Jus novum ( c. 1140 -1563)
30-586: An insurance commissioner (or commissioner of insurance ) is a public official in the executive branch of a state or territory in the United States who, along with their office, regulate the insurance industry . The powers granted to the office of an insurance commissioner differ in each state. The office of an insurance commissioner is established either by the state constitution or by statute . While most insurance commissioners are appointed, in some jurisdictions they are elected. The office of
60-521: A ceremony . A public official is an official of central or local government . Max Weber gave as definition of a bureaucratic official: An official must exercise their judgment and their skills, but their duty is to place these at the service of a higher authority; ultimately they are responsible only for the impartial execution of assigned tasks and must sacrifice their personal judgment if it runs counter to their official duties. As an adjective , "official" often, but not always, means pertaining to
90-403: A capacity for continuous existence and with canonical rights and duties like those of a natural person […] conferred upon it by law or by the authority which constitutes it and to which it is also accountable under canon law." The doctrine of juridic personality is thought to have its origins in canon law . It has been attributed to Pope Innocent IV , who seems at least to have helped spread
120-464: A diocese that did much of its administration, comprising the vicariate-general , an adjoined secretariat, a registry office and a chancery. In Catholicism, the vicar-general was originally called the "official" ( officialis ). The title of official principal , together with that of vicar-general, has in Anglicanism been merged in that of diocesan chancellor of a diocese. In sports ,
150-666: A group of persons or things to function and be treated under canon law as a single unit. The 1917 Code of Canon Law referred to all juridic persons as "moral persons", while the 1983 Code of Canon Law uses the term "moral person" solely to designate the Apostolic See and the Catholic Church itself. Kennedy gives a more thorough definition: "A juridic person […] is an artificial person, distinct from all natural persons or material goods, constituted by competent ecclesiastical authority for an apostolic purpose, with
180-462: A soul, helping to protect the organization from non-contractual obligations to surrounding communities. This effectively moved such liability to individuals acting within the organization while protecting the structure itself since individuals were considered to have a soul and, therefore, capable of being guilty of negligence and excommunicated. The canonical age in Roman Catholic canon law
210-420: A specified capacity, such as presiding, advisory, secretary). Some official positions may be inherited . A person who currently holds an office is referred to as an incumbent . Something "official" refers to something endowed with governmental or other authoritative recognition or mandate, as in official language , official gazette , or official scorer . The word official as a noun has been recorded since
240-455: Is an age when the faithful becomes capable of incurring certain obligations, enjoying special privileges, embracing special states of life, holding office or dignity, or receiving the sacraments. Each of these human acts requires the development of mind, body, or spirit appropriate to its free and voluntary acceptance and adequate knowledge of, and capability for, the duties and obligations attached. The ages prescribed by canon law differ, as do
270-407: Is close to being a synonym (but has more military connotations ). A functionary is someone who carries out a particular role within an organization; this again is quite a close synonym for official, as a noun , but with connotations closer to bureaucrat . Any such person acts in their official capacity , in carrying out the duties of their office; they are also said to officiate , for example, in
300-911: Is first attested in English in 1533 via the Old French oficial . The informal term officialese , the jargon of "officialdom", was first recorded in 1884. An officialis ( plural officiales ) was the official term (somewhat comparable to a modern civil servant) for any member of the officium (staff) of a high dignitary such as a governor. Jus novum ( c. 1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c. 1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of
330-744: Is not to be admitted to the diaconate until after completing at least the twenty-fifth year of age; one who is married, not until after completing at least the thirty-fifth year of age. For admission to the canonical novitiate , an age of 17 years is fixed by Canon law (can. 643); for admission to the solemn vows (and analogously to the Consecration of virgins ), it is 21 (can. 658). Generals, provincials , abbots , and other regular prelates having quasi-episcopal jurisdiction must, according to many constitutions, have completed their thirtieth year before an election; according to others, their 25th year. However, various orders and congregations have rules for
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#1732783839808360-455: Is someone who holds an office (function or mandate , regardless of whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either their own or that of their superior or employer, public or legally private). An elected official is a person who is an official by virtue of an election . Officials may also be appointed ex officio (by virtue of another office, often in
390-434: Is to maintain fair pricing for insurance products, protect the solvency of insurance companies, prevent unfair practices by insurance companies, and ensure availability of insurance coverage. In order to accomplish these goals, each state grants several powers to insurance commissioners and their offices, including: As of January 8, 2024, the various insurance commissioners are: Public official An official
420-436: The Catholic Church as such are not juridic persons since juridic persons are created by ecclesiastical law . Rather, they are moral persons by divine law . By baptism, a natural person is incorporated into the church and is constituted a person in the same. All the validly baptized, called Christifideles , have the status under Catholic canon law of physical persons within the church. The age of reason, sometimes called
450-612: The Middle English period, first seen in 1314. It comes from the Old French official (12th century), from the Latin officialis ("attendant to a magistrate, government official"), the noun use of the original adjective officialis ("of or belonging to duty, service, or office") from officium ("office"). The meaning "person in charge of some public work or duty" was first recorded in 1555. The adjective
480-553: The Eucharist may be administered also to children who lack the use of reason if the child can distinguish the sacrament from ordinary food and receive it reverently. The age of majority in the Latin Catholic Church is 18 though, until the entry into force of the 1983 Code of Canon Law in 1983, the age of majority was 21. In simple terms, a juridic person is an artificial construct under canon law that allows
510-425: The age of discretion, is the age at which children attain the use of reason and begin to have moral responsibility . On completion of the seventh year, a minor is presumed to have the use of reason, but intellectual disability can prevent some individuals from ever attaining the use of reason. The term "use of reason" appears in the 1983 Code of Canon Law 17 times, but "age of reason" does not appear. However,
540-458: The ages of 23 for deaconship and 25 for priesthood . The first day of the year the canonical age is to be reached is sufficiently timely for the reception of the order. Trent confirmed the Lateran age of thirty years for the episcopate . The 1983 Code of Canon Law estimates the general age for a permanent deacon as thirty-five years. A candidate for the permanent diaconate who is not married
570-514: The beginning of the sixtieth year (canon 1252 CIC). The ancient discipline was neither universal nor fixed but varied with circumstances of time and locality. The requisite age, according to Gratian, for tonsure and the first three minor orders, those of doorkeeper, reader, and exorcist, was seven, and for acolyte, twelve years. The Council of Trent fixed the ages of 21 years and 1 day for subdeaconship , 22 years and 1 day for deaconship , and 24 years and 1 day for priesthood . Canon 1031 CIC fixed
600-491: The bishop's ordinary judicial power over the diocese and presides over the diocesan ecclesiastical court . The 1983 Code of Canon Law gives precedence to the title judicial vicar, rather than that of officialis (canon 1420). The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches uses only the title judicial vicar (canon 191). In German, the related noun Offizialat was also used for an official bureau in
630-489: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In canon law , the word or its Latin original officialis is used absolutely as the legal title of a diocesan bishop's judicial vicar who shares
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#1732783839808660-636: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In the canon law of the Catholic Church , a person is a subject of certain legal rights and obligations . Persons may be distinguished between physical and juridic persons. Juridic persons may be distinguished as collegial or non-collegial, and public or private juridical persons. The Holy See and
690-681: The government, as state employee or having state recognition, or analogous to governance or to a formal (especially legally regulated) proceeding as opposed to informal business. In summary, that has authenticity emanates from an authority. Some examples: Person (Catholic canon law) Jus novissimum ( c. 1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of
720-479: The idea of persona ficta as it is called in Latin. In the early church, the doctrine of persona ficta allowed monasteries to have a legal existence apart from the monks, simplifying the difficulty in balancing the need for such groups to have infrastructure despite monks' vows of personal poverty. Another effect of this was that as a fictional person, a monastery could not be held guilty of delict due to not having
750-470: The insurance commissioner may be part of a larger regulatory agency, or an autonomous department. Insurance law and regulation is established individually by each state. In order to better coordinate insurance regulation among the states and territories, insurance commissioners are members of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). The purpose of insurance commissioners
780-416: The privileges, offices, and dignities to which they apply. All Catholics are bound to attend Holy Mass on Sundays and every holy day of obligation . To be a godparent at the bestowal of baptism and confirmation, a Catholic must be confirmed and must normally be 16 years old (canon 874 CIC). The days of abstinence are to be respected by Catholics of at least 14 years of age; the law of fasting from 18 to
810-459: The requisite ages for inferior offices and dignities. The Council of Trent (Sess. xxv, cap. 7, de regular. et monial.) fixed forty years, and eight years after her solemn vows , for an abbess , mother general, or prioress of a religious order. If a convent (monastery) had no nun or religious sister meeting those requirements, then one over thirty years old and more than five years professed can be elected. An election contrary to these rules
840-711: The term "age of reason" is used in canon law commentaries such as the New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law published by Paulist Press in 2002. Catholic canon law teaches that those who have not attained the use of reason, even if they commit objectively sinful acts, may lack the capacity for subjective guilt. In the Eastern Catholic Churches , the Eucharist and Confirmation are given immediately after baptism, even to infants who do not yet have
870-492: The term official is used to describe a person enforcing playing rules in the capacity of an assistant referee , referee and umpire ; also specified by the discipline, e.g. American football official , ice hockey official . An official competition is created or recognized as valid by the competent body, is agreed to or arranged by people in positions of authority. It is synonymous, among others, with approved, certified, recognized, endorsed, and legitimate. The term officer
900-548: The use of reason. In Latin Rite Catholicism, Confirmation is conferred, except in danger of death, only on persons who have the use of reason; and Holy Communion may be administered to children only if "they have sufficient knowledge and careful preparation so that they understand the mystery of Christ according to their capacity and are able to receive the Body of Christ with faith and devotion." In danger of death,
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