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46-609: The canonical Scriptures make no mention of the birth or infancy of Mary, and the devotion relies primary on Sacred Tradition and private revelation . Liturgical feasts relating to Mary's infancy and childhood include: Various images of the Divine Infantess have been produced and crowned : Most famously the Maria Bambina of Milan and the Divina Infantita of Mexico. In Catholic Mariology Mary

92-663: A Servant of God . He was named Venerable in 1975, and Pope John Paul II beatified him in 1987. Andrea Ferrari was born on 13 August 1850 in Lalatta (now Palanzano) in the Parma province as the eldest of four children to the shoemaker Giuseppe Ferrari and Maddalena Longarini; his baptism was celebrated on 14 August. His two paternal uncles, Abbondio and Pietro, were priests serving in Parma . He received his First Communion in 1860 from Father Giovanni Agostini and received his Confirmation in 1866. He felt called to serve as

138-502: A priest and was educated in Parma where he was to obtain a doctorate in theological studies in 1883. Ferrari received the first two minor orders on 18 September 1869 and the other two on 23 September 1871. He received the subdiaconate on 21 September 1872 and the diaconate on 15 December 1872. He was ordained to the priesthood on 20 December 1873 for the Diocese of Parma where he served from 1874 until 1890. He also served as

184-466: A compilation or discussion of beliefs, ritual practices, moral commandments and laws , ethical conduct, spiritual aspirations, and admonitions for fostering a religious community. Within each religion, these sacred texts are revered as authoritative sources of guidance, wisdom, and divine revelation . They are often regarded as sacred or holy, representing the core teachings and principles that their followers strive to uphold. According to Peter Beal,

230-399: A corpus of religious texts from the "canonical" literature. At its root, this differentiation reflects the sects and conflicts that developed and branched off over time, the competitive "acceptance" of a common minimum over time and the "rejection" of interpretations, beliefs, rules or practices by one group of another related socio-religious group. The earliest reference to the term "canon" in

276-513: A definitive canon". While the term scripture is derived from the Latin scriptura , meaning "writing", most sacred scriptures of the world's major religions were originally a part of their oral tradition , and were "passed down through memorization from generation to generation until they were finally committed to writing", according to Encyclopaedia Britannica . In Islam , the Sunnah are

322-592: A new cradle, and moved to the convent chapel. The following year, in 1885, it was carried in a solemn procession to the Motherhouse chapel, attracting many pilgrims who sought the Infant Mary's assistance. Subsequently, an archconfraternity named Maria Bambina and the “League of the Innocent” were established. In 1904, the image was ceremoniously crowned with Papal approval by Cardinal Ferrari , contributing to

368-471: A religious community. The terms sacred text and religious text are not necessarily interchangeable in that some religious texts are believed to be sacred because of the belief in some theistic religions such as the Abrahamic religions that the text is divinely or supernaturally revealed or divinely inspired , or in non-theistic religions such as some Indian religions they are considered to be

414-467: A religious text, has origins as early as 2150 BCE, and stands as one of the earliest literary works that includes various mythological figures and themes of interaction with the divine. The Rigveda , a scripture of Hinduism , is dated 1500 BCE. It is one of the oldest known complete religious texts that has survived into the modern age. There are many possible dates given to the first writings which can be connected to Talmudic and Biblical traditions,

460-554: A text "having [religious] authority and often collected into an accepted canon". In modern times, this equation of the written word with religious texts is particular to the English language , and is not retained in most other languages, which usually add an adjective like " sacred " to denote religious texts. Some religious texts are categorized as canonical, some non-canonical, and others extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical or post-canonical. The term "canon"

506-554: Is derived from the Greek word " κανών ", "a cane used as a measuring instrument". It connotes the sense of "measure, standard, norm, rule". In the modern usage, a religious canon refers to a "catalogue of sacred scriptures" that is broadly accepted to "contain and agree with the rule or canon of a particular faith", states Juan Widow. The related terms such as "non-canonical", "extracanonical", "deuterocanonical" and others presume and are derived from "canon". These derived terms differentiate

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552-463: Is derived from the ratification, enforcement , and its use across generations. Some religious texts are accepted or categorized as canonical , some non-canonical, and others extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical or post-canonical. "Scripture" (or "scriptures") is a subset of religious texts considered to be "especially authoritative", revered and "holy writ", "sacred, canonical", or of "supreme authority, special status" to

598-606: Is held as having been born and conceived a Saint and full of Grace , as a consequence of the Immaculate Conception . It is also generally held by Theologians that she had free will and rational thought, through infused knowledge, from "the first instant of her conception," worshipping and loving God in her mother's womb and as an infant and child. This forms a theological basis for her veneration as an infant or child. According to St. Alphonsus de Liguori , "The first reason for Mary's great love for human beings

644-581: Is that she loves God so much... Think of what the Saints have done for their neighbor because they have loved God. But what Saint's love for God can match Mary's? She loved Him more in the first moment of her existence than all the Saints and angels ever loved Him or will love Him." Devotion to the Infant Mary in Italy, called Maria Bambina , can be traced back to at least 1007 AD, in the city of Milan. In 1007

690-634: The Archdiocese of Milan and was granted the pallium prior to his departure; he also took Carlo as a middle name in honour of Charles Borromeo who was a predecessor during the Counter-Reformation period. His private assistant while in Milan was Father Giovanni Rossi. Ferrari was a strong supporter and promoter of Rerum Novarum and espoused the core themes of social justice that the pope highlighted in that document. He also enlisted

736-476: The Quran (the book of Islam ) are the divine revelation ( wahy ) delivered through Muhammad that make up the primary sources of Islamic law and belief/theology . However sects of Islam differ on which hadiths (if any) should be accepted as canonical (see Criticism of hadith ). Andrea Carlo Ferrari Andrea Ferrari (13 August 1850 – 2 February 1921) – later adopting the middle name " Carlo " –

782-636: The archpriest of Fornovo di Taro from 1874 until 1875 when he was made the vicar curate for the San Leonardo church. Ferrari served as the Vice-Rector for seminarians in Parma and served also as a professor of mathematics and natural sciences in 1875 and later became its rector in 1877. He served also as a professor of theological fundamentals and ecclesial historical sciences as well as educating them in moral theological subjects in 1878. It

828-588: The conclave in 1914 that elected Pope Benedict XV . Ferrari was on good terms with Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli – the future Pope John XXIII . The two knew the other well and Roncalli was the one who celebrated his funeral. He was also close with Achille Ratti who was his successor in Milan and the future Pope Pius XI . Ferrari ordained as priests the future cardinals Camillo Caccia Dominioni (1899) and Carlo Confalonieri (1916) in addition to Bishop Giorgio Giovanni Elli (1903) and Archbishop Mario Giardini (1904). Ferrari died in 1921 at 5:55   pm after he finished

874-510: The Archdiocesan Eucharistic Congress from 1–5 September 1895. Ferrari participated in the papal conclave in 1903 that elected Pope Pius X, and had been considered to be " papabile " for his pastoral qualities. Ferrari petitioned the cardinals to support a pastoral candidate to become pope and began casting his votes for his old colleague Sarto. He tried to persuade Sarto to accept the election if chosen though

920-556: The Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to her in the form of an infant, dressed like a queen and carried by angels , lying down. And Magdalena heard her say to her: I want to be honored in my childhood, since it is a very forgotten devotion, and I will grant all the graces that are asked of me under this invocation and this image After this Magdalena dreamed of the Infant Mary two times, moved by such an inexplicable events she began to dedicate herself to spreading devotion to

966-989: The Divine Infantess, and celebrating the feast days of the Child Virgin with great joy. The devotion was further spread by Mother Maria del Rosario Arrevillaga. who founded the Congregation of the Handmaids of the Child Mary ; later Father Federico Salvador would found the Slaves of the Immaculate Child , which that order would merge into. Pope Gregory XVI would approve the devotion and the image, and enrich it with devotions. Canon of Scripture Religious texts , including scripture , are texts which various religions consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition. They often feature

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1012-561: The Infant Mary as "Divina Infantita," or Divine Infantess. Being so zealous for this devotion, she asked permission from her superior, Mother Guadalupe de San Lorenzo, to make a title and image of the apparition she had witnessed and thus fulfill the desire of Infant Mary. However, her superior decided to test if the apparition was a delirium and ignored her, thinking that if the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin were authentic, Magdalena would insist on it. A few days later, while Magdalena

1058-596: The aid of Giuseppe Toniolo to promote it and make it a theme of his professorship. His main mission in Milan was to preserve the faith of the people through catechesis and he made four pastoral visits as archbishop. He pushed for the publication of the Catechism of Pius X in Milan as a step towards this aim. He also visited all parishes in his archdiocese and was attentive to the social circumstances of each parish. In addition, Ferrari held several episcopal conferences to discuss matters of ecclesial life. In 1895 he held

1104-465: The appointment of Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto – future Pope Pius X – as Patriarch of Venice and was successful in securing the appointment. Ferrari was elevated to the cardinalate in 1894 and Pope Leo XIII named him as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Anastasia (the title and red hat were conferred a week after the elevation). It was just a week after his elevation that he was transferred to

1150-461: The central tenets of their eternal Dharma . In contrast to sacred texts, many religious texts are simply narratives or discussions pertaining to the general themes, interpretations, practices, or important figures of the specific religion. In some religions (e.g. Christianity ), the canonical texts include a particular text ( Bible ) but is "an unsettled question", according to Eugene Nida . In others ( Hinduism , Buddhism ), there "has never been

1196-638: The church in 1991. The Milanese came to revere Ferrari for his strong holiness and his old friend Pope John XXIII opened his cause for canonization on 10 February 1963. This came after his Milanese successor Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster opened the informative phase of investigation for his beatification in 1951. Pope Paul VI (another Milanese successor) proclaimed him to be Venerable on 1 February 1975 in recognition of his life of heroic virtue . Pope John Paul II beatified Ferrari on 10 May 1987 in Saint Peter's Square . The current postulator for this cause

1242-567: The church of Santa Maria Fulcorina (Later Milan Cathedral ) was dedicated to the "mystery of the Nativity of Mary." This devotion would further grow in Milan as the church became the Cathedral of Milan, and in 1251 Innocent IV granted in perpetuity a plenary indulgence for those who visit the cathedral on the feast of Mary's Nativity. In the 16th century St. Charles Borromeo would construct

1288-601: The context of "a collection of sacred Scripture" is traceable to the 4th-century CE. The early references, such as the Synod of Laodicea , mention both the terms "canonical" and "non-canonical" in the context of religious texts. One of the oldest known religious texts is the Kesh Temple Hymn of ancient Sumer , a set of inscribed clay tablets which scholars typically date around 2600 BCE. The Epic of Gilgamesh from Sumer , although only considered by some scholars as

1334-548: The earliest of which is found in scribal documentation of the 8th century BCE, followed by administrative documentation from temples of the 5th and 6th centuries BCE, with another common date being the 2nd century BCE. High rates of mass production and distribution of religious texts did not begin until the invention of the printing press in 1440, before which all religious texts were hand written copies, of which there were relatively limited quantities in circulation. The relative authority of religious texts develops over time and

1380-433: The image began to fade, it fell out of use. However, starting in 1884, various miracles began to be associated with the image: Several nuns of the order experienced healing from serious illnesses, and the image itself was miraculously restored, regaining its original flesh tones and coming to resemble what the nuns described as “una bambina vera,” or a "real little girl." In 1884, the image was dressed in new garments, placed in

1426-640: The image to Sister Teresa Bosio, the superior of the Sisters of Charity of Lovere , a religious institute founded by St. Bartolomea Capitanio . The image was then kept at Ciceri Hospital in Milan, and the nuns began to be referred to as the “Sisters of Maria Bambina." In 1876 the image of Maria Bambina was brought to the Generalate of the Sisters in Via Santa Sofia where it remains to this day. As

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1472-431: The ire of Pius X. He had been accused of excessive liberalism and defended his archdiocese against misunderstandings that Rome held. However, this prompted a 1911 canonical investigation. In 1912 the pope realized the mistake he had made and received the cardinal after this matter was resolved for a reconciliation. In 1912 he promoted the establishment of the newspaper L'Italia which replaced L'Unione . He also partook in

1518-543: The latter insisted that he should not be voted for and that he would not accept. But Ferrari insisted that the refusal could become harmful for the Church and painful for Sarto for the remainder of his life. But Francesco Satolli convinced Sarto of the ramifications of his refusal which prompted Sarto's acceptance of the pontificate. Ferrari returned to Milan on 10 August and that month travelled to Cologne to meet with its archbishop Cardinal Anton Hubert Fischer . In 1908 he

1564-513: The present dome for the cathedral, dedicating it to the birth of Mary. The words Mariae Nascenti , meaning roughly "to the infant Mary," would be inscribed in the main entrance of the cathedral. In the early 18th century, devotion to Maria Bambina experienced a revival due to the donation of a wax simulacrum of the Infant Mary by Sister Isabella Chiara Fornari, a Franciscan from Todi . Between 1720 and 1730, Fornari gifted this artifact to Monsignor Alberico Simonetta. Upon Simonetta's death in 1739,

1610-514: The recitation of one of the rosaries he himself started due to throat cancer , and was buried in the archdiocesan cathedral under the Sacred Heart altar. The first sign of his ailment around 1918 was simple hoarseness, later diagnosed as throat cancer. His old friend Roncalli referred to him later as an "authentic saint". In Legnano a church was constructed from 1987 to 1989 and dedicated to him. Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini consecrated

1656-647: The simulacrum was transferred to the Capuchin Sisters of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Milan. Due to subsequent religious suppressions initiated by Emperor Joseph II and later Napoleon , the Capuchin nuns moved the image through various locations: first to the convent of the Augustinian nuns, then to the Lateran canonesses, and eventually to the parish priest Fr. Luigi Bosisio. In 1842, Bosisio entrusted

1702-679: The spread of devotion to the Infant Mary from Milan throughout Italy. The history of the devotion in Mexico dates back to January 6, 1840, in Mexico City . During the feast of the Epiphany Conceptionist Sister Magdalena de San José was praying before the manger of the infant Jesus , and asked herself. “Why is it that the Mother of God is not celebrated at her birth like her Son Jesus is?" At that moment,

1748-645: The term scripture – derived from " scriptura " (Latin) – meant "writings [manuscripts] in general" prior to the medieval era, then became "reserved to denote the texts of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible". Beyond Christianity, according to the Oxford World Encyclopedia , the term "scripture" has referred to a text accepted to contain the "sacred writings of a religion", while The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions states it refers to

1794-567: The traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. The sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time evidently saw and followed and passed on to the next generations. According to classical Islamic theories, the sunnah are documented by hadith (the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions or disapprovals attributed to Muhammad ), and alongside

1840-580: Was an Italian Catholic prelate who served as a cardinal and as the Archbishop of Milan from 1894 until his death. Ferrari was a well-regarded pastor and theologian who led two dioceses before being appointed to the prestigious Milanese archdiocese which he led until his death. But he was later accused of Modernism which led to a strained relationship with Pope Pius X who finally reconciled with Ferrari in 1912. The cause for his canonization opened after his death in 1963 and he became titled as

1886-519: Was awarded in 1919 with the Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurizio and Lazzaro for his efforts. Ferrari was accused of " Modernism " in 1907 which was an accusation that Pope Pius X had accepted. He was no Modernist and denounced them in a pastoral letter he issued in 1908. Despite this, the accusations put him in a negative position with Rome and he decided to keep quiet so as not to attract

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1932-502: Was cleaning, she found the head of one of the sculpted angels on the tabernacle had fallen off. She took it and brought it to the Mother Superior so that she would authorize her to make the image of the Divine Infantess with the little head of the angel. She continually pleaded with her until the abbess granted her permission and called a sculptor. Magdalena explained to him what the apparition she had seen looked like, and after it

1978-427: Was done, she said the image was beautiful and radiant, just as she had seen during her vision. Mother Guadalupe then permitted Magdalena to promote devotion to the image, and shortly after that, many miracles were performed by the image. Including the conversion of a sinner, and the healing of a blind girl. Sister Magdalena continued to show great devotion to the image, making for it a crib, praying novenas dedicated to

2024-513: Was in London at Westminster for the nineteenth Eucharistic Congress held from 9–13 September. In 1910 he organized festivities for the third centennial of the canonization of Charles Borromeo. In 1918 he founded the Women's Youth for Azione Cattolica and entrusted its direction to Armida Barelli . During World War I he formed a group that was dedicated to caring for soldiers and prisoners and

2070-655: Was later that he published the " Summula theologiae dogmaticae generalis " in 1885 which proved to be a respected work in the field at that time and it was reprinted several times. In mid-1890 he was appointed as the Bishop of Guastalla and he received his episcopal consecration as a bishop on 29 June 1890 from Cardinal Lucido Parocchi in the church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Villa Lante. The co-consecrators were Vincenzo Leone Sallua and Giovanni Maria Majoli. He took possession of his new diocese on 3 October 1890 and

2116-462: Was later transferred to the Diocese of Como in mid-1891 after a brief tenure in Guastalla. In Como, he was noted for his dedication to the people and made several pastoral visits to see all his parishes. In 1894 the newspaper Corriere della Sera noted his "meticulous visits" as proper diocesan management and attentiveness while noting that "he talks well with a good voice". In 1893 he supported

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