64-474: Joseph Grimond, Baron Grimond , CH , CBE , TD , PC ( / ˈ ɡ r ɪ m ə n d / ; 29 July 1913 – 24 October 1993) was a British politician, leader of the Liberal Party for eleven years from 1956 to 1967 and again briefly on an interim basis in 1976. Grimond was a long-term supporter of Scottish home rule ; and, during his leadership, he successfully advocated for
128-453: A Rektor is elected by the Senate from among the professors of the university (which is the traditional method of choosing the head of a German university), while a Präsident need be neither a professor nor a member of the university (or of any university) prior to appointment. The Rektor is traditionally addressed as Magnifizenz . The rector forms a collegiate leadership body together with
192-660: A barrister , being admitted to the bar as a member of Middle Temple . After serving as a major in World War II , he was selected by the Liberal Party to contest Orkney and Shetland , the most northerly constituency in the United Kingdom. He narrowly missed capturing the seat in 1945 but won it at the 1950 general election . The Liberals and their successors, the Liberal Democrats, have retained
256-540: A rettore is now six years, in accordance with the new national regulation and the statuto (constitution of the university). The Rettore is styled and formally greeted as Magnifico Rettore (Magnificent Rector). In the Netherlands, the rector is the principal of a high school. The rector is supported by conrectors (deputy rectors who can take his place). In Dutch universities, the Rector Magnificus
320-467: A New Zealand soprano, was given the award in 2018 and Canadian author Margaret Atwood was given the award in 2019. Sebastian Coe , Baron Coe CH represented the Order at the 2023 Coronation . The insignia of the order is in the form of an oval medallion, surmounted by a royal crown (but, until recently, surmounted by an imperial crown ), and with a rectangular panel within, depicting on it an oak tree,
384-677: A complete list of publications. Companion of Honour The Order of the Companions of Honour is an order of the Commonwealth realms . It was founded on 4 June 1917 by King George V as a reward for outstanding achievements. It was founded on the same date as the Order of the British Empire . The order was originally intended to be conferred upon a limited number of persons for whom this special distinction seemed to be
448-481: A few universities have used rector as the title of their head: Prior to their conversion to universities, polytechnics often had the rector as the head of the establishment; following their transition to universities, the rector became the vice-chancellor. In Scotland, the position of rector exists in the four ancient universities ( St Andrews , Glasgow , Aberdeen and Edinburgh ) as well as at Dundee , which took its governance systems from its early connections to
512-725: A few universities the Rector is chosen indirectly; the members of the modern Claustro (a sort of electoral college or parliament in which all the above-mentioned groups are represented) is chosen first, and then the Claustro selects the Rector. Rectors hold their office for four years before another election is held, and there is no limit to the number of re-election terms. However, only the most charismatic and respected rectors have been able to hold their office for more than two or three terms. Of those, some have been notable Spanish scholars, such as Basque writer Miguel de Unamuno , Rector of
576-552: A quota of 45 members for the United Kingdom , seven for Australia , two each for New Zealand and South Africa , and nine for India , Burma , and the other British colonies . The quota numbers were altered in 1970 to 47 for the United Kingdom, seven for Australia, two for New Zealand, and nine for other Commonwealth realms. The quota was adjusted again in 1975 by adding two places to the New Zealand quota and reducing
640-475: A rector to have been a doctor for at least six years before his election, and to have achieved professor status, holding it in the same university for which he is running. Usually, when running for election, the rector will need to have chosen the vice-rectors ( vicerrectores in Spanish), who will occupy several sub-offices in the university. Rectors are elected directly by free and secret universal suffrage of all
704-597: A shield with the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom hanging from one branch, and, on the left, a mounted knight in armour. The insignia's blue border bears in gold letters the motto IN ACTION FAITHFUL AND IN HONOUR CLEAR , Alexander Pope 's description (in iambic pentameter ) in his Epistle to Mr Addison of James Craggs the Younger , later used on Craggs's monument in Westminster Abbey . Men wear
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#1732786563381768-688: A university (called faculties ) are headed by deans . As in most Commonwealth and British-influenced countries, the term "rector" is not commonly used in English in Canada outside Quebec. Quebec's francophone universities (e.g., Université de Montréal ) use the term ( recteur or rectrice in French) to designate the head of the institution. In addition, the historically French-Catholic, and now bilingual, Saint Paul University in Ottawa , Ontario uses
832-652: Is Leyla Hussein the political activist and first Black female to hold the position. Some Scottish high school/ secondary school have a head teacher whose official title is Rector , an example being Bell Baxter High School in Cupar , Fife . The rector is the head of most universities and other higher educational institutions in at least parts of Central and Eastern Europe, such as Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Hungary and Ukraine. The rector's deputies are known as "pro-rectors". Individual departments of
896-500: Is called a president , recteur (French-speaking universities), rector (Dutch-speaking universities), previously rector magnificus (men) or rectrix magnifica (women). The heads of Czech universities are called the rektor . The rector acts in the name of the university and decides the university's affairs unless prohibited by law. The rector is nominated by the University Academic Senate and appointed by
960-425: Is responsible for the scientific vision and quality of the university. The rector magnificus is one of the members of the executive board of a university. The rector magnificus is a full professor . The ceremonial responsibilities of the rector magnificus are to open the academic year , and to preside over the ceremonial PhD defenses and inaugural lectures of newly appointed (full) professors. During PhD defenses
1024-589: Is the Chancellor , who appoints a Vice-Chancellor to deputise in the awarding of degrees . The Principal of each university is, by convention , appointed as Vice-Chancellor, however the position of Vice-Chancellor does not confer any other powers or responsibility on the Principal. The authority to serve as chief executive of each university is vested in the office of Principal, who holds both offices referred to as Principal and Vice-Chancellor . The role of
1088-523: Is the head of the university and Rappresentante Legale (Legal representative) of the university. The rector is elected by an electoral body composed of all Professori ordinari ed associati (full and associate professors), the two highest ranks of the Italian university faculty, all the Ricercatori (lowest rank of departments) and representatives of the staff, students and PhD students. The term of
1152-454: Is the highest administrative and educational office in a university, equivalent to that of president or chancellor of an English-speaking university but holding all the powers of a vice-chancellor; they are thus the head of the academy at universities. Formally styled as Excelentísimo e Ilustrísimo Señor Profesor Doctor Don N, Rector Magnífico de la Universidad de X ("Most Excellent and Illustrious Lord Professor Doctor Don N, Rector Magnificus of
1216-421: Is the title used in referring to the heads of universities, gymnasiums , schools of commerce and construction, etc. Generally rektor may be used for the head of any educational institution above the primary school level, where the head is commonly referred to as a 'skoleinspektør' (Headmaster; Inspector of the school). In universities, the second-ranked official of governance is known as prorektor . In Finland,
1280-467: Is usually styled according to academic protocol as Excelentísimo e Ilustrísimo Señor Profesor Doctor Don (Rector's name), Rector Magnífico de la Universidad de Salamanca ("The Most Excellent and Most Illustrious Lord Professor Doctor Don (Rector's name), Rector Magnificus of the University of Salamanca"). In Spain , Rector or Rector Magnífico (magnific rector, from Latin Rector Magnificus )
1344-712: The Philippines , Indonesia , Israel and the Middle East . In the ancient universities of Scotland the office is sometimes referred to as Lord Rector, is the third most senior official, and is usually responsible for chairing the University Court . In a few "Crown lands" of the Austrian Empire, one seat in the Landtag (regional legislature of semi-feudal type) was reserved for the rector of
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#17327865633811408-543: The President of the Czech Republic . The nomination must be agreed by a simple majority of all senators, while a dismissal must be agreed by at least three fifths of all senators. The vote to elect or repeal a rector is secret. The term of office is four years and a person may hold it for at most two consecutive terms. The rector appoints vice-rectors ( pro-rektor ), who act as deputies to the extent determined by
1472-598: The Rectorships of the University of Edinburgh and the University of Aberdeen and the Chancellorship of the University of Kent at Canterbury ( elected in 1970 ). His many books include The Liberal Future (1959, credited with reinvigorating radical liberalism as a coherent modern ideology), The Liberal Challenge (1963), and Memoirs (1979). He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1983 when he
1536-489: The University of Salamanca from 1901 until 1936. Rektor is the title for the highest-ranked administrative and educational leader for an academic institution, such as a primary school, secondary school, private school, high school, college or university. The rektors of state-run colleges and universities are formally appointed by the government, i.e. the cabinet, but upon the advice of the concerned institution's board, and usually following some sort of democratic process at
1600-594: The rector of the University of Aberdeen is Maggie Chapman , a Member of the Scottish Parliament for the Scottish Greens . The rector of the University of Dundee is the long-distance cyclist Mark Beaumont . The rector of Edinburgh is Debora Kayembe . The rector of the University of Glasgow is Ghassan Abu-Sittah . Elected in November 2020, the rector of the University of St Andrews
1664-550: The rektor is titled rector magnificus (men), or rectrix magnifica (women). Younger universities have in more recent years started using the Latin honorary title in formal situations, such as in honorary speeches or graduation ceremonies. The University Chancellor of Sweden was until 2017 the title of the head of the government accrediting agency, the National Agency for Higher Education . From 2017, this position carries
1728-596: The Liberal Party to support the abolition of Britain's nuclear arsenal. Grimond was born in St Andrews , Fife, to jute manufacturer Joseph Bowman Grimond and Helen Lydia, née Richardson. He was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford . He was at school and university with, among others, cricket commentator Brian Johnston and playwright William Douglas-Home . He received a first-class honours degree in Politics, Philosophy and Economics . He later became
1792-762: The Liberals doubled their seat tally and won historic by-elections at Torrington in 1958 (the first by-election gain by the Liberal Party for 29 years), Orpington in 1962 , and Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles in 1965 . In 1961-2, the Liberals almost succeeded in capturing Blackpool North , West Derbyshire and Chippenham from the Conservatives and Paisley and Leicester North East from Labour. Grimond's dynamic and principled leadership proved attractive to many young aspiring politicians, including John Pardoe and three future party leaders, David Steel , Paddy Ashdown and Sir Menzies Campbell . In 1967, having led
1856-471: The Pope, as e.g. the rector of the University of Coimbra , the oldest Portuguese university, is referred to as Magnífico Reitor (Rector's name) ("Rector Magnificus (Rector's Name)"). The others are referred to as Excelentíssimo Senhor Reitor . The rector of a university is helped by vice-rectors and by pro-rectors, with different responsibilities. Until 1974, the director of each lyceum (high school) also had
1920-548: The Rector. Rectors' salaries are determined directly by the Minister of Education. Among the most important rectors of Czech universities were reformer Jan Hus , physician Jan Jesenius , theologian Rodrigo de Arriaga and representative of Enlightenment Josef Vratislav Monse . Jiřina Popelová ( Palacký University of Olomouc ) became the first female Rector in 1950. The rectors are addressed "Your Magnificence Rector" ( "Vaše Magnificence pane rektore" ). In Danish, rektor
1984-643: The United States, the equivalent is often referred to as the president , and in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations , the equivalent is the vice-chancellor . The term and office of a rector can be referred to as a rectorate. The title is used widely in universities in Europe and is very common in Latin American countries. It is also used in Brunei , Macau , Turkey , Russia , Pakistan ,
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2048-690: The University of St Andrews. The current office of Rector, sometimes termed Lord Rector , was instituted by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858 , passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom . With the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889 requiring an election for the Rector every 3 years in the ancient universities . The rector is the third-ranking official of university governance and is elected every three years by matriculated students at Aberdeen, Dundee, Glasgow and St Andrews, and by both
2112-471: The University of X"), it is an office of high dignity within Spanish society, usually being highly respected. It is not strange to see them appear in the media, especially when some academic-related subject is being discussed and their opinion is requested. Spanish rectors are chosen from within the body of university full professors ( Catedráticos in Spanish); it is compulsory for anyone aspiring to become
2176-470: The badge on a neck ribbon (red with golden border threads) and women on a bow at the left shoulder. Rector (academia) A rector ( Latin for 'ruler') is a senior official in an educational institution , and can refer to an official in either a university or a secondary school . Outside the English-speaking world , the rector is often the most senior official in a university, while in
2240-785: The capital's university, notably: Graz in Steiermark (Styria), Innsbruck in Tirol , Wien (Vienna) in Nieder-Österreich (Lower Austria); in Bohemia , two Rectors had seats in the equivalent Landesvertretung. Today, Austrian universities are headed by a Rectorate consisting of one Rector (elected by the Universitätsrat) and 3-5 additional Vizerectors. The Rector is the CEO of the university. The head of Belgian universities
2304-465: The case of private universities the rule is regulated by university statute. In Portugal , the Rector ( Portuguese : Reitor male or Reitora female), frequently addressed as Magnificent Rector ( Magnífico Reitor in Portuguese), is the elected highest official of each university , governing and representing the university. Those universities whose foundation has been historically approved by
2368-414: The concerned institution. The adjunct of a rektor at a university is called a prorektor and is appointed by the institution's board. Some institutions also have vicerektorer (vice rectors), who are appointed by the rektor to carry out a sub-set of the rektor's tasks. A vicerektor is subordinate to the rektor and prorektor . In the older universities, Uppsala university and Lund university ,
2432-469: The daughter of the influential Liberal politician and peer Violet Asquith (1887–1969) and her politician and civil servant husband, Maurice Bonham Carter . Laura Grimond was also the sister of another life peer, Mark Bonham Carter (1922–1994), who won the 1958 by-election at Torrington . The couple had four children: Grimond was also a prolific writer of pamphlets: see the McManus biography (below) for
2496-429: The fur). Rectors of military universities wear only an officer's uniform and a necklace with symbols of the university. As of 2008, the term of office of the rector of public universities lasts for four years (previously three years), beginning on 1 September in an election year and ending on 31 August of the year in which the term ends. A person may not be elected to serve as rector for more than two consecutive terms. In
2560-410: The head of a primary school or secondary schools is called a rector ( rehtori ) provided the school is of sufficient size in terms of faculty and students, otherwise the title is headmaster ( koulunjohtaja ). The head of some Finnish universities is called chancellor ( kansleri ). The head of a German university is called either Rektor (rector) or Präsident (president). The difference is usually that
2624-430: The leadership of Grimond who proved himself to be a man of considerable personal charm and intelligence, with substantial gifts as public speaker and as an author. Widely respected as well as trusted, he ensured that by the time he left the leadership in 1967, the Liberals had once again become a notable political force. It was during his tenure that the first post-war Liberal revival took place: under Grimond's leadership,
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2688-404: The main place of work. Rector is referred to as Jego/Jej Magnificencja (en. His/Her Magnificence) (abbreviation: JM). The outfit of rector is red or purple coat (robe) with ermine fur, often with a scepter and a decorative string of symbols of the university. Deputy rectors ( Polish : prorektor ) at official ceremonies are dressed in the same gown , but with fewer decorations (usually without
2752-493: The members of the university, including students, lecturers, readers, researchers, and civil servants. However, the weight of the vote in each academic sector is different: the total student vote usually represents 20% of the whole, no matter how many students there are; the votes of the entire group made up of professors and readers (members of what used to be known as the Claustro ( cloister )) usually count for about 40-50% of
2816-537: The monarch of the Commonwealth realms, who is the Sovereign of the Order of the Companions of Honour, and a maximum of 65 members. Additionally, foreigners or Commonwealth citizens from outside the Commonwealth realms may be added as honorary members. Members are organised into a single class and are appointed by the monarch of the Commonwealth realms in their capacity as sovereign of the order. While membership of
2880-531: The most appropriate form of recognition, constituting an honour dissociated from either the acceptance of title or the classification of merit. It is now described as being "awarded for having a major contribution to the arts, science, medicine, or government lasting over a long period of time". The first recipients of the order were all decorated for "services in connection with the war " and were listed in The London Gazette . The order consists of
2944-509: The nine for the other countries to seven. Whilst still able to nominate candidates to the order, the Cabinet of Australia has effectively stopped the allocation of this award to that country's citizens in preference to other Australian honours. The last Australian member, Doug Anthony , former Deputy Prime Minister of Australia, died on 20 December 2020. Companions from other Commonwealth realms continue to be appointed, Dame Kiri Te Kanawa ,
3008-415: The order confers no title or precedence , those inducted into the order are entitled to use the post-nominal letters CH . Appointments to the order are generally made on the advice of prime ministers of the Commonwealth realms. For Canadians, the advice to the Sovereign can come from a variety of officials. Originally, the order was limited to 50 ordinary members, but in 1943 it was enlarged to 65, with
3072-512: The party through three general elections, he made way for a younger leader, the charismatic Jeremy Thorpe . In 1976, when Thorpe was forced to resign because of a scandal , Grimond stepped in as interim leader until the election of a replacement, David Steel . Among other posts, Grimond was a barrister and publisher in the 1930s, an army major during World War II , Secretary of the National Trust for Scotland from 1947 to 1949, and held
3136-408: The principal/headmaster of an elementary school; the deputies are called Konrektor . In earlier times, the title Rektor was also used for the head of a Gymnasium . Today, these teachers usually hold the title of Oberstudiendirektor ("Senior Director of Studies"). The rektor is term used for the headmaster or headmistress of Icelandic universities and of some gymnasia . In Italy the rector
3200-465: The pro-rectors ( Prorektor ) and the university's chancellor ( Kanzler ) - collectively the rectorate ( Rektorat ). The rectorate is usually aided by several advisors ( Referent ) who provide advice on specific topics and take over responsibilities in the preparation of decisions, roughly comparable to an associate Pro-Vice-Chancellor in the British academic system. Rektor is also the official title of
3264-407: The rector and pro-rector. Traditionally, Norwegian universities and colleges had democratic elections for the rector and pro-rector positions. Since 2016, the institutions may choose to have an elected or an appointed rector. Universities and colleges usually have a university director or college director , who is the head of the administration (i.e., the non-academic employees) and subordinate to
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#17327865633813328-646: The rector is considered by many students to be integral to their ability to shape the universities' agenda, and one of the main functions of the rector is to represent the interests of the student body. To some extent the office of rector has evolved into more of a figurehead role, with a significant number of celebrities and personalities elected as rectors, such as Stephen Fry and Lorraine Kelly at Dundee , Clarissa Dickson Wright at Aberdeen , and John Cleese and Frank Muir at St. Andrews , and political figures, such as Mordechai Vanunu at Glasgow . In many cases, particularly with high-profile rectors, attendance at
3392-446: The rector is usually replaced by another full professor who is acting rector during the session. A rector ( Norwegian : rektor ), in the context of academia, is the democratically elected head of a university or university college. The rector is the highest official of the university, and is traditionally elected among the institution's professorship, originally by all the (full) professors and in modern times by all academic employees,
3456-412: The rectorate. In Poland , the rector ( Polish : rektor ) is the elected head of a university or university college, in military, military type upper educaction institutions name of rector like official is ( Polish : komendant ) (commander). The rector is the highest official of the university . Rector of the university can be a person with at least a doctoral degree, employed by the university as
3520-467: The rectorate. The heads of the universities in Switzerland , usually elected by the college of professors, are titled rector ( Rektor , recteur ). In England, most universities are headed by a chancellor (a ceremonial position) and a vice-chancellor (the academic head). The title of Rector is used at some collegiate universities to refer to the head of college of some colleges. In addition,
3584-444: The seat continuously to the present day. Grimond continued to represent the constituency until he retired from politics in 1983 , and regularly polled more than 60% of the vote. The party Grimond inherited from former leader Clement Davies had commanded barely 2.5% of the vote at the general election of 1955, but even that figure amounted to a modest revival in Liberal Party fortunes compared with 1951. This progress increased under
3648-486: The students and the non-academic employees. The rector is traditionally the head of the Collegium Academicum , which has been renamed the university board in the 2000s, and is also the university's chief executive and ceremonial head. The elected deputy of the rector is known as pro-rector ( Norwegian : prorektor ). Some institutions also have vice rectors, who are appointed by the rector and subordinate to
3712-603: The students and the staff at Edinburgh. Until the Higher Education Governance (Scotland) Act 2016 came into force the rector chaired meetings of the university court , the governing body of the university, but since 2016 the rector only opens and closes court meetings with the Senior Lay Member chairing the business of the meeting. The titular head of an ancient university in Scotland
3776-563: The term to denote its head. St. Paul's College, the Roman Catholic College of the University of Manitoba, uses the term 'rector' to designate the head of the college. St. Boniface College, the French College of the University of Manitoba, uses 'recteur' or 'rectrice' to designate the head of the college. At the bilingual University of Ottawa , the term president has been used since 2008, but before that time rector
3840-437: The title Director General which is the usual title of the head of a government agency. The people recruited to the position have in later times always been former rektors of a Swedish university. The position does not include leadership of a university. Universities and colleges usually have a Universitetsdirektör or Förvaltningschef , who is the head of the administration (i.e., the non-academic employees) and subordinate to
3904-475: The title of Rector. In Russia , the rector ( Russian : Ректор ) as a term for a university chancellor introduced in 1961. Before 1961 university chancellor had title "director" ( Russian : Директор ). In Spain, all Rectors must be addressed as Señor Rector Magnífico according to the law (Ley Orgánica 4/2007), but the Rector of the University of Salamanca , the oldest on the Iberian Peninsula,
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#17327865633813968-402: The total; lecturers, researchers (including Ph.D. students and others) and non-doctoral teachers, about 20% of the total; and the remainder (usually some 5-10%) is left for non-scholarly workers (people in administration, etc.) in the university. Spanish law allows those percentages to be changed according to the situation of each university, or even not to have a direct election system. Indeed, in
4032-587: The university court in person is rare; the Rector nominates an individual (normally a member of the student body) with the title of Rector's Assessor , who sits as a voting member of the University Court. The Rt. Hon. Gordon Brown , the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , was Rector of the University of Edinburgh while a student there, but since then most universities have amended their procedures to disqualify currently matriculated students from standing for election. As of January 2018 ,
4096-610: Was surprised by Eamonn Andrews . Upon leaving the House of Commons , he was created a life peer as Baron Grimond , of Firth in the County of Orkney on 12 October 1983. He remained devoted to his former parliamentary constituency, and was buried in Finstown on Orkney . In 1938, Grimond married liberal politician Laura Bonham Carter (1918–1994). His wife was the granddaughter of the former Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith , and
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