The Bengal Fan , also known as the Ganges Fan , is the largest submarine fan on Earth.
57-659: The Indus Fan is one of the most significant depositional feature of the offshore Indus basin. It is the second largest fan system in the world after the Bengal Fan between India, Bangladesh and the Andaman Islands . The Indus fan was deposited in an unconfined setting on the continental slope, rise and basin floor, covering much of the Arabian Sea . The entire fan extends over an area of 110,000 square kilometers with greater than 9 km of sediment accumulating near
114-585: A Mr Duke, one of his assistants, to Thaybyoo Creek, between the Sittang and Beeling Rivers, on the Gulf of Martaban , where he found a 11-metre (37 ft) whale, which had stranded there in June 1871 after swimming more than 32 kilometres (20 mi) up the creek—it was said to have "exhausted itself by its furious struggles" to get free and "roared like an elephant" before finally expiring. Despite terrible weather, he
171-433: A galvanized blue-grey dorsally and have a variably sized white patch on the throat, a posteriorly oriented white anchor-shaped marking between the pectoral fins, and are blue-grey beyond the anus—although Bryde's off South Africa can have a similar irregular white patch on the throat. Bryde's have a straight rostrum with three longitudinal ridges that extend from the blowholes, where the auxiliary ridges begin as depressions, to
228-629: A human moan. Bryde's whales feed on a wide variety of fish, planktonic crustaceans , and cephalopods . In the western North Pacific, Bryde's whales caught by Japanese scientific whaling vessels (2000–2007) mainly fed on Japanese anchovy ( Engraulis japonicus , 52%) and various species of euphausiid (36%, including Euphausia similis , E. gibboides , Thysanoessa gregaria , and Nematoscelis difficilis ), as well as oceanic lightfish ( Vinciguerria nimbaria , nearly 3%), and mackerels ( Scomber spp., less than 2%). The prey differed by location and season. In coastal areas, euphausiids dominated
285-588: A mysterious sound, dubbed a Biotwang , was discovered in underwater recordings from the Mariana Archipelago . It was assumed to be produced by a baleen whale of unknown species. In 2024 that sound was shown to come from Bryde’s whales. B. brydei occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans between the 40th parallels of latitude, preferring highly productive, tropical, subtropical, and warm, temperate waters of 16–22 °C (61–72 °F). In
342-467: A northern form with longer, finer baleen and shorter ventral grooves and a southern form with shorter, coarser baleen and longer ventral grooves. They also differed in the shape of the palate. The former was caught off northeastern Honshu and eastern Hokkaido , while the latter was taken off western Kyushu and southern Honshu. Both were caught off the Bonin Islands , but at different seasons. It
399-465: A species of Lestidium ). One was even found "full of baby squid" (later identified as Lycoteuthis diadema ). In the Gulf of California , they mainly feed on Pacific sardine ( Sardinops sagax ) and Pacific thread herring ( Opisthonema libertate ) (about 88%), but also feed on euphausiids (mostly Nyctiphanes simplex , 11%). They have also been observed feeding on pelagic red crabs ( Pleuroncodes planipes ) off southern Baja California . In
456-642: A survey in late November and early December 1993 may be referable to B. edeni . Four of the whales, estimated at 11.3 to 11.6 m (37 to 38 ft) in length, were accompanied by calves that ranged from 6.0 to 6.7 m (19.7 to 22.0 ft) in length. It is unknown whether eight small individuals—reaching only 11.2 to 11.7 m (37 to 38 ft) at maturity—caught off western and eastern Australia between 1958 and 1963 are specimens of B. edeni or B. omurai . Along Chinese coasts, for example, whales were once thought to be abundant along southern coasts from Fujian and Guangdong Provinces to Hainan Island and
513-493: A videographer named Michael Fishbach filmed a Bryde's whale weighing 20 tonnes (20,000 kg) being hunted and killed by a pack of 20 orca in the Sea of Cortez . Bryde's whales have not been reported as taken or injured in fishing operations. They are sometimes killed or injured by ship strikes. Anthropogenic noise is an increasing concern for all rorquals, which communicate by low-frequency sounds. These whales are protected off
570-616: Is bordered to the west by the continental slope of eastern India, to the north by the continental slope of Bangladesh and to east by the northern part of Sunda Trench off Myanmar and the Andaman Islands , the accretionary wedge associated with subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the Sunda Plate and continues along the west side of the Ninety East Ridge . The Nicobar Fan, another lobe of
627-544: Is found off southern Africa, and perhaps another form in the Indo-Pacific differs in skull morphology, tentatively referred to as the Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale . The recently described Omura's whale ( B. omurai , Wada et al. 2003), was formerly thought to be a pygmy form of Bryde's, but is now recognized as a distinct species. Rice's whale ( B. ricei ), which makes its home solely in the Gulf of Mexico ,
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#1732765440827684-708: Is listed as least concern by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources . It is listed in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) Appendix I, which prohibits commercial international trade. Balaenoptera brydei has yet to be evaluated. Bryde's whale is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. It
741-600: Is listed on Appendix II as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. In addition, Bryde's whale is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region ( Pacific Cetaceans MOU ). Historically, this species was not significantly targeted by commercial whalers, but became more important in
798-401: Is reached at 8–11 years for both sexes in the offshore form off South Africa. At birth, they are 3.95–4.15 m (13.0–13.6 ft). The body mass of Bryde's whales can range 12–25 metric tons (13–28 short tons). The Bryde's whale is a baleen whale, more specifically a rorqual belonging to the same group as blue whales and humpback whales . It has twin blowholes with a low splashguard to
855-821: Is up to 46.25 cm (18.21 in) in height, average 34.4 cm (13.5 in), and is usually between 30 and 37.5 cm (11.8 and 14.8 in). It is often frayed or ragged along its rear margin and located about two-thirds of the way along the back. The broad, centrally notched tail flukes rarely break the surface. The flippers are small and slender. Their blow is columnar or bushy, about 3.0–4.0 m (10–13 ft) high. Sometimes, they blow or exhale while under water. Bryde's whales display seemingly erratic behaviour compared to other baleen whales, because they surface at irregular intervals and can change directions for unknown reasons. They usually appear individually or in pairs, and occasionally in loose aggregations up to 20 animals around feeding areas. They are more active on
912-605: The Bay of Bengal up to 30 degrees latitude from where it began. To date, the oldest sediments recovered from the Bengal fan are from Early Miocene age. Their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics confirm their Himalayan origin and demonstrate that the Himalaya was already a major mountain range 20 million years ago. The fan completely covers the floor of the Bay of Bengal. It
969-584: The Bonin Islands (1946–52 and 1981–87), and the Philippines (1983–85). In 1997, an estimated over 20,000 Bryde's whales had been caught in the western North Pacific between 1911 and 1987 (the Japanese were later found to have falsified their reported take from the Bonin Islands between 1981 and 1987, reporting a catch of only 2,659 instead of the true take of 4,162). A population assessment done in
1026-737: The Coral Sea , the South Pacific, and the Indian Ocean , they appear to mainly feed on euphausiids, while off Brazil, they have been observed feeding on sardines. Individuals caught off Western Australia were found with anchovies ( E. australis ) in their stomachs (though these individuals may refer to Omura's whale). Bryde's whales use several feeding methods, including skimming the surface, lunging, and bubble nets especially within Gulf of Tosa . Along southeastern coasts of Brazil, whales add twisting movements to lunge feeding. In
1083-711: The East China Sea has also been referred to B. edeni . A whale stranded in Hong Kong and another saved from a river in eastern Australia were found to be closely related to the Junge specimen and the East China Sea whales. Bryde's whale (most had auxiliary ridges) of small size—estimated at 10.1 to 11.6 m (33 to 38 ft) in length—sighted off the northeastern side of the Solomon Islands during
1140-535: The Mediterranean Sea (regarding the bones of a baleen whale found, Bryde's whale was listed as one of suggested species ). They appear to occur off Brazil year-round, such as around Rio de Janeiro — Cape Frio , Armação dos Búzios , entrance to Guanabara Bay , Ilha Anchieta State Park , Ilha Grande , and so on. Individuals of the inshore form off South Africa are also resident year-round, occurring mainly between Cape Recife and Saldanha Bay , whereas
1197-477: The Southern California Bight . Five were west of San Clemente Island , and one between San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island . All but one involved single individuals. Another sighting was made off Dana Point, California , on 19 September 2009, which was originally misidentified as a fin whale. In general, data are insufficient to determine population trends. Balaenoptera edeni
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#17327654408271254-487: The 1970s as the industry depleted other targets. Artisanal whalers have taken them off the coasts of Indonesia and the Philippines . Modern whaling for Bryde's whales is thought to have begun from coastal stations in Japan in 1906, where it continued uninterrupted until 1987—they were also caught offshore in the western North Pacific by both Japanese (1971–79) and Soviet (1966–79) fleets, as well as from Taiwan (1976–80),
1311-763: The 2,536 sei whales caught by the pirate whaler Sierra in the South Atlantic between 1969 and 1976 are believed to have been Bryde's whales. At least some Bryde's whales were among the 5,000 sei whales recorded in the catch off Brazil from 1948 to 1977, but possibly only 8%. Over 30,000 Bryde's whales were caught between 1911 and '87, including over 1,400 taken by the Soviets in the Southern Hemisphere from 1948 to 1973 (only 19 were reported). The peak reported catches were reached in 1973–74 and 1974–75, when over 1,800 were taken each year. Around 2011,
1368-797: The Gulf of Mexico. As of 2016, the Bryde's whale is considered to be critically endangered in New Zealand as there are approximately 200 left in the wild. Prior to 2006, only two confirmed sightings of Bryde's whale had been reported in the eastern North Pacific north of Baja California—one in January 1963, only a kilometer off La Jolla (originally misidentified as a fin whale), and another in October 1991 west of Monterey Bay . Between August 2006 and September 2010, six sightings were made by scientists in
1425-569: The North Atlantic, they have been recorded as far north as Cape Hatteras . They occur throughout the wider Caribbean —two specimens from Aruba were found through mtDNA analysis to be firmly placed within B. brydei and to form a clade with a specimen from Madeira and individuals of the offshore form of South Africa. They were first recorded in the Azores in 2004 and showing mixed traits of offshore and inshore forms, but do not occur in
1482-525: The North Pacific, they occur as far north as Honshu to the west and southern California in the east, with vagrants reported as far north as Washington in the United States. They occur throughout the eastern tropical Pacific, including Peru and Ecuador , where they are absent from July to September. They have also been reported in an upwelling area off Chile between 35° and 37°S . In
1539-590: The Norwegian consul to South Africa Johan Bryde. In 1950, the Dutch scientist G.C.A. Junge, after comparing specimens of B. edeni and B. brydei with a 12-metre (39 ft), physically mature specimen that had stranded on Pulau Sugi, an island between Singapore and Sumatra , in July 1936, synonymized the two species into B. edeni . In the 1950s it was discovered that there were two types of "sei whale" off Japan,
1596-709: The Pacific and northern Indian Ocean, Bryde's whales have been observed employing "tread-water feeding" or "trap feeding," a behaviour more commonly known from the northern Gulf of Thailand which is also performed by humpback whales in the northeastern Pacific. Bryde's whales breed in alternate years, apparently in any season, with an autumnal peak. Their gestation period is estimated at 12 months. Calves are about 3.4–4.0 m (11–13 ft) long at birth and weigh 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). They become sexually mature at 8–13 years of age, when females are 12 m (39 ft). The mother nurses for 6–12 months. In 2014,
1653-635: The US by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. In March 2019, a diver off the coast of South Africa was accidentally caught in the mouth of a feeding Bryde's whale. The diver and tour-operator, Rainer Schimpf , was photographing sharks circling a bait-ball of fish , when the whale suddenly appeared from below and opened its mouth near the surface in an attempt to swallow the fish. In doing so, it accidentally engulfed Schimpf as well; his entire upper body (down to his waist) went into
1710-524: The diet, comprising 89 and 75% of the diet in May and June, respectively. Further offshore, Japanese anchovy was the dominant species, accounting for nearly 100% of the diet in late summer. Based on the stomach contents of Bryde's whales caught by Japanese pelagic whaling expeditions in the North Pacific in the 1970s, the majority were found to feed on euphausiids (nearly 89%), whereas only about 11% fed on fish. Off South Africa, prey preferences differed between
1767-499: The fan, lies east of the Ninety East Ridge. The fan was first identified by bathymetric survey in the sixties by Bruce C. Heezen and Marie Tharp which identified the abyssal cone and canyon structures. It was delineated and named by Joseph Curray and David Moore following a geological and geophysical survey in 1968. A deep sea canyon called Swatch of No Ground (SoNG) is located south of Sundarbans National Park and
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1824-458: The front. Like other rorquals, it has no teeth, but has two rows of baleen plates. Bryde's whales closely resemble their close relative the sei whale. They are remarkably elongated (even more so than fin whales ), with the greatest height of the body being one seventh their total length—compared to 1/6.5 to 1/6.75 in fin whales and only 1/5.5 in sei whales. Bryde's are dark smoky grey dorsally and usually white ventrally, whereas sei whales are often
1881-514: The inshore and offshore forms. The former mainly feed on anchovies ( Engraulis capensis , 83%), maasbankers ( Trachurus trachurus , 36%), and pilchards ( Sardinops ocellata , 33%), with only one (or 3%) being found with euphausiids ( Nyctiphanes capensis ). The latter, however, mainly feed on euphausiids (primarily Euphausia lucens , but also E. recurva , N. capensis , and Thysanoessa gregaria ), as well as various deep-sea fish (including Mueller's pearlside , Maurolicus muelleri , and
1938-564: The island of Dublar Char . This area hosts important habitats for cetaceans including endangered species such as various species of dolphins and Bryde's whales (see Swatch of No Ground Marine Protected Area ). 12°N 87°E / 12°N 87°E / 12; 87 Bryde%27s whale Bryde's whale ( / ˈ b r ʊ d ə z / BRUU -dəz ), or the Bryde's whale complex , putatively comprises three species of rorqual and maybe four. The " complex " means
1995-441: The larger offshore form migrates to West African equatorial waters in the winter. Regular occurrences have been noted around Cape Verde as well. The type specimen is from the Gulf of Martaban coast of Myanmar, while other referred specimens were found on the Bay of Bengal coast of Myanmar, Bangladesh , India, Thailand to Vietnam , Taiwan and continental China . A population found off southern and southwestern Japan in
2052-419: The largest channel-levee systems (CLS). These channel-levee systems act as conduits for carrying and depositing sediments into the deeper part of the basin. The coarser grained sediments are deposited in the channel belts whereas the finer grained silts and clays are deposited along the levees. This arrangement of sediments is ideal for stratigraphic plays and is why these channel-levee systems are important to
2109-547: The latter. Incidentally, anchovies are dominant prey for both species off Japan. They are now called nitari-kujira ( 似鯨 , "look-alike whale") , for their resemblance to the sei whale. The taxonomy is poorly characterised. The two genetically distinct, candidate species/subspecies/morphologies are Bryde's whale B. brydei and the Sittang or Eden's whale B. edeni , that differentiate by geographic distribution, inshore/offshore preferences, and size. For both putative species,
2166-605: The mid-1990s stated that the population in the western North Pacific may have declined by as much as 49% during 1911–96. Norwegian factory ships off Baja California took an additional 34 Bryde's whales between 1924 and 1929; two were also caught off central California in 1966. An estimated 5,542 Bryde's whales were caught off Peru between 1968 and 1983, including a reported catch of 3,589 between 1973 and 1983. An unknown number were also caught off Chile from 1932 to 1979. Over 2,000 were caught off Cape Province , South Africa, from 1911 to 1967, most (1,300) during 1947–67. The majority of
2223-675: The north-eastern tip of the Gulf of Tonkin such as off Tieshangang District and around Weizhou and Xieyang Islands . The population may include up to 90,000–100,000 animals worldwide, with two-thirds inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere . For management purposes, the U.S. population is divided into three groups: the Eastern Tropical Pacific stock (11,000–13,000 animals) and the Hawaiian stock (350–500) and an endangered stock of about 100 whales in
2280-618: The northernmost records in modern times was of a beached, 5-meter-long specimen at Nakhodka in 2011. B. brydei occurs throughout the Indian Ocean north of about 35°S . Those of the southern Indian Ocean appear to correspond to B. brydei , as do the individuals illegally caught by the Soviets in the 1960s in the northwest Indian Ocean, as well as the Maldives . Individuals sighted in the Red Sea may or may not be B. brydei . In
2337-491: The number and classification remains unclear because of a lack of definitive information and research. The common Bryde's whale ( Balaenoptera brydei , Olsen, 1913) is a larger form that occurs worldwide in warm temperate and tropical waters, and the Sittang or Eden's whale ( Balaenoptera edeni , Anderson, 1879) is a smaller form that may be restricted to the Indo-Pacific . Also, a smaller, coastal form of B. brydei
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2394-577: The offshore form. At physical maturity, the coastal form off South Africa averages 13.1 m (43 ft) for males and 13.7 m (45 ft) for females, while the South Africa offshore form averages 13.7 and 14.4 m (45 and 47 ft). The coastal form near Japan is slightly smaller, with adult males averaging 12.9 m (42 ft) and adult females 13.3 m (44 ft). At sexual maturity, males average 11.9 m (39 ft) and females 12 m (39 ft) near Japan. Sexual maturity
2451-542: The pelagic western North Pacific and Bonin Islands (resident population), as well as biopsy samples taken from whales off Hawaii , the west coast of Baja California, and the southern Gulf of California, belonged to B. brydei . Resident or semi-resident groups also exist off Hawaiian and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands , and Northern Mariana Islands . Bryde's whales do not occur within central to northern Sea of Japan on regular basis or at least in large numbers. One of
2508-643: The petroleum industry. Bengal Fan It is located in the Bay of Bengal , being about 3,000 km (1,900 mi) long, 1,430 km (890 mi) wide with a maximum thickness of 16.5 km (10.3 mi). The fan resulted from the uplift and erosion of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau produced by the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate . Most of
2565-634: The relatively small minke whales . The largest measured by Olsen (1913) was a 14.95 m (49.0 ft) female caught off Durban in November 1912, while the longest of each sex measured by Best (1977) at the Donkergat whaling station in Saldanha Bay , South Africa, were a 15.51 m (50.9 ft) female caught in October 1962 and a 14.56 m (47.8 ft) male caught in April 1963; both were
2622-493: The same characters that distinguished the two species off Japan (i.e. three ridges on the rostrum versus one, shape of the palate, texture of the baleen, length of the ventral grooves). Several differences in anatomy are found between Bryde's and Eden's whales; morphological similarities have caused confusions regarding species identification. Members of the Bryde's whale complex are moderately-sized rorquals , falling behind sei whales , but being larger than Omura's whale and
2679-633: The scientific name B. edeni is commonly used or they are simply referred to B. cf brydei/edeni . In 1878, the Scottish zoologist John Anderson , first curator of the Indian Museum in Calcutta , described Balaenoptera edeni , naming it after the former British High Commissioner in Burma , Sir Ashley Eden , who helped obtain the type specimen. Eden's Deputy Commissioner, Major A.G. Duff, sent
2736-772: The sediment is supplied by the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers which supply the Lower Meghna delta in Bangladesh and the Hoogly delta in West Bengal (India). Several other large rivers in Bangladesh and India provide smaller contributions. Turbidity currents have transported the sediment through a series of submarine canyons , some of which are more than 1,500 miles (2,414 km) in length, to be deposited in
2793-467: The southwestern Pacific, they occur as far south as the North Island of New Zealand . Based on osteological features, a specimen from Taiwan was referred to B. brydei , while several specimens from the Philippines and Indonesia differed slightly in skull morphology and were referred to the putative Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that Bryde's whales caught in
2850-574: The tip of the rostrum. The sei whale, like other rorquals, has a single median ridge, as well as a slightly arched rostrum, which is accentuated at the tip. Bryde's usually have dark grey lower jaws, whereas sei whales are lighter grey. Bryde's have 250–370 pairs of short, slate grey baleen plates with long, coarse, lighter grey or white bristles that are 40 cm (16 in) long by 20 cm (7.9 in) wide, while sei whales have longer, black or dark grey baleen plates with short, curling, wool-like bristles. The 40 to 70 ventral pleats extend to or past
2907-609: The toe-of-slope. The Indus Basin was created through the erosion of Karakoram and the Western Himalayas . Fan sedimentation is estimated to have begun at the end of the Oligocene or beginning of the Miocene , during a period of faster Himalayan exhumation, possibly linked to Monsoon intensification. The fan rapidly gained sediment during the middle Miocene. The upper Indus Fan, both ancient and recent, consists some of
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#17327654408272964-465: The type locality of the species. In Japan, early whalers called it " anchovy " ( 鰯 , iwashi ) or " skipjack whale" ( 鰹鯨 , katsuo-kujira カツオクジラ ) . It preys on the anchovy and it was commonly associated with the skipjack. As modern whaling shifted to the Sanriku area, whalemen confused the sei whale with it; now iwashi-kujira ( 鰯鯨 , "anchovy whale" イワシクジラ ) only applies to
3021-459: The umbilicus, occupying about 58% and 57% of the total length, respectively; sei whales, though, have ventral pleats that extend only halfway between the pectoral fins and umbilicus, occupying only 45–47% of the total body length, whereas their umbilicus is usually 52% of the total body length. Both species are often covered with white or pink oval scars caused by bites from cookie-cutter sharks. Bryde's whales have an upright, falcate dorsal fin that
3078-511: The water surface than sei whales, especially in coastal waters. They regularly dive for about 5–15 minutes (maximum of 20 minutes) after four to seven blows. Bryde's whales are capable of reaching depths down to 292 metres (958 ft). When submerging, these whales do not display their flukes. Bryde's whales commonly swim at 1.6–6.4 km/h (1–4 mph), but can reach 19–24 km/h (12–15 mph). They sometimes generate short (0.4 seconds) powerful, low-frequency vocalizations that resemble
3135-422: Was able to secure almost the entire skull and nearly all its vertebrae, along with other bones. These were sent to Anderson, who described the specimen, which was physically mature, as a new species. In 1913, the Norwegian scientist Ørjan Olsen, based on the examination of a dozen "sei whales" brought to the whaling stations at Durban and Saldanha , in South Africa, described Balaenoptera brydei , naming it after
3192-434: Was once considered a distinct population of Bryde's whale, but in 2021 it was described as a separate species. B. brydei gets its specific and common name from Johan Bryde , Norwegian consul to South Africa, who helped establish the first modern whaling station in the country, while B. edeni gets its specific and common names from Sir Ashley Eden , former High Commissioner of Burma ( Myanmar ). Sittang whale refers to
3249-400: Was realized that the northern form were indeed sei whales ( B. borealis ), but the southern form were Bryde's whale ( B. brydei/edeni ). A later study revealed that Bryde's caught off Japan exhibited lateral ridges on their rostrum , whereas sei whales lacked this feature. In the 1960s it was discovered that some of the "sei whales" being caught off Brazil were also Bryde's whales based on
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