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60-510: Indravarman is mainly known from his dedicatory inscription on the Bajaur casket, an ancient reliquary from the area of Bajaur in ancient Gandhara , in the present-day Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan . It is dated to around 5-6 CE. The inscription which is written in Kharoshthi , translates into English as: In the sixty third year of the late great king Aya ( Azes ), on

120-555: A Nandipada symbol behind the king, and a swastika between the legs. A Brahmi letter Pi has also been introduced to the right of the ruler, near the ground. The obverse has a legend in Bactrian script all around (starting 14:00 o'clock): Πιρωςο οοςορκο Κοϸανο ϸαηο "Peroz the Great Kushan King" In this, like his predecessor Ardashir I Kushanshah, Peroz called himself the "Great Kushan King". The reverse has

180-477: A 52 km border with Afghanistan 's Kunar Province , and lies 35 mi (56 km) north of the Torkham border crossing linking Jalalabad and Peshawar . 498 square kilometer miles in size, Bajaur occupies a small mountain basin and is into seven tehsil (subdistricts) with its district headquarters in the town of Khar , in the district's center. According to the 2017 Pakistani census, Bajaur District has

240-783: A Kushan-style representation of the Kushan god Oesho (in Bactrian Οηϸο on the corresponding Kushan coins), which uses the attributes of the Indian God Shiva , standing in front of the bull Nandi , and holding a trident and a diadem. This new reverse deity replaced the previous depictions of the Zoroastrian deities Mithra or Anahita in Kushano-Sasanian coinage. In the Kushan-style coinage of Peroz, although

300-623: A fourth seat in the Provincial Assembly. A PTI candidate for the new PK-22 Bajaur-IV constituency election, Rehan Zeb Khan, was shot and killed by an ISIS-K attacker while in his car in a market in Bajaur District, leading to the postponement of that constituency's election, as well as in NA-8. A PTI candidate for the NA-8 constituency election, Rehan Zeb Khan, was shot and killed by an ISIS-K attacker while in his car in

360-569: A great part of the Kunar valley. It was the active hostility between the Amir of Kabul (who claimed sovereignty of the same districts) and Umra Khan that led, firstly to the demarcation agreement of 1893 which fixed the boundary of Afghanistan in Kunar; and, secondly, to the invasion of Chitral by Umra Khan (who was no party to the boundary settlement), and the siege of the Chitral fort in 1895. The area

420-413: A market in Bajaur District, leading to the postponement of that constituency's election, as well as in NA-8. In Bajaur, the total number of SSC-level schools registered with Malakand Board are 150 (61 government-run, 89 private-run). The number of HSSC-level colleges are 56 (18 government-run, 38 private-run). In district school education rank of Pakistan, the position of is going downward, according to

480-574: A military embarrassment for Abkar. Bajaur was a princely state run by the Nawab of Khar. The Last and most prominent Nawab was Abdul Subhan Khan, who ruled until 1990. During the Soviet invasion in the 1980s , the area was a critical staging ground for Afghan and local mujahideen to organise and conduct raids. It still hosts a large population of Afghan refugees sympathetic to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar ,

540-638: A mujahideen leader ideologically close to the Arab militants. Today, the United States believes militants based in Bajaur launch frequent attacks on American and Afghan troops in Afghanistan. An aerial attack, executed by the United States targeting Ayman al-Zawahiri , took place in a village in Bajaur Agency on January 13, 2006, killing 18 people. Al-Zawahiri was not found among the dead and

600-509: A population of 1,090,987. Before the 2018 incorporation of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas' (FATA) tribal agencies into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Bajaur Agency was both the northernmost and smallest of the seven tribal agencies, bordering the slightly larger Kurram Agency to its south. Bajaur is about 45 miles (72 km) long and 20 miles (32 km) wide. It lies at a high elevation to

660-418: A population of 1,287,960. The district has a sex ratio of 102.14 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 26.26%: 39.89% for males and 12.29% for females. 466,054 (36.32% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. The entire population lives in rural areas. Bajaur District is 99.91% Pakistani with a relatively small population of inhabitants identifying as of a non-Pakistani nationality. Bajaur

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720-551: A scepter. Peroz's reign marked a shift in Kushano-Sasanian coinage, which came to closely resemble the coinage of the Kushan emperors. He was the first Kushano-Sasanian ruler to issue coins on the Kushan model. The gold coins of Peroz tended to be scyphate and to imitate the design of Kushan ruler Vasudeva I . They were often minted at Balkh , in Bactria, north of the Hindu-Kush . The visual aspect of this new coin type

780-793: A spokesman for the Pakistani Taliban , as a response to the Bajaur offensive. after a few weeks, the Pak army came to battlefield. In an initial way toward the Loi sum Taliban did not resist and let them to come to middle position, when they reach to Rashakai, (3–4 km from Loi sum) Talaiban started to attack them but the Army was far stronger than their expectation. For several weeks they stayed in Rashakai, then 1st attempt Army come to loi sum, stay for whole day and come back to Rashakai, In 2nd attempt

840-628: Is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan . Prior to 2018, Bajaur Agency was the northernmost component of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), a semi-autonomous region along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border. In May 2018, FATA was merged into the larger Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK) in an attempt to bring stability to the region, redesignating Bajaur Agency to Bajaur District. The district lies on Pakistan's western border , sharing

900-714: Is a historiographic term used by modern scholars when referring to a dynasty of monarchs who supplanted the Kushan Empire in the Bactria region, and ultimately in both Kabulistan and Gandhara as well. According to the historian Khodadad Rezakhani , the dynasty was seemingly a young branch of the House of Sasan, and perhaps an offspring of one of the Sasanian King of Kings . It was founded by Ardashir I Kushanshah ( r.  230–245 ) after his appointment by

960-744: Is dated to around 5-6 CE. It proves the involvement of the Scythian kings of the Apraca , in particular King Indravarman, in Buddhism. The casket is made of schist. In 1518, Babur had invested and conquered the fortress of Bajaur, The Gabar-Kot from Sultan Mir Haider Ali Gabari the Jahangirian Sultan and gone on to conquer Bhera on the river Jhelum , a little beyond the salt ranges. Babur claimed these areas as his own, because they had been part of Taimur 's empire. Hence, "picturing as our own

1020-498: Is fertile but the no proper irrigation system. Harvest Crops; People grow wheat, maze and rices in some areas. All the crops is mainly dependent on rain. Vegetable and Fruits; The different types of vegetables are growing in Bajaur. Potato, tomato, onion, lady fingers, spinach, and orange parsimon, etc Marbles are found in various regions, mainly in Inzari and Nawagai . There are different types of marble supper white, Badle etc. In

1080-515: Is inhabited near exclusively by Tarkanri ( Mamund , Kakazai , Wur and Salarzai ) Pashtuns , as well as a smaller population of Utmankhel , Wazir , Safi , and Yousafzai tribes. Gujaran and Swatis are also present. The Utmankhel are at the southeast of Bajaur, while Mamund are at the southwest, and the Tarkalanri are at the north of Bajaur. Its border with Afghanistan's Kunar province makes it of strategic importance to Pakistan and

1140-522: Is nearly entirely Muslim. Constituents of Bajaur District are politically represented locally through elected union councils, town governments, and tehsil governments. The district government includes a deputy commissioner, additional deputy commissioner, two assistant commissioners, tehsildars (heads of tehsil), district agricultural officer, district educational officer, medical superintendent, district coordination officer, assistant director for local government, and district population welfare officer. At

1200-681: Is no clouds or Haze. It is an historical mountain, its history is found two thousands year back, here at the foot of the Koh-i-mor mountain, that Alexander the Great founded the ancient city of Nysa and the Nysaean colony, traditionally said to have been founded by Dionysus . The Koh-i-Mor has been identified as the Meros of Arrian's history—the three-peaked mountain from which the god issued For hiking, like Jahaz Banda and Fairy meadow , kon-I-mor

1260-494: Is the best, it is about four hours trekking non-local and two and a half for locals. On the way you will see a lot of variation. In some places you will pass through thick forest of fine trees, some places have shrubs, and some place you will see some different kinds of trees. People are living in koh-i-mor up-to near the top. These people have simple houses with a single room, there is no extra boundary wall. Rooms are made like caves in mountain. Majority of them are shepherds . At

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1320-513: Is the district of Malakand, while on its northeast is an intervening watershed between Bajaur and Dir . Nawagai is the chief town of Bajaur; the Khan of Nawagai was previously under the British protection for the purpose of safeguarding of the Chitral road. An interesting feature in the topography is a mountain spur from the Kunar range. The drainage of Bajaur flows eastwards, starting from

1380-529: Is the precious stone, Rs 3000–5000 per kg. The mines are found in Inzari and some area in Utmankhail tehsil. It exports mainly to China , The Chinese thought so too, and for thousands of years, nephrite articles had a special value and signature and skilled artisans carved increasingly intricate designs. Maybe because it was so rare in China , yet useful for its toughness, nephrite became the status symbol of

1440-579: Is thought to be a reprisal for the October strike in Bajaur, in November, a suicide bomber killed dozens in an attack on an army training school in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Loi sum is on a strategic location, road come from four sides, ( khar , Nawagi , Tangai and Inzari), so approach was easy from Charmang and Ambar. That was the reason that this area was affected mostly. A military offensive by

1500-542: The Islamic State's Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) maintains an operational presence in Bajaur, conducting 4 attacks in 2021, 21 attacks in 2022, and 18 in 2023. The majority of ISIS-K attacks in Bajaur occur in Mamond tehsil, followed by Inayat Kali, Salarzo, and Khar tehsils. Bajaur District is currently subdivided into seven tehsils (subdistricts). As of the 2023 census , Bajaur district has 181,699 households and

1560-540: The Alif Ailaan ranking, the rank of Bajaur in 2014, 2015 and 2016 is the following Bajaur is located near swat and District Dir , so the climates of these districts are comparatively same. Koh-i-Mor is the highest peak in Bajaur. It is also called three peak mountain. Its top is covered with snow in winter and clouds are touching its peak. The peak of Koh-i-Mor is visible from the Peshawar valley when there

1620-657: The Domain of the Kushan up to the limits of Peshawar and up to Kash, Sogdia, and Chachestan. Nevertheless, according to Rezakhani, the Kushano-Sasanians appear to have been too strong to have been plainly Sasanian governors, and their existence "may well reflect an early Sasanian continuation of the Arsacid imperial setting, acting as an allied, but autonomous, cadet branch of the Sasanian royal house". According to

1680-572: The Pakistani Army de-listed Bajaur as conflict zone. From 2008 through 2010, Al Jazeera English produced multiple features of the ongoing conflict between Pakistani military forces and Taliban militants in the agency. In early 2013, VICE News founder Shane Smith accompanied and documented a raid on suspected Taliban fighters by the Pakistani Frontier Corps ' Bajaur Scouts in Bajaur Agency. As of March 2024,

1740-715: The Sasanian King of Kings Shapur I ( r.  240–270 ) carved the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht inscription . On the inscription, Shapur I proclaimed himself as the suzerain of several regions, including that of the Kushano-Sasanians: ...I, the Mazda-worshipping lord, Shapur, king of kings of Iran and An-Iran… (I) am the Master of the Domain of Iran (Ērānšahr) and possess the territory of Pars, Parthia… Hindestan,

1800-1860: The Silver reliquary is thought to be anterior to the Bajaur casket , as Indravarma describes his father as "Commander", rather than the later "King" title. It was probably dedicated in the end of the 1st century BCE. Jayadaman Rudradaman I Damajadasri I Jivadaman Rudrasimha I Satyadaman Jivadaman Rudrasena I Bagamira Arjuna Hvaramira Mirahvara Vāsishka (c. 140 – c. 160) Huvishka (c. 160 – c. 190) Vasudeva I (c. 190 – to at least 230) Samghadaman Damasena Damajadasri II Viradaman Isvaradatta Yasodaman I Vijayasena Damajadasri III Rudrasena II Visvasimha Miratakhma Kozana Bhimarjuna Koziya Datarvharna Datarvharna INDO-SASANIANS Ardashir I , Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (c. 230 – 250) Peroz I , "Kushanshah" (c. 250 – 265) Hormizd I , "Kushanshah" (c. 265 – 295) Kanishka II (c. 230 – 240) Vashishka (c. 240 – 250) Kanishka III (c. 250 – 275) Hormizd II , "Kushanshah" (c. 295 – 300) Visvasena Rudrasimha II Jivadaman Peroz II , "Kushanshah" (c. 300 – 325) Vasudeva III Vasudeva IV Vasudeva V Chhu (c. 310? – 325) Yasodaman II Rudradaman II Rudrasena III Simhasena Rudrasena IV Shapur II Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (c. 325) Varhran I , Varhran II , Varhran III "Kushanshahs" (c. 325 – 350) Peroz III "Kushanshah" (c. 350 –360) HEPHTHALITE / HUNAS invasions Shaka I (c. 325 – 345) Kipunada (c. 345 – 375) GUPTA EMPIRE Chandragupta I Samudragupta Bajaur Bajaur District ( Pashto : باجوړ ولسوالۍ , Urdu : ضلع باجوڑ ), formerly Bajaur Agency ,

1860-689: The US bombing in January 2006. Maulana Liaqat, the head of the seminary, was killed in the attack. Liaqat was a senior leader of the pro- Taliban movement Tanzim Nifaz Shariat Mohammadi (TNSM), that spearheaded a violent Islamic movement in Bajaur and the neighbouring Malakand areas in 1994. The TNSM had led some 5,000 men from the Pakistani areas of Dir , Swat and Bajaur across the Mamund border into Afghanistan in October 2001, to fight US-led troops. In what

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1920-538: The area. The Acuphis, the chief man of the city, who has been sent to them along with other thirty leaders, begged him not to harm their towns as they were descendants of settlers that the god Dionysus placed their generation before. Their prolific ivy, a plant sacred to Dionysus that nowhere else in the mountain, was proof they were the people blessed by god. Then they were only commanded to give him 300 cavalry, after which he restored their freedom and allow them to live under their own laws, having made Acuphis governor of

1980-537: The base of Koh-i-Mor a lot of chenar trees along with spring. Locals people are coming here and enjoy the nature, making their own cooking, some have load speakers, music, etc. majority people come along with their families. It is situated in Tehsil Salarzai , it has snowy water, people are come from all over the Bajaur and DIR to enjoy it especially in Ramadan and Eids. It is a historically spring, once here

2040-513: The city. Alexander took his son and grandson as hostages. He sacrificed there to Bacchus under this god's others name of Dionysus . The Bajaur casket , also called the Indravarma reliquary , year 63, or sometimes referred to as the Avaca inscription, is an ancient reliquary from the area of Bajaur in ancient Gandhara , in the present-day Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. It

2100-613: The countries once occupied by the Turks ", he ordered that "there was to be no overrunning or plundering [of the countryside]". It may be noted that this applied to areas which did not offer resistance, because earlier, at Bajaur, where the Pashtun tribesmen had resisted, he had ordered a general massacre, with their women and children being made captive. Babur justifies this massacre by saying, "the Bajauris were rebels and at enmity with

2160-689: The dead lay, in what numbers! Those walking around had to jump over the corpses. From late 1585 into 1586, forces of the Mughal army led by Zain Khan Koka , at the direction of the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great , waged a military campaign to subdue the Yusufzai tribes of Bajaur and Swat. The Mughal operation, which culminated in the Battle of the Malandari Pass resulted in an Afghan victory and

2220-467: The depiction of the deity is visually similar to that on the Kushan coins, the legend is not the Kushan word Oesho ( Οηϸο ) anymore, but has been replaced by the Bactrian legend οορςοανδο ιαςοδο or BΟPZAΟANΔΟ IAZAΔΟ "The exalted God". Apart from minting coins in the Kushano-Sasanian main base of Bactria, Peroz also had coins minted in Gandhara and Begram , and most likely in Peshawar as well. It

2280-524: The east of the Kunar Valley of Afghanistan from which it is separated by a continuous line of rugged frontier hills. The old road from Afghanistan's Kabul to Pakistan went through Bajaur before a new pass, Khyber Pass , was constructed. To the south of Bajaur is the district of Mohmand . To the east, beyond the Panjkora River , are the hills of Swat District . On its east side, there

2340-515: The eastern slopes of the dividing ridge, which overlooks the Kunar and terminating in the Panjkora river, so that the district lies on a slope tilting gradually downwards from the Kunar ridge to the Panjkora . Jandol, one of the northern valleys of Bajaur, has ceased to be of political importance since the 19th century, when a previous chief, Umra Khan, failed to appropriate himself Bajaur, Dir and

2400-472: The first Sasanian King of Kings, Ardashir I ( r.  224–242 ). The Kushano-Sasanians, in the same manner as the Kushans, used the title of Kushanshah ("Kushan King"), thus demonstrating a continuum with their predecessors. Peroz became Kushanshah in 245. Like his predecessor Ardashir I Kushanshah, Peroz is called the "Great Kushan King" and "Mazdean ( Zoroastrian ) lord" on his coins. In some of

2460-509: The first century CE. Alexander turned south from Aornus and continued march towards the Indus , but the greatest surprise during the march came when he neared the town of Nysa (former name of Bajaur). The local people and even the flora seemed strangely out of place in these mountains. The Nysains placed their dead in cedar coffin in the trees - some of which Alexander accidentally set on fire - and made wine from grapes, unlike other tribes in

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2520-603: The hundreds. The offensive was launched in the wake of Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani 's visit to Washington in late July, and is believed by some to be in response to U.S. demands that Pakistan prevent the FATA being used as a safe haven by insurgents fighting American and NATO troops in Afghanistan. However, the offensive was decided by the military, not the civilian government. The bloody bombing of Pakistan Ordnance Factories in Wah on August 21, 2008, came according to Maulvi Omar ,

2580-476: The incident led to severe outrage in the area. On October 30, 2006, 80 people were killed in Bajaur when Pakistani forces attacked a religious school they said was being used as a militant training camp. There are many unconfirmed reports that the October attack was also carried out by the United States or NATO forces, but was claimed by Islamabad over fears of widespread protest similar to those after

2640-477: The involvement of the Scythian kings of the Apraca , in particular King Indravarman, in Buddhism . Indravarma is also known from a seal inscription, which was discovered in Bajaur . He may have had a sister named Vasavadatta, who is known from the dedication of a water pot. Indravarma is also known for another Buddhist inscription on a silver reliquary in which he mentions him and his father Vispavarma , who

2700-483: The local areas are marble factories, cut to into different sizes of the base of demand, and supply to all over the country and even abroad. The marble cutting factories are found in Shaikh kali and Umary. The supply to the factories of marble mainly from the local mountains and they also bring the marble from ambar and Zairat. These different types and variety of marble then supply all over the country Nephrite ( jade )

2760-583: The military of Pakistan (FC and Leaves) was launched in early 8 August 2008 to retake the border crossing near the town of Loi-Sum, 12 km from khar from militants loyal to Tehrik-e-Taliban , the so-called Pakistani Taliban. In the two weeks following the initial battle , government forces pulled back to Khar and initiated aerial bombing and artillery barrages on presumed militant positions, which reportedly has all but depopulated Bajaur and parts of neighbouring Mohmand Agency, with an estimated 300,000 fleeing their homes. The estimate of casualties ran into

2820-427: The people of Islam , and as, by heathenish and hostile customs prevailing in their midst, the very name of Islam was rooted out...". As the Bajauris were rebels and inimical to the people of Islam, the men were subjected to a general massacre and their wives and children were made captive. At a guess, more than 3,000 men met their death. We entered the fort and inspected it. On the walls, in houses, streets and alleys,

2880-405: The provincial level, constituents are represented by the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , an elected unicameral legislature of 145 seats in the provincial capital of Peshawar, with 115 general seats, 26 reserved for women, and 4 reserved for non-Muslims. The 8 February 2024 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election , based on the results of a 2023 digital census , granted Bajaur District

2940-459: The rare coins of Peroz, the "Investiture issue", minted at Herat ( HLYDY ), the obverse legend reads mzdztn bgy pylwcy rb’ kwš’n mdw’ in Pahlavi , "The Mazda -worshipping lord Peroz the Great Kushan Shah". On the reverse, Peroz is seen standing on the left, facing Anahita rising from her throne. Peroz is holding an investiture wreath over an altar and raising the left hand in gesture of benediction. Anahita also holds an investiture wreath and

3000-509: The region. The mother tongue of the majority of Bajauris are expectedly 99.85% Pashto , reflective of the indigenous Pashtun (also 'Pakthtun') population that inhabits much of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK, for which the province derives its name) and eastern Afghanistan. Other residents are first-language Urdu speakers, the national language of Pakistan, while relatively small numbers are native Balochi , Sindhi , Kashmiri , Saraiki , Brahvi (Brahui), and Punjabi speakers. Bajaur District

3060-533: The region. According to figures provided by the Government of Pakistan, 1,600 militants were killed and more than 2,000 injured, while some 150 civilians also died and about 2,000 were injured in the fighting. The military operation forced more than 300,000 people to flee their homes and take shelter in IDP camps in settled districts of the province. To date, more than 180,000 IDPs have returned to their homes in Bajaur Agency, facing widespread destruction to their lives, livelihoods and massive unemployment. In August, 2012,

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3120-402: The rulers, considered imperial stone. Peroz I Kushanshah Peroz I Kushanshah ( Bactrian script : Πιρωςο Κοϸανο ϸαηο ) was Kushanshah of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 245 to 275. He was the successor of Ardashir I Kushanshah . He was an energetic ruler, who minted coins in Balkh , Herat , and Gandhara . Under him, the Kushano-Sasanians further expanded their domains into

3180-445: The sixteenth day of the month of Kartia (Kartika), at this auspicious (?) time, Prince Indravarma (Indravarman), son of the king of Apraca , establishes these bodily relics of Lord Sakyamuni; …. He produces brahma-merit together with his mother, Rukhunaka, daughter of Aji…. And these bodily relics having been brought in possession from the Muraka cave stupa , were established in a secure (?), safe, deep (?), depository… The casket proves

3240-457: The west, pushing the weakened Kushan Empire to Mathura in North India . Peroz I Kushanshah was succeeded by Hormizd I Kushanshah in 275. "Peroz" is a Middle Persian name, meaning "victorious". Peroz I Kushanshah was notably the first ruler from the Sasanian family to use this name. Centuries later, the name would be used again by the imperial line of the Sasanians, commencing with Peroz I ( r.  459–484 ). "Kushano-Sasanian"

3300-420: Was a undefeated king .... The Charmang hills in Bajaur are covered with pine trees and also the roads is made up to top of hill. The road goes on top of hill from bottom to top. In winter, the whole mountain is covered with snow for months. Raghagan Dam is situated in Tehsil Salarzai. It a tourist spot nowadays. Boats are present here for tourists. Bajaur is a semi-independent in agriculture field, The soil

3360-408: Was almost identical to those of the Kushans, albeit with specific adjustments. The front of Peroz's coins portrays him standing in Kushan armour making an offering at an altar, at the same time holding a spear in his right hand (the armour style is rather described as Sasanian-style clothing by Rezakhani). Several symbols are included in the coin: a trident over the altar, what is often described as

3420-437: Was around this time that the Kushano-Sasanians began to expel the Kushans from Gandhara, pushing them to Mathura in North India , where their power was diminished from that of kings to local princes. Peroz was thus the first Kushano-Sasanian ruler to issue coins south of the Hindu-Kush, and he is known for several overstrikes over coins of the Kushan ruler Kanishka II . It was during Peroz's reign—in c.  262 —that

3480-433: Was not yet a king. The inscription, which is written in Kharoshthi , translates into English as: Prince Indravarma, son of Commander Vispavarma , together with his wife establishes these bodily relics in his own stupa . Commander Vispavarma and Sisirena, the wife of the Commander, are (hereby) honored. Indravasu , king of Apraca , and his wife Vasumitra, who is the mother of a living son, are (hereby) honored The date of

3540-444: Was the same, and 3rd attempt they come to loi sum and took the control of the area. Army continues there journey, control the main road of Bajaur from Khar to Nawagi, and the peripheral areas were still in the hold of Taliban. After nine months of vigorous clashes between government security forces and Taliban, military forces have finally claimed to have forced militants out of Bajaur Agency, and advanced towards strongholds of Taliban in

3600-403: Was the site of the ancient Gandhara kingdom of Apraca from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE, and a stronghold of the Aspasioi , a western branch of the Ashvakas (q.v) of the Sanskrit texts who had earlier offered stubborn resistance to the Macedonian invader Alexander the Great in 326 BCE. The whole region came under Kushan control after the conquests of Kujula Kadphises during

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