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40-546: Ingrian Finns are the indigenous minority of Europe. Finnish-speaking Ingrians are not to be confused with Izhorian -speaking Ingrians. Ingrian Finns mainly consist of two groups: Savakot , who originated from migrant Savonians ; and Äyrämöiset , coming from the Karelian Isthmus (mostly from Äyräpää ), then parts of the Swedish realm . They were Lutheran settlers and migrant workers who moved to Ingria during

80-753: A large majority of whom are also citizens of Estonia. In Russia, many Ingrian Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingria . Autosomally Ingrian Finns cluster with Finns from Finland, Karelians and Vepsians . Half of Ingrian Finns belong to the maternal haplogroup H and 19.4 percent carry U5 . Their other mtDNA haplogroups include T (11.1 %), V (5.6 %) and W (5.6 %). Izhorian language Ingrian ( inkeroin keeli Soikkola [ˈiŋɡ̊e̞roi̯ŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi] ), also called Izhorian ( ižoran keeli Soikkola [ˈiʒ̥o̞rɑŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi] Ala-Laukaa [ˈiʒo̞rəŋ ˈkeːlʲ] ),

120-403: A thirteenth (the comitative ) only being present in nouns. Like Finnish, Ingrian has two cases used for the direct object : the nominative-genitive (used in telic constructions) and the partitive (used in atelic constructions). Ingrian adjectives often have a separate comparative form, but lack a morphologically distinct superlative . Ingrian distinguishes between three persons . There

160-603: A vocabulary of the so-called Chukhna language, which contains terms in Finnish, Votic and Ingrian. Not much later, Fedor Tumansky, in a description of the Saint Petersburg Governorate adds vocabularies of various local languages, among which one he dubbed ямский ("the language of Yamburg "), corresponding to the modern Ala-Laukaa dialect of Ingrian. During the Finnish national awakening in

200-595: Is a Finnic language spoken by the (mainly Orthodox ) Izhorians of Ingria . It has approximately 70 native speakers left, most of whom are elderly. The Ingrian language should be distinguished from the Ingrian dialect of the Finnish language , which became the majority language of Ingria in the 17th century with the influx of Lutheran Finnish immigrants; their descendants, the Ingrian Finns , are often referred to as Ingrians. The immigration of Lutheran Finns

240-613: Is a municipal settlement in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg , Russia , located on the Sestra River , Karelian Isthmus . Population: 2,080 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,690 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,405 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . The settlement has a railway station Beloostrov . Beloostrov historically consists of two parts: Novy Beloostrov ( Russian : Но́вый Белоо́стров , New White Island ; Finnish : Uusi Valkeasaari ) along

280-700: Is a political debate in Finland over the retention of the Finnish Law of Return . In contrast, native Finnish-speakers have been easily assimilated into mainstream Finnish culture, leaving little trace of Ingrian Finnish traditions. In Estonia, the Ingrian Finns have enjoyed cultural autonomy since 2004, being the first minority to organize and use such a right after Estonia's restoration of independence. The 2011 census counted 369 Ingrian Finns in Estonia,

320-694: Is classified, together with Finnish , Karelian (including Livvi ), Ludic and Veps , in the Northern Finnic branch of the Uralic languages . The exact origin of Izhorians , and by extension the Ingrian language, is not fully clear. Most scholars agree that Ingrian is most closely related to the Karelian language and the Eastern dialects of Finnish , although the exact nature of this relationship

360-689: Is expressed by means of a negative verb that inflects by person and has separate imperative forms. The phonology of the two extant Ingrian varieties differs substantially. The Soikkola dialect features a threefold contrast in consonant length ( [t] vs [tˑ] vs [tː] ) as well as a threefold distinction in voicing ( [t] vs [d̥] vs [d] ). The Ala-Laukaa dialect, on the contrary only has a twofold contrast in both length and voicing ( [tː] vs [t] vs [d] ), but features highly prominent vowel reduction, resulting in phonetically both reduced and voiceless vowels ( [o] vs [ŏ] vs [ŏ̥] ). Both dialects show various processes of consonant assimilation in voicing and, in

400-440: Is no distinction in gender , but there is an animacy distinction in interrogative pronouns. Ingrian verbs feature four moods : indicative , conditional , imperative and the now rare potential . Verbs are inflected for three persons , two numbers and a special impersonal form for each of the moods, although the imperative lacks a first person form. The indicative has both present and past forms. Negation in Ingrian

440-434: Is the process that the affixes attached to a lemma may change depending on the stressed vowel of the word. This means that if the word is stressed on a back vowel , the affix would contain a back vowel as well, while if the word's stress lies on a front vowel , the affix would naturally contain a front vowel. Thus, if the stress of a word lies on an "a", "o" or "u", the possible affix vowels would be "a", "o" or "u", while if

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480-507: Is unclear: A popular opinion holds that the split of the Karelian and Ingrian languages can be traced back to around the 8th-12th centuries A.D., with the Ingrian language originating from a Pre-Karelian group travelling westward along the Neva river . The first Ingrian records can be traced back to the Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa by Peter Simon Pallas , which contains

520-669: The Kola Peninsula , as well as to Kazakhstan and other parts of Central Asia . The situation for the Ingrian Finns deteriorated further because of the Soviet plan to create restricted security zones along the borders with Finland and Estonia , free of the Finnic peoples, who were considered politically unreliable. In April 1935 7,000 people (2,000 families) were deported from Ingria to Kazakhstan, elsewhere in Central Asia, and

560-643: The Ural region . In May and June 1936 20,000 people, the entire Finnish population of the parishes of Valkeasaari , Lempaala , Vuole and Miikkulainen near the Finnish border, were transferred to the area around Cherepovets . In Ingria they were replaced by people from other parts of the Soviet Union . In 1937 Lutheran churches and Finnish-language schools in Ingria were closed down, and publications and radio broadcasting in Finnish were suspended. In March 1939

600-569: The Firebird and the Gray Wolf ) in all four dialects of Ingrian. In 1925, Julius Mägiste wrote a second grammatical description of Ingrian, this time of the Finnic varieties spoken in a handful of villages along the Rosona river  [ ru ] , which showed both Ingrian and Finnish features. This variety was closely related to the modern Siberian Ingrian Finnish . Simultaneously, in

640-636: The Ingrian Finns remaining in Ingria were forcibly relocated to Siberia. During the Finnish and German occupation of the area, Ingrian Finns were evacuated to Finland. However, after the Continuation War , most of these Ingrian Finns, who were still Soviet citizens, were forcibly returned to the Soviet Union, where they were dispersed into Central Russia. However, some Ingrian Finns were able to flee to Sweden, and nearly 4,000 were able to remain in Finland. Ingrian Finns were largely forgotten during

680-524: The Ingrian language: Nevertheless, borrowings from Russian , both old and new, are very common. Some borrowings from Finnish, Estonian and Votic are also present: Valkeasaari 60°08′50″N 30°00′45″E  /  60.14722°N 30.01250°E  / 60.14722; 30.01250 Beloostrov ( Russian : Белоо́стров ; Finnish : Valkeasaari ; lit.   ' White Island ' ), from 1922 to World War II Krasnoostrov (Russian: Красноо́стров , lit.   'Red Island'),

720-643: The Kuivaisi National District was liquidated. Initially during the Winter War , the Soviet policy was mixed. On the one hand, Stalin's government largely destroyed Ingrian Finnish culture, but on the other hand, the maintenance of a Finnish-speaking population was desired as a way to legitimize the planned occupation of Finland. The failure of the puppet Terijoki government led to the ultimate result that in 1941, Moscow officially decided that Ingrian Finns were unreliable, and in 1942 most of

760-463: The Kuivaisi National District with its center in Toksova and Finnish as its official language. The First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 recorded 114,831 "Leningrad Finns", as Ingrian Finns were then called. In 1928, collectivization of agriculture started in Ingria. To facilitate it, in 1929–1931, 18,000 people (4,320 families) from North Ingria were deported to East Karelia or

800-534: The Soikkola dialect. Both phonemes and allophones are shown. Stress in Ingrian generally falls on the first syllable, with a secondary stress on every uneven nonfinal syllabe (third, fifth, etc.). An exception is the word paraikaa ("now"), which is stressed on the second syllable. Furthermore, some speakers might stress borrowed words according to the stress rules of the donor language. The Ingrian language has several morphophonological processes . Vowel harmony

840-622: The Soviet Union. There were also refugees to Finland, where they assimilated. After the 1917 Bolshevik revolution , Ingrian Finns inhabiting the southern part of the Karelian Isthmus seceded from Soviet Russia and formed the independent Republic of North Ingria , which was backed by Finland. The short-lived republic was reintegrated with Soviet Russia according to the 14 October 1920 Russian-Finnish Treaty of Tartu , and for several years thereafter it retained some degree of autonomy. From 1928 to 1939, Ingrian Finns in North Ingria constituted

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880-416: The above mentioned books, wrote a grammar of the Ingrian language, in Ingrian. In the grammar, Junus introduced a literary language for Ingrian, which he based on the then most populous dialects: the Soikkola and Ala-Laukaa dialects. Junus' grammar included rules for spelling and inflection, as well as a general description of the spoken Ingrian language. The grammar introduced a new age of written Ingrian, and

920-501: The case of the nasal phoneme /n/ , place of articulation. The consonant inventory of the Ala-Laukaa dialect is relatively larger, as it includes a number of loaned phonemes not or only partially distinguished in the Soikkola dialect. To the right, the consonant inventory of Ingrian is shown. The consonants highlighted in red are only found in the Ala-Laukaa dialect or as loaned phonemes, while consonants in green are only found in

960-399: The current alphabet matches the Finnish alphabet . Like other Uralic languages, Ingrian is a highly agglutinative language . Ingrian inflection is exclusively performed using inflectional suffixes , with prefixes being only used in derivation. Ingrian nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (singular and plural) and case . Ingrian nominals distinguish between twelve cases, with

1000-435: The end of the 19th century, as the collection of Finnic folk poetry became widespread, a large number of poems and songs were recorded in lands inhabited by Izhorians, as well, and ultimately published in various volumes of Suomen kansan vanhat runot . The songs, although originally sung in the Ingrian language, have been noted using Finnish grammar and Finnish phonology in many cases, as the collectors were not interested in

1040-485: The exact form of the original text. One of the collectors of the Ingrian poems, Volmari Porkka  [ fi ] , has gone on to write a first grammatical description of Ingrian, including sections on the Ingrian dialects of Finnish. This grammar includes a thorough analysis of the Soikkola, Hevaha, and Ala-Laukaa dialects, and includes a handful of texts (notably, fairy tales , including traditional versions of The Little Humpbacked Horse and Tsarevitch Ivan,

1080-444: The famine the war brought. A large number of Izhorians was deported, among with Ingrian Finns and Votians to Finland in 1943-1944, as part of an agreement between Finland and Germany during the Continuation War . Almost all Izhorian families decided to return to the Soviet Union after the war ended. Upon return to the Soviet Union after the war, Izhorians were banned from settling their native lands, and were instead scattered across

1120-617: The first Finnish-language newspaper, Pietarin Sanomat , started in Ingria. Before that Ingria received newspapers mostly from Vyborg . The first public library was opened in 1850, in Tyrö. The largest of the libraries, situated in Skuoritsa, had more than 2,000 volumes in the second half of the 19th century. In 1899, the first song festival in Ingria was held in Puutosti (Skuoritsa). By 1897,

1160-526: The flow of migration was reversed. Russian nobles were granted land in Ingria, and Lutheran Ingrian Finns left Ingria, where they were in minority, for the area known as Old Finland , north of the Gulf of Finland , which Russia had gained from Sweden during the 18th century, and where Lutherans were a large majority. There the Ingrian Finns assimilated with the Karelian Finns . In 1870, the printing of

1200-410: The language in which these books were written included the vowel raising of mid vowels , and a lack of distinction between voiced, semivoiced and voiceless consonants. By 1935, the number of Ingrian schools increased to 23 (18 primary schools and 5 secondary schools). At the same time, a systematic process of assimilation has begun. In 1936, Väinö Junus  [ fi ] , one of the authors of

1240-471: The late 1920s, Ingrian-speaking selsovets started to form across the Ingrian-speaking territory. In 1932, a total of 19 schools were opened where education was performed in Ingrian. A first primer in the Ingrian language was published, based on a subdialect of Soikkola Ingrian. The primer was the first of a series of schoolbooks written in this dialect. A number of features characteristic of

Ingrian Finns - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-471: The nation. Due to the many repressions, deportations and war, the number of Izhorians, as well as Ingrian speakers, decreased dramatically. The 1926 census counted over 16.000 Izhorians. In 1939 this number decreased to just over 7.000, and by 1959 just 369 people claimed to be native Ingrian speakers. The order of the 1936 alphabet is similar to the Russian Cyrillic alphabet . The order of

1320-749: The number of Ingrian Finns had grown to 130,413, and by 1917 it exceeded 140,000 (45,000 in Northern Ingria, 52,000 in Central (Eastern) Ingria and 30,000 in Western Ingria, the rest in Petrograd ). Soviet rule, and the German occupation (1941–1944) during World War II , were as disastrous for the Ingrian Finns as for other small ethnic groups. Many Ingrian Finns were either executed, deported to Siberia, or forced to relocate to other parts of

1360-547: The period of Swedish rule 1617–1703. Others originated from more or less voluntary conversion among the indigenous Finnic-speaking Votes and Izhorians , where approved by the Swedish authorities. Finns made up 41.1 percent of the population of Ingria in 1656, 53.2 percent in 1661, 55.2 percent in 1666, 56.9 percent in 1671 and 73.8 percent in 1695. After the Russian conquest and the foundation of Saint Petersburg (1703),

1400-566: The presidencies of Juho Kusti Paasikivi and Urho Kekkonen . After the war many Ingrian Finns settled in Soviet-controlled Estonia . From the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 until 2010, about 25,000 Ingrian Finns moved from Russia and Estonia to Finland , where they were eligible for automatic residence permits under the Finnish Law of Return . In 2010, however, the Finnish government decided to stop

1440-542: The railway and Stary Beloostrov ( Russian : Ста́рый Белоо́стров , Old White Island ; Finnish : Vanha Valkeasaari ) several kilometers to the north, mostly belonging to Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast under the name Sadovodstva Island ( Russian : остров Садоводства ). Until the Winter War Beloostrov was the last railway station before the Russia – Finland border. Beloostrov has been

1480-636: The remigration, so Ingrian Finns seeking residence are now treated in the same way as any other foreigners. There are still about 15,000 people in the remigration queue. The number of people who declared their nationality as Finnish in the 2010 Russian census was 20,000, down from 47,000 in 1989. Many Ingrian Finns, including mixed families, who moved to Finland did not speak any language other than Russian and in many cases still identify as Russians. There are social integration problems similar to those of any other migrant group in Europe, to such an extent that there

1520-425: The stress of a word lies on an "ä", "ö" or "y", the possible affix vowels to this word would then be "ä", "ö" or "y": The vowels "e" and "i" are neutral, that is to say that they can be used together with both types of vowels. The words in the Ingrian language are mostly of native Finnic origin, and show great similarity with the surrounding Finnish and Estonian languages. Below is given a Leipzig-Jakarta list of

1560-408: Was promoted by Swedish authorities, who gained the area in 1617 from Russia, as the local population was (and remained) Orthodox. Four dialects groups of Ingrian have been attested, two of which are probably extinct by now: A fifth dialect may have once been spoken on the Karelian Isthmus in northernmost Ingria, and may have been a substrate of local dialects of southeastern Finnish. Ingrian

1600-452: Was soon followed by another wave of schoolbooks, written in the new literary variety of Ingrian. The Ingrian schools stayed open until the mass repressions in 1937, during which Väinö Junus and many other teachers were executed, the schoolbooks were confiscated, and by 1938, the Ingrian selsovets were closed. Many Izhorians were sent to concentration camps or executed. During the world war, many Izhorians fell in battle, and starved due to

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