Johnson Flying Service (JFS) was an American certificated supplemental air carrier (known earlier as an irregular air carrier or nonscheduled carrier), a type of airline defined and regulated after World War II by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), a now defunct federal agency which tightly regulated almost all commercial air transportation in the United States during the period 1938–1978. From 1964, supplemental air carriers were charter airlines; until 1964, they were scheduled/charter hybrids.
112-577: JFS was unusual in that its airline function was ancillary to its main activity of mountain flying, in particular supporting the United States Forest Service with firefighting and other forestry management. JFS was one of the oldest US airlines, dating to 1924. JFS was also notable for the drama surrounding the efforts of its founder/owner, Robert R. Johnson, to sell the business so he could retire. Executive Jet Aviation (EJA) (now NetJets) tried purchasing JFS in 1966, which failed in
224-689: A 5% base wage increase each year for the four years, a $ 4,000 bonus upon ratification of the deal, $ 0.50/hour increase in hourly contributions to the Steel Workers Pension Trust, $ 0.10/hour increase in 401(k) contributions, and uncapped profit-sharing. During the 1948 Donora smog , an air inversion trapped industrial effluent (air pollution) from the American Steel and Wire plant and U.S. Steel's Donora Zinc Works in Donora, Pennsylvania. In three days, 20 people died... After
336-466: A U.S. Forest Service firefighter who (along with his crew) watches over a group of rambunctious children while searching for their parents after rescuing them from a fire in the wilderness during a family vacation. The history of the Forest Service has been fraught with controversy, as various interests and national values have grappled with the appropriate management of the many resources within
448-512: A contentious relationship with U.S. Steel, but far less so than the relationship that other unions had with employers in other industries in the United States. They launched a number of long strikes against U.S. Steel in 1946 and a 116-day strike in 1959 , but those strikes were over wages and benefits and not the more fundamental issue of union recognition that led to violent strikes elsewhere. The Steelworkers union attempted to mollify
560-863: A crisis with its union, the United Steelworkers of America . The Supreme Court blocked the takeover by ruling that the president did not have the Constitutional authority to seize the mills. President John F. Kennedy was more successful in 1962 when he pressured the steel industry into reversing price increases that Kennedy considered dangerously inflationary. According to the author Dan Carter in The Politics Of Rage: George Wallace, The Origins Of The New Conservatism, And The Transformation Of American Politics, U.S. Steel strongly resisted Kennedy administration efforts to enlist Alabama businesses to support
672-530: A decrease of $ 530 million from the 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution because the "fire fix" cap adjustment becomes available in FY 2020, while the FY 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution includes $ 500 million above the base as bridge to the first year of the fire fix. The Forest Service, headquartered in Washington, D.C., has 27,062 permanent, full-time employees as of Sept. 20, 2018, including 541 in
784-596: A jet themselves. In the wake of the JFS announcement, EJA ordered two Boeing 727s and two 707s and teed up an order for Lockheed L-500s , a civilian version of the Lookheed C-5 airlifter, contingent on approval of the JFS acquisition. But a lawyer representing Capitol Airways , another supplemental, discovered EJA's dominant investor was the Pennsylvania Railroad (which in 1969 became Penn Central). It
896-671: A key role in formulating policy and coordinating U.S. support for the protection and sound management of the world's forest resources. It works closely with other agencies such as USAID , the State Department , and the Environmental Protection Agency , as well as with nonprofit development organizations, wildlife organizations, universities, and international assistance organizations. The Forest Service's international work serves to link people and communities striving to protect and manage forests throughout
1008-418: A major subsidiary. About 22,000 USX employees stopped work on August 1, 1986, after the United Steelworkers of America and the company could not agree on new employee contract terms. This was characterized by the company as a strike and by the union as a lockout . This resulted in most USX facilities becoming idle until February 1, 1987, seriously degrading the steel division's market share. A compromise
1120-691: A range of biological, physical, and social science fields to promote sustainable management of United States' diverse forests and rangelands. Research employs about 550 scientists and several hundred technical and support staff, located at 67 sites throughout the United States and in Puerto Rico . Discovery and technology development and transfer is carried out through seven research stations. Research focuses on informing policy and land management decisions and includes addressing invasive insects, degraded river ecosystems , or sustainable ways to harvest forest products. The researchers work independently and with
1232-680: A range of partners (formerly through a National Partnership Office ), including other agencies, academia, nonprofit groups, and industry. The information and technology produced through basic and applied science programs is available to the public for its benefit and use. In addition to the Research Stations, the USFS R&;D branch also leads several National Centers such as the National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation . The Forest Service plays
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#17327839172871344-635: A regular and recurring presence on a vast amount of public lands, roads, and recreation sites. The primary focus of their jobs is the protection of natural resources, protection of Forest Service employees and the protection of visitors. To cover the vast and varied terrain under their jurisdiction, they use modified 4x4 pickup trucks, Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptors , special service SUVs , horses, K-9 units , helicopters, snowmobiles , dirt bikes, and boats. Special Agents are criminal investigators who plan and conduct investigations concerning possible violations of criminal and administrative provisions of
1456-525: A short history of how agency responsibilities have grown and evolved over its 118-year history in accordance with "what the American people desire from their natural resources at any given point in time." In the spring of 2023, the USDA proposed a change to its regulations to allow for the "responsible deployment of" carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration on National Forests lands. Although part of
1568-747: A site on the Delaware River in Fairless Hills, Pennsylvania , where the soil had been contaminated with arsenic , lead , and other heavy metals , as well as naphthalene . Groundwater at the site was found to be polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trichloroethylene (TCE). In 2005, the EPA, United States Department of Justice , and the State of Ohio reached a settlement requiring U.S. Steel to pay more than $ 100,000 in penalties and $ 294,000 in reparations in answer to allegations that
1680-641: A staff of 10 to 300 people under the direction of a district ranger, a line officer who reports to a forest supervisor. The districts vary in size from 50,000 acres (200 km ) to more than 1 million acres (4,000 km ). Most on-the-ground activities occur on ranger districts, including trail construction and maintenance, operation of campgrounds, oversight of a wide variety of special use permitted activities, and management of vegetation and wildlife habitat. U.S. Forest Service Law Enforcement & Investigations (LEI), headquartered in Washington, D.C. ,
1792-432: A substantial legacy, especially on the firefighting and forestry side. The US Forest Service still has smokejumper bases at Missoula and McCall airports. Smokejumping continues to be one of the main ways of fighting forest fires. The airfield at Missoula Montana Airport is named for Bob Johnson (Johnson-Bell Airfield). On the airline side, Evergreen International Airlines was a significant carrier for several decades. At
1904-624: A tight space with a heavy pack in rugged territory and survive on their own for days are of interest outside of firefighting. The CIA recruited from among smokejumpers and therefore connections developed with Johnson Flying Service. Intermountain Aviation , a CIA "proprietary" airline in the 1960s and 1970s, based in Arizona, had many employees (including its president Gar Thorsrud ) who started as Montana smokejumpers or had been JFS employees. Evergreen bought Intermountain on 1 March 1975. JFS left
2016-574: A whole. During the 1970s, the logo's meaning was extended to include the three materials used to produce steel: yellow for coal, orange for ore and blue for steel scrap. In the late 1980s, when the AISI founded the Steel Recycling Institute (SRI), the logo took on a new life reminiscent of its 1950s meaning. The Pittsburgh Steelers professional football team borrowed elements of its logo, a circle containing three hypocycloids , from
2128-724: Is a federal law enforcement agency of the U.S. government. It is responsible for enforcement of federal laws and regulations governing national forest lands and resources. All law enforcement officers and special agents receive their training through Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC). Operations are divided into two major functional areas: Uniformed Law Enforcement Officers (LEOs) enforce federal laws and regulations governing national forest lands and resources. LEOs also enforce some or all state laws on National Forest Lands. As part of that mission, LEOs carry firearms, defensive equipment, make arrests, execute search warrants , complete reports, and testify in court. They establish
2240-501: Is an American steel company based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , with production facilities in the U.S. and Central Europe. The company produces and sells steel products, including flat-rolled and tubular products for customers in industries across automotive, construction, consumer, electrical, industrial equipment, distribution, and energy. Operations also include iron ore and coke production facilities. In 2008, U.S. Steel
2352-478: The Great Lakes . Because of heavy debts taken on at the company's formation—Carnegie insisted on being paid in gold bonds for his stake—and fears of antitrust litigation, U.S. Steel moved cautiously. Competitors often innovated faster, especially Bethlehem Steel , run by Charles Schwab, U.S. Steel's former president. U.S. Steel's share of the expanding market slipped to 50 percent by 1911. James A. Farrell
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#17327839172872464-549: The Homestead, Pennsylvania , plant was, for many years, broken after a violent strike in 1892. U.S. Steel defeated another strike in 1901, the year it was founded. U.S. Steel built the city of Gary , Indiana, in 1906, and 100 years later it remained the location of the largest integrated steel mill in the Northern Hemisphere. U.S. Steel reached a détente with unions during World War I , when under pressure from
2576-879: The Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960 , P.L. 86-517; the Wilderness Act , P.L. 88-577; the National Forest Management Act , P.L. 94-588; the National Environmental Policy Act , P.L. 91–190; the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act , P.L. 95-313; and the Forest and Rangelands Renewable Resources Planning Act , P.L. 95-307. From the early 1900s to the present, there has been a fierce rivalry over control of forests between
2688-608: The National Park Service , the Fish and Wildlife Service , and the Bureau of Land Management . GAO ultimately did not offer a recommendation upon the conclusion of its performance audit . The Forest Service remains a part of the USDA. As of 2019, FY 2020 Forest Service total budget authority is $ 5.14 billion, a decrease of $ 815 million from 2019. The budget includes $ 2.4 billion for Wildland Fire Management,
2800-483: The S&;P 500 since 1957, U.S. Steel was removed from that index on July 2, 2014, due to declining market capitalization. The Board of Directors considers the declaration of dividends four times each year, with checks for dividends declared on common stock mailed for receipt on 10 March, June, September, and December. In 2008, the dividend was $ 0.30 per share, the highest in company history, but on April 27, 2009, it
2912-834: The Steel Workers Organizing Committee , an arm of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) led by John L. Lewis . Taylor was an outsider, brought in during the Great Depression to rescue U.S. Steel. Watching the upheaval caused by the United Auto Workers ' successful sit-down strike in Flint, Michigan , and convinced that Lewis was someone he could deal with on a businesslike basis, Taylor sought stability through collective bargaining. Still, U.S. Steel worked hand-in-hand with
3024-663: The Tongass National Forest in Alaska and ski areas such as Alta, Utah in the Wasatch-Cache National Forest . In addition, the Forest Service is responsible for managing National Grasslands in the midwest. Furthermore, areas designated as wilderness by acts of Congress , prohibit logging, mining, road and building construction and land leases for purposes of farming and or livestock grazing. Since 1978, several Presidents have directed
3136-692: The Unisphere in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park , Queens , New York , for the 1964 World's Fair . It is the largest globe ever made and is one of the world's largest free-standing sculptures. The Chicago Picasso sculpture was fabricated by U.S. Steel in Gary, Indiana, before being disassembled and relocated to Chicago. U.S. Steel donated the steel for the construction of St. Michael's Catholic Church in Chicago since 90 percent of
3248-701: The United States General Land Office were combined to create the Bureau of Land Management in 1946. Also of note was that it was not until 1976 that the Federal Land Policy and Management Act became the national policy for retaining public land for federal ownership. Significant federal legislation affecting the Forest Service includes the Weeks Act of 1911, the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 , P.L. 73-482;
3360-481: The United Steelworkers (USW), forced the company to abandon plans to import British Steel Corporation slabs. U.S. Steel finally acquired National Steel's assets in 2003, after National Steel went bankrupt. As part of its diversification plan, U.S. Steel had acquired Marathon Oil on January 7, 1982, as well as Texas Oil and Gas several years later. Recognizing its new scope, it reorganized its holdings as USX Corporation in 1986, with U.S. Steel (renamed USS, Inc. ) as
3472-443: The 1920s, U.S. Steel, like many other large employers, coupled paternalistic employment practices with "employee representation plans" (ERPs), which were company unions sponsored by management. These ERPs eventually became an important factor leading to the organization of the United Steelworkers of America . The company dropped its hard-line, anti-union stance in 1937, when Myron Taylor, then president of U.S. Steel, agreed to recognize
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3584-399: The 195 million acres (790,000 km ) of public land administered by the Forest Service. Individual sites range from 47 to 22,500 ha in size. Operations of Experimental Forests and Ranges are directed by local research teams for the individual sites, by Research Stations for the regions in which they are located, and at the level of the Forest Service. Major themes in research at
3696-528: The Birmingham (Alabama) Police Department as it vigorously investigated and targeted labor activities during the 1930s and 1940s. The corporation developed and fed information to a "Red Squad" of detectives "who used the city's vagrancy and criminal-anarchy statutes (liberally reinforced by backroom beatings) to strike at radical labor organizers." In the 1950s, those investigations shifted from labor to civil rights activists. The Steelworkers continue to have
3808-465: The CAB gave irregular air carriers in lieu of a certificate) on 22 August 1947. On 31 March 1950, JFS owned two Douglas DC-3s , three Ford Tri-Motors and 26 smaller aircraft. Its charter flying was often to ranches or other isolated points, and besides air transportation JFS instructed pilots, trained "aerial fire-fighters" (smokejumpers), sprayed pesticides, maintained aircraft and operated under contract to
3920-413: The CAB's main concern was the impact of a substantial new charter competitor in the industry. The supplementals as a group significantly unprofitable, and the CAB found US Steel's revenue projections lack credibility—far too optimistic. In June 1971, the CAB blocked the deal. In the early 1970s JFS started to deteriorate. It lost money, it was rebuked by the CAB for failing to file required reports. Part of
4032-491: The Chief. Research stations include Northern, Pacific Northwest, Pacific Southwest, Rocky Mountain , and Southern . There are 92 research work units located at 67 sites throughout the United States. there are 80 Experimental Forests and Ranges that have been established progressively since 1908; many sites are more than 50 years old. The system provides places for long-term science and management studies in major vegetation types of
4144-630: The Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Interior. Their roles overlap but numerous proposals to combine the two have failed. Most recently, in 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) evaluated whether the Forest Service should be moved from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of the Interior, which already manages some 438 million acres (1,770,000 km ) of public land through
4256-478: The Department of Agriculture, the Forest Service receives its budget through the Subcommittee on Appropriations—Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies. The Forest Service achieved widespread awareness during the 1960s, as it became the setting for the long running classic TV show Lassie , with storylines focusing on Lassie's adventures with various forest rangers. The iconic collie's association with
4368-486: The ENA in 1984. In 1986, U.S. Steel employees stopped work after a dispute over contract terms, characterized by the company as a strike and by the union as a lockout . In a letter to striking employees in 1986, Johnston warned, "There are not enough seats in the steel lifeboat for everybody." In addition to reducing the role of unions, the steel industry had sought to induce the federal government to take action to counteract
4480-486: The Experimental Forests and Ranges includes: develop of systems for managing and restoring forests, range lands, and watersheds; investigate the workings of forest and stream ecosystems; characterize plant and animal communities; observe and interpret long-term environmental change and many other themes. There are nine regions in the Forest Service; numbered 1 through 10 (Region 7 was eliminated in 1965 when
4592-478: The Forest Service adapt current policies and develop new policies and actions to conserve and manage the national forests and grasslands for climate resilience, so that the Agency can provide for ecological integrity and support social and economic sustainability over time?" Ancillary questions pertained to both "adaptation planning" and "adaptation practices". The background section of the proposed rulemaking includes
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4704-768: The Forest Service and other statutes under the United States Code . Special agents are normally plainclothes officers who carry concealed firearms, and other defensive equipment, make arrests, carry out complex criminal investigations, present cases for prosecution to U.S. Attorneys , and prepare investigative reports. All field agents are required to travel a great deal and usually maintain a case load of ten to fifteen ongoing criminal investigations at one time. Criminal investigators occasionally conduct internal and civil claim investigations. The 193 million acres (780,000 km ) of public land that are managed as national forests and grasslands are collectively known as
4816-446: The Forest Service balances resource extraction, resource protection, and providing recreation. The work includes managing 193 million acres (780,000 km ) of national forest and grasslands, including 59 million acres (240,000 km ) of roadless areas ; 14,077 recreation sites; 143,346 miles (230,693 km) of trails; 374,883 miles (603,316 km) of roads; and the harvesting of 1.5 billion trees per year. Further,
4928-502: The Forest Service fought fires on 2.996 million acres (12,120 km ) of land in 2007. The Forest Service organization includes ranger districts, national forests, regions, research stations and research work units and the Northeastern Area Office for State and Private Forestry. Each level has responsibility for a variety of functions. The Chief of the Forest Service is a career federal employee who oversees
5040-401: The Forest Service led to Lassie receiving numerous awards and citations from the U.S. Senate and the Department of Agriculture, and was partly responsible for a bill regarding soil and water pollution that was signed into law in early 1968 by President Lyndon Johnson , which was dubbed by some as "The Lassie Program". In the 2019 family comedy movie Playing With Fire , John Cena plays
5152-647: The Interior Department to the Bureau of Forestry, henceforth known as the United States Forest Service . Gifford Pinchot was the first United States Chief Forester in the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt . A historical note to include is that the National Park Service was created in 1916 to manage Yellowstone and several other parks; in 1956, the Fish and Wildlife Service became the manager of lands reserved for wildlife. The Grazing Service and
5264-582: The National Forest System. These lands are located in 44 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands and comprise about 9% of the total land area in the United States. The lands are organized into 155 national forests and 20 national grasslands. The mission of the National Forest System is to protect and manage the forest lands so they best demonstrate the sustainable multiple-use management concept, using an ecological approach, to meet
5376-599: The Steelmark logo belonging to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and created by U.S. Steel. In the 1950s, when helmet logos became popular, the Steelers added players' numbers to either side of their gold helmets. Later that decade, the numbers were removed and in 1962, Cleveland's Republic Steel suggested to the Steelers that they use the Steelmark as a helmet logo. U.S. Steel financed and constructed
5488-508: The US Forest service. In temporarily certificating JFS in 1962, as required by new legislation, the CAB commended it for its robust financial health, its economical and efficient operation and excellent compliance disposition towards the CAB's regulations. The fleet comprised a Douglas DC-2 , Curtiss Super C-46F , two DC-3s , a B-25 , a Douglas B-26 and 35 smaller aircraft, including helicopters. Johnson owned 76% of JFS. In 1963, revenue
5600-538: The USFS to administer National Monuments inside of preexisting National Forests. The Forest Service also manages Grey Towers National Historic Site in Milford, Pennsylvania , the home and estate of its first Chief, Gifford Pinchot . By 1935, the U.S. Forest Service's fire management policy stipulated that all wildfires were to be suppressed by 10 am the morning after they were first spotted. In August 1944, to reduce
5712-532: The Wilson Administration it relaxed its opposition to unions enough to allow some to operate in certain factories. It returned to its previous policies as soon as the war ended, however, and in a 1919 strike defeated union-organizing efforts by William Z. Foster of the AFL. Heavy pressure from public opinion forced the company to give up its 12-hour day and adopt the standard eight-hour day. During
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#17327839172875824-451: The agency are the Chief's Office, National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, Business Operations, as well as Research and Development. The agency manages about 25% of federal lands and is the sole major national land management agency not part of the U.S. Department of the Interior (which manages the National Park Service , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Land Management ). The concept of national forests
5936-485: The agency would have to put $ 400 to $ 500 million in wildfire prevention projects on hold because funding for firefighting was running low as the fiscal year ended. The decision was meant to preserve resources for fighting active fires burning in California, Oregon, Washington and Idaho. Politicians of both parties indicated they believed the then-current funding structure was broken, but did not agree on steps to fix
6048-646: The agency. The Chief reports to the Under Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, an appointee of the President confirmed by the Senate. The Chief's staff provides broad policy and direction for the agency, works with the Administration to develop a budget to submit to Congress, provides information to Congress on accomplishments, and monitors activities of
6160-642: The agency. There are five deputy chiefs for the following areas: National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, Research and Development, Business Operations, and Finance. The Forest Service Research and Development deputy area includes five research stations, the Forest Products Laboratory , and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry , in Puerto Rico. Station directors, like regional foresters, report to
6272-545: The business. This would take over a decade. In July 1965, Bob Johnson signed an agreement giving A.N. Thompson the option to buy 100% of JFS for $ 1.75 million (over $ 17 million in 2024 terms). Thompson sought funding and in August 1966, Executive Jet Aviation agreed to pay $ 1.75 million for 80% of JFS, leaving Thompson with 20%, subject to CAB approval. EJA was an ambitious new company with a then-novel business plan allowing companies access to business jet convenience without buying
6384-467: The city of River Rouge, Michigan , and the residents of River Rouge and the nearby city of Ecorse filed a class-action lawsuit against the company for "the release and discharge of air particulate matter...and other toxic and hazardous substances" at its River Rouge plant. The company has also been implicated in generating water pollution and toxic waste . In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued an order for U.S. Steel to clean up
6496-450: The company against criticisms and legal liability. U.S. Steel ranked 16th among United States corporations in the value of World War II production contracts. Production peaked at more than 35 million tons in 1953. Its employment was greatest in 1943, when it had more than 340,000 employees. The federal government intervened to try to control U.S. Steel. President Harry S. Truman attempted to take over its steel mills in 1952 to resolve
6608-572: The company illegally released pollutants into Ohio waters. U.S. Steel's Gary, Indiana facility has been repeatedly charged with discharging polluted wastewater into Lake Michigan and the Grand Calumet River . In 1998 the company agreed to payment of a $ 30 million settlement to clean up contaminated sediments from a five-mile (8 km) stretch of the river. With the exception of the Fairless Hills and Gary facilities,
6720-514: The company's corporate headquarters have been located there. It is the tallest skyscraper in the downtown Pittsburgh skyline, built out of the company's Corten Steel. New York City's One Liberty Plaza was also built by the corporation as that city's U.S. Steel Tower in 1973. When the Steelmark logo was created, U.S. Steel attached the following meaning to it: "Steel lightens your work, brightens your leisure and widens your world." The logo
6832-484: The controversy of the Penn Central railroad being exposed as EJA's main investor, something illegal at the time. In 1971 the CAB blocked US Steel from buying JFS and turning it into a jet airline. Evergreen Helicopters finally bought JFS in 1975, allowing octogenarian Johnson to retire and creating the certificated air carrier Evergreen International Airlines . For the last 15 months of its existence, JFS adopted
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#17327839172876944-633: The current Eastern Region was created from the former Eastern and North Central regions. ). Each encompasses a broad geographic area and is headed by a regional forester who reports directly to the Chief. The regional forester has broad responsibility for coordinating activities among the various forests within the region, for providing overall leadership for regional natural resource and social programs, and for coordinated regional land use planning. The Forest Service oversees 155 national forests, 20 grasslands, and one tall-grass prairie. Each administrative unit typically comprises several ranger districts, under
7056-515: The debate." In July 2024, Nippon Steel hired Mike Pompeo to lobby for its acquisition of U.S. Steel. By September, the Biden Administration signaled plans to block the deal, citing national security concerns. U.S. Steel is a former Dow Jones Industrial Average component, listed from April 1, 1901, to May 3, 1991. It was removed under its USX Corporation name with Navistar International and Primerica . An original member of
7168-465: The desegregation of the University of Alabama , which Gov. George Wallace had promised to block by standing in the schoolhouse door . Although the firm employed more than 30,000 workers in Birmingham, Ala., company president Roger M. Blough in 1963 "went out of his way to announce that any attempt to use his company position in Birmingham to pressure local whites was 'repugnant to me personally' and 'repugnant to my fellow officers at U.S. Steel. ' " In
7280-439: The diverse needs of people. The goal of the State and Private Forestry program is to assist with financial and technical assistance to private landowners, state agencies, tribes, and community resource managers. It provides assistance by helping sustain the United States' urban and rural forests and their associated communities from wildland fires, insects, disease, and invasive organisms. Approximately 537 staff are employed in
7392-426: The dumping of steel by foreign producers at below-market prices. Neither the concessions nor anti-dumping laws have restored the industry to the health and prestige it once had. In December 2022, a new four-year contract was ratified between members of the United Steelworkers union and U.S. Steel. This contract covers 11,000 workers at 13 locations. The new agreements were retroactive to September 1, 2022, and included
7504-462: The early 2010s, U.S. Steel began investing to upgrade software programs throughout their manufacturing facilities. In January 2012, U.S. Steel sold its underperforming Serbian mills near Belgrade to the Serbian government. On July 2, 2014, U.S. Steel was removed from S&P 500 index and placed in the S&P MidCap 400 Index , in light of its declining market capitalization. In October 2019, U.S. Steel invested $ 700 million in Big River Steel,
7616-520: The federal government in subsequent years. Researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute have ranked U.S. Steel as the 58th-greatest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States (down from their 2000 ranking as the second-greatest). In 2008, the company released more than one million kg (2.2 million pounds) of toxins, chiefly ammonia , hydrochloric acid , ethylene , zinc compounds, methanol , and benzene , but including manganese , cyanide , and chromium compounds. In 2004,
7728-465: The first LEED-certified steel facility, gaining a 49.9% ownership stake. In December 2020, U.S. Steel announced it would acquire the remaining ownership interest in Big River Steel for $ 774 million. The acquisition was completed in January 2021. In February 2022, U.S. Steel began construction on a new mill in Osceola, Arkansas which will be operational by 2024. In April 2022, the electric arc furnace flat-rolled Big River Steel mill in Osceola became
7840-578: The first ResponsibleSteel site certified in North America following an independent audit by SRI Quality System Registrar (SRI). On December 18, 2023, Nippon Steel agreed to buy U.S. Steel for $ 14.1 billion, or $ 55 per share, pending approval. Nippon pledged to keep U.S. Steel’s Pittsburgh headquarters and honor union contracts. However, the deal received widespread criticism, including from prominent steelworkers labor union United Steelworkers (USW). On March 14, 2024, U.S. President Joe Biden declared that U.S. Steel must remain American-owned, stating
7952-594: The first time in over 40 years, the US Forest Service awarded the local contract to a company other than JFS. Smokejumping requires great skill, both on the part of the jumper and the aircraft pilot, as the drop zone for the jumper is generally small and the drop is being made over rugged terrain with variable winds. Landing in a tree is common. Smokejumpers are highly conditioned, as they may need to fight fires over mountains for days with limited or no support and will generally have to pack out their own equipment, 90 lbs or more. Highly conditioned people who can parachute into
8064-516: The forests. These values and resources include grazing , timber , mining , recreation , wildlife habitat, and wilderness . Because of continuing development elsewhere, the large size of National Forests have made them de facto wildlife reserves for a number of rare and common species. In recent decades, the importance of mature forest for the spotted owl and a number of other species led to great changes in timber harvest levels. US Steel U.S. Steel , or United States Steel Corporation,
8176-544: The funding allocation. During the 2019–2020 bushfires in Australia, the US Forest Services sent a contingent of firefighters. They worked alongside firefighters from other American fire departments. In April 2023, the U.S. Forest Service published a proposed rulemaking in response to climate change on the topic of improving climate resilience on the public lands that it manages. The agency introduced
8288-825: The future. The report is entitled "Managing the Impacts of Wildfire on Communities and the Environment: A Report to the President In Response to the Wildfires of 2000"—The National Fire Plan for short. The National Fire Plan continues to be an integral part of the Forest Service today. The following are important operational features of the National Fire Plan: In August 2014, Tom Vilsack, the Secretary of Agriculture, announced that
8400-711: The growth of U.S. Steel and its subsidiaries in the South was partly dependent on the labor of cheaply paid black workers and exploited convicts. The company could obtain black labor at a fraction of the cost of white labor by taking advantage of the Black Codes and discriminatory laws passed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Southern states after the Reconstruction Era . In addition, U.S. Steel had agreements with more than 20 counties in Alabama to obtain
8512-461: The headquarters office and 26,521 in regional and field office. The USDA Forest Service's mission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the Nation's forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations. Its motto is "Caring for the land and serving people." As the lead federal agency in natural resource conservation, the Forest Service provides leadership in
8624-499: The inversion lifted, another 50 died, including Lukasz Musial, the father of baseball great Stan Musial . Hundreds more lived the rest of their lives with damaged lungs and hearts. But another 40 years would pass before the whole truth about Donora's bad air made public-health history. Today the Donora Smog Museum in that city tells of the influence that the hazardous Donora Smog had on the air quality standards enacted by
8736-539: The issue was acquisition of two Lockheed Electras in 1971, which by 1972, the airline admitted was "not altogether successful". But the bigger issue was age: Bob Johnson had diabetes, a bad hip and high blood pressure and wanted out of the business. In June 1974, Johnson finally appointed someone else president, while remaining chairman. In September, JFS adopted the trade name Johnson International Airlines for its air transport activities. In February 1974, Evergreen Helicopters made an offer for $ 1 million, which Johnson said
8848-427: The labor of its prisoners, often paying locals nine dollars a month for workers who would be forced into their mines through a system of convict leasing . This practice continued until at least the late 1920s. While some individuals were guilty of a crime, they did not receive payment or recognition for their work; many died from abuse, malnutrition, and dire working and living conditions. This practice of convict leasing
8960-422: The lawsuits concern facilities acquired by U.S. Steel via its 2003 purchase of National Steel Corporation , not its historic facilities. In 2021, U.S. Steel announced a goal to target net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The company previously set a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity by 20% by 2030. The U.S. Steel Tower in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , is named after the company and since 1970,
9072-659: The merger to Morgan, ultimately emerged as the new corporation's first President. In 1907, U.S. Steel bought its largest competitor, the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company , which was headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . Tennessee Coal was replaced in the Dow Jones Industrial Average by General Electric . The federal government attempted to use federal antitrust laws to break up U.S. Steel in 1911 (the same year Standard Oil
9184-562: The merger. The architect of tax concessions to steel firms, Senator Arlen Specter (R-PA), complained that "we go out on a limb in Congress and we feel they should be putting it in steel." The events are the subject of "The U.S. Steal Song" by folk singer Anne Feeney . In 1984, the federal government prevented U.S. Steel from acquiring National Steel , and political pressure from the United States Congress , as well as
9296-616: The most widely recognized slogans in the United States. According to the Advertising Council , Smokey Bear is the most recognized icons in advertising history and has appeared almost everywhere via Public Service Announcements in print, radio, television. Smokey Bear, an icon protected by law, is jointly owned by the Forest Service, the Ad Council and the National Association of State Foresters . In 1965, at
9408-614: The need for such rulemaking as: Climate change and related stressors, such as wildfire, drought, insects and disease, extreme weather events, and chronic stress on ecosystems are resulting in increasing impacts with rapid and variable rates of change on national forests and grasslands. These impacts can be compounded by fire suppression, development in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI), and non-climate informed timber harvest and reforestation practices. The foundational question pertained to climate adaptation : "How should
9520-543: The number of forest fires , the Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council began distributing fire education posters featuring a black bear . The poster campaign was a success; the black bear would later be named Smokey Bear , and would, for decades, be the "spokesbear" for the Forest Service. Smokey Bear has appeared in innumerable TV commercials; his popular catch phrase, "Only YOU can prevent forest fires"—later changed to wildfires—is one of
9632-426: The overall direction of a forest supervisor. Within the supervisor's office, the staff coordinates activities among districts, allocates the budget, and provides technical support to each district. Forest supervisors are line officers and report to regional foresters. The administration of individual National Forests is subdivided into Ranger Districts. The Forest Service has over 600 ranger districts. Each district has
9744-755: The postwar years, the steel industry and heavy manufacturing went through a restructuring that caused a decline in U.S. Steel's need for labor, production, and portfolio. Many jobs moved offshore. By 2000, the company employed 52,500 people. In the early days of the Reagan Administration , steel firms won substantial tax breaks in order to compete with imported goods. But instead of modernizing their mills, steel companies shifted capital out of steel and into more profitable areas. In March 1982, U.S. Steel took its concessions and paid $ 1.4 billion in cash and $ 4.7 billion in loans for Marathon Oil , saving approximately $ 500 million in taxes through
9856-415: The problems of competitive foreign imports by entering into a so-called Experimental Negotiation Agreement (ENA) in 1974. This was to provide for arbitration if the parties were not able to reach an agreement on any new collective bargaining agreements , thereby preventing disruptive strikes. The ENA failed to stop the decline of the steel industry in the U.S. U.S. Steel and the other employers terminated
9968-473: The program and is administered through National Forest System regions and the Northeastern Area of the United States. The research and development (R&D) arm of the Forest Service works to improve the health and use of the United States' forests and grasslands . Research has been part of the Forest Service mission since the agency's inception in 1905. Today, Forest Service researchers work in
10080-474: The proposed acquisition by Nippon Steel would pose a risk to national security, and also declared that he would use U.S regulatory authorities to scuttle the deal. After this revelation, it was noted the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) had the authority to block the acquisition based on national security matters. According to USW President David McCall, Biden's decision "should end
10192-637: The protection, management, and use of the nation's forest, rangeland, and aquatic ecosystems. The agency's ecosystem approach to management integrates ecological, economic, and social factors to maintain and enhance the quality of the environment to meet current and future needs. Through implementation of land and resource management plans, the agency ensures sustainable ecosystems by restoring and maintaining species diversity and ecological productivity that helps provide recreation, water, timber, minerals, fish, wildlife, wilderness, and aesthetic values for current and future generations of people. The everyday work of
10304-504: The purchase price now $ 2.25 million (over $ 19 million in 2024 terms). US Steel's near-term plans for JFS called for re-equipping with three Douglas DC-8-63 jets, to fly mostly domestic cargo but also some passenger flights. First year revenues were projected at $ 25 million (over $ 180 million in 2024 dollars) as compared to JFS's annual revenues, which were about $ 1 million. US Steel owned some small industrial railroads near its steel plants and had barge and other shipping subsidiaries. However,
10416-800: The request of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , the Forest Service was commissioned by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to research the use of forest fire as a military weapon. A report was published in June 1970 and declassified in May 1983. In September 2000, the Departments of Agriculture and the Interior developed a plan to respond to the fires of 2000, to reduce the impacts of these wildland fires on rural communities, and to ensure sufficient firefighting resources in
10528-458: The time of its CAB application (March 1974), JFS had: During the CAB proceedings, to raise money, JFS sold at least two JetRangers to Evergreen. United States Forest Service The United States Forest Service ( USFS ) is an agency within the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands covering 193 million acres (780,000 km ) of land. The major divisions of
10640-759: The tradename Johnson International Airlines . The Museum of Mountain Flying was created in Montana in 1993, focused on JFS. Robert R. "Bob" Johnson started Johnson Flying Service as a sole proprietorship in 1924, incorporating 8 December 1928 in Montana. This pre-dated Missoula airport. Johnson would fly sightseeing customers over Missoula for a penny a pound. Most nonscheduled air carriers were founded immediately after World War II as former military pilots bought or leased cheap war surplus aircraft, often just one. By then, however, JFS had already been in business for over 20 years. JFS received its Letter of Registration (what
10752-555: The union and with management and proceeded to have proxy battles with shareholders and management. But he abandoned all efforts to buy out the company on January 8, 1987, a few weeks before union employees returned to work. By the late 20th century, U.S. Steel earned most of its revenue from energy operations. In 2001, under CEO Thomas Usher , it spun off Marathon and other non-steel assets, except Transtar , and expanded internationally by acquiring plants in Slovakia and Serbia. In
10864-399: The world. The program also promotes sustainable land management overseas and brings important technologies and innovations back to the United States. The program focuses on conserving key natural resource in cooperation with countries across the world. Although a large volume of timber is logged every year, not all National Forests are entirely forested. There are tidewater glaciers in
10976-567: Was $ 902,000, with 82% of that from the US Forest Service and only 7% from passenger air transportation (dominated by flying local college sports teams), zero from the US military, a substantial change from 1953, when 83% of revenue of $ 713,000 was from passenger air transportation, 26 percentage points of which was military. Military work abruptly ceased in 1955, coincident with the fatal year-end 1954 ditching of an aircraft near Pittsburgh that
11088-400: Was born from Theodore Roosevelt 's conservation group, Boone and Crockett Club , due to concerns regarding Yellowstone National Park beginning as early as 1875. In 1876, Congress formed the office of Special Agent in the Department of Agriculture to assess the quality and conditions of forests in the United States. Franklin B. Hough was appointed the head of the office. In 1881, the office
11200-466: Was broken up), but that effort ultimately failed. In 1902, its first full year of operation, U.S. Steel made 67 percent of all the steel produced in the United States. About 100 years later, as of 2001, it produced only 8 percent more than it did in 1902, and its shipments accounted for only about 8 percent of domestic consumption. According to the author Douglas Blackmon in Slavery by Another Name ,
11312-443: Was brokered and accepted by the union membership on January 31, 1987. On February 4, 1987, three days after the agreement had been reached to end the work stoppage, USX announced that four USX plants would remain closed permanently, eliminating about 3,500 union jobs. Corporate raider Carl Icahn launched a hostile takeover of the steel giant in late 1986 in the midst of the work stoppage. He conducted separate negotiations with
11424-515: Was expanded into the newly formed Division of Forestry . The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 authorized withdrawing land from the public domain as forest reserves managed by the Department of the Interior . In 1901, the Division of Forestry was renamed the Bureau of Forestry . The Transfer Act of 1905 transferred the management of forest reserves from the United States General Land Office of
11536-427: Was fairly ubiquitous as eight Southern states had similar practices and many companies, as well as farmers, took advantage of this. The Corporation, as it was known on Wall Street , was distinguished by its size, rather than for its efficiency or creativity during its heyday. In 1901, it controlled two-thirds of steel production and, through its Pittsburgh Steamship Company, developed the largest commercial fleet on
11648-407: Was illegal at the time for a railroad to control an airline, so by 1967, EJA and the railroad were in deep trouble with the CAB. EJA tried to mitigate the issue including a deal to sell itself to a partnership of US Steel and Burlington Industries (which fell through) before finally pulling out of the JFS deal in 1969. US Steel then cut a deal directly with Bob Johnson to buy JFS on 18 April 1969,
11760-495: Was named president in 1911 and served until 1932. In March 1908, the company formed the Committee on Safety of United States Steel following chairman Elbert H. Gary's meetings on safety with casualty managers of the operating companies, thereby leading to the introduction of the modern "Safety First" movement. The committee's formation was intended not only to focus on workplace safety to prevent worker accidents, but to safeguard
11872-643: Was opposed by the United Steelworkers , the Trump campaign, and the Biden administration. As of November 2024 , the Biden administration was still set on blocking the proposed acquisition. J. P. Morgan formed U.S. Steel on March 2, 1901 (incorporated on February 25, 1901), by financing the merger of Andrew Carnegie 's Carnegie Steel Company with Elbert H. Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore 's National Steel Company for $ 492 million ($ 18 billion today). At one time, U.S. Steel
11984-458: Was reduced to $ 0.05 per share. In February 2020, the dividend was reduced to $ 0.01 per share but was then later increased back to $ 0.05 per share in November 2021. U.S. Steel maintained the labor policies of Andrew Carnegie . Carnegie believed that "good wages and good workmen I know to be cheap labor." The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers union that represented workers at
12096-674: Was the first real offer he'd had in three years. The CAB application was accompanied by endorsements from five US senators, a governor, several US House representatives and the US Forest Service. It still took the CAB 18 months to approve the deal, which came in October 1975. Along the way, Evergreen extended interim loans, without which JFS could not have survived, and provided accounting and administrative support. The transaction closed 2 December 1975, thereby creating Evergreen International Airlines . But serious damage had been done: in April 1975, for
12208-614: Was the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world. It was capitalized at $ 1.4 billion ($ 51.3 billion today), making it the world's first billion-dollar corporation. The company established its headquarters in the Empire Building at 71 Broadway in New York City; it remained a major tenant in the building for 75 years. Charles M. Schwab , the Carnegie Steel executive who originally suggested
12320-651: Was the world's eighth-largest steel producer. By 2022, it ranked 24th globally and second in the U.S., behind Nucor . Though renamed USX Corporation in 1986, the company was renamed United States Steel in 2001 after spinning off its energy business, including Marathon Oil , and other assets, from its core steel concern. Nippon Steel , Japan's largest steel producer, announced plans to acquire U.S. Steel for $ 14.1 billion, pending approval from regulators and shareholders. The deal, announced in mid-December 2023, would retain U.S. Steel's name and headquarters in Pittsburgh. It
12432-409: Was transporting military personnel, the investigation of which exposed systemic flaws in JFS's transport program (see Accidents section below). In 1966, JFS duly received its permanent supplemental certification, again with many complimentary remarks by the CAB as to its operational skill and financial management. After 42 years in business and now in his 70s, Bob Johnson had already taken steps to sell
12544-403: Was used as part of a major marketing campaign to educate consumers about how important steel is in people's daily lives. The Steelmark logo was used in print, radio and television ads as well as on labels for all steel products, from steel tanks to tricycles to filing cabinets. In the 1960s, U.S. Steel turned over the Steelmark program to the AISI, where it came to represent the steel industry as
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