", and " military history ". As such, it now connotes any activity performed by armed force personnel. Military history is often considered to be the history of all conflicts, not just the history of the state militaries. It differs somewhat from

25245-459: The time, the museum had 915,000 annual visitors. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City , the museum was closed between March and September 2020, though it continued to host online events during its closure. The museum's Concorde aircraft, which had been displayed on Pier 86, was removed for restoration in 2023 and towed back to the Intrepid Museum in March 2024. As part of the project,

25410-529: The trade is almost always a bank or securities firm acting as a dealer. In some cases, when a dealer buys a bond from an investor, the dealer carries the bond "in inventory", i.e. holds it for their own account. The dealer is then subject to risks of price fluctuation. In other cases, the dealer immediately resells the bond to another investor. Bond markets can also differ from stock markets in that, in some markets, investors sometimes do not pay brokerage commissions to dealers with whom they buy or sell bonds. Rather,

25575-559: The trading price and others add it on separately when settlement is made.) The price including accrued interest is known as the "full" or " dirty price ". ( See also Accrual bond .) The price excluding accrued interest is known as the "flat" or " clean price ". Most government bonds are denominated in units of $ 1000 in the United States , or in units of £100 in the United Kingdom . Hence, a deep discount US bond, selling at

25740-566: The word "military" in English, spelled militarie , was in 1582. It comes from the Latin militaris (from Latin miles ' soldier ' ) through French, but is of uncertain etymology, one suggestion being derived from *mil-it- – going in a body or mass. As a noun phrase, "the military" usually refers generally to a country's armed forces, or sometimes, more specifically, to the senior officers who command them. In general, it refers to

25905-528: Was generally LIBOR , but with its discontinuation the market reference rate has transitioned to SOFR ). Historically, coupons were physical attachments to the paper bond certificates, with each coupon representing an interest payment. On the interest due date, the bondholder would hand in the coupon to a bank in exchange for the interest payment. Today, interest payments are almost always paid electronically. Interest can be paid at different frequencies: generally semi-annual (every six months) or annual. The yield

26070-441: Was named as the museum's president in June 1984. The Intrepid Museum Foundation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1985, declaring $ 28.4 million in debt and $ 16.5 million in assets. Only about a third of the museum's revenues came from admissions, with the remaining two-thirds coming from grants, donations, or fundraisers and other such events. Nonetheless, museum officials planned to continue normal operations and launch

26235-535: Was officially designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986, and its annual allocation from the state was raised to $ 895,000 that year. Investigators announced in early 1987 that members of the Westies gang had engaged in racketeering , stealing $ 100,000 to $ 120,000 annually from the Intrepid Museum. During the late 1980s, the museum had 400,000 annual visitors; its low attendance was attributed to competition from more popular tourist attractions. Additionally,

26400-718: Was one of a triumvirate of ' arts ' or 'sciences' that governed the conduct of warfare, the others being: military tactics , the execution of plans and manoeuvring of forces in battle , and maintenance of an army. The meaning of military tactics has changed over time; from the deployment and manoeuvring of entire land armies on the fields of ancient battles, and galley fleets; to modern use of small unit ambushes , encirclements , bombardment attacks, frontal assaults , air assaults , hit-and-run tactics used mainly by guerrilla forces, and, in some cases, suicide attacks on land and at sea. Evolution of aerial warfare introduced its own air combat tactics . Often, military deception , in

26565-431: Was realized some tangible increase in military capability, such as through greater effectiveness of a sharper edge in defeating armour , or improved density of materials used in manufacture of weapons. Bond (finance) Bonds and stocks are both securities , but the major difference between the two is that (capital) stockholders have an equity stake in a company (i.e. they are owners), whereas bondholders have

26730-476: Was repaired. The scheduled move on November 6, 2006, was delayed when Intrepid 's propellers stuck in the Hudson River mud, preventing tugboats from moving the ship out of her berth. The Navy and USACE spent $ 3 million to extricate the carrier, removing 39,000 cubic yards (30,000 m) of sediment and mud from the propellers and pier., Tugboats made a successful second attempt on December 5, 2006. By

26895-419: Was restored, the starboard side and flight deck were deoxidized, a new aircraft elevator was installed, and new wiring was installed. The firm of Perkins + Will was hired to redesign several exhibits and create other exhibits within space that had been closed to the public. The exterior renovations were budgeted at $ 4.8 million, while the interior cost another $ 6 million to $ 8 million. The renovation, including

27060-414: Was temporarily converted to a 3,300-seat stadium during the 1998 Goodwill Games , when it hosted boxing and wrestling bouts. A series of professional boxing matches commenced at the museum in 2001, one of which resulted in the death of fighter Beethaeven Scottland . The museum's flight deck was later used as a filming location for the 2004 movie National Treasure and the 2007 film I Am Legend . When

27225-528: Was the last all-gun destroyer in the United States Navy, was displayed at the Intrepid Museum starting in July 1989. At the time, the museum had few repeat visitors, and Fisher hoped that Growler and Edson would attract returning patrons. The outbreak of the Gulf War in the early 1990s caused interest in the Intrepid Museum to increase; at the time, the museum was displaying an exhibit on

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