117-544: José María Narváez (1768 – August 4, 1840) was a Spanish naval officer, explorer , and navigator notable for his work in the Gulf Islands and Lower Mainland of present-day British Columbia. In 1791, as commander of the schooner Santa Saturnina , he led the first European exploration of the Strait of Georgia , including a landing on present-day British Columbia 's Sunshine Coast . He also entered Burrard Inlet ,
234-716: A barrel of wine and other gifts. After returning Delarov to his outpost, Narvaez was given in turn a Russian map of the Alaskan coast, which included the locations of seven Russian posts, noting they contained nearly 500 men. Delarov also told Narváez that the Russians intended to occupy the port of Nootka Sound , on the west coast of Vancouver Island . After Narváez's return to the San Carlos (el Filipino) , Haro and crew sailed east to rejoin Martínez at Sitkinak Island . Using
351-597: A brawl with the British Captain James Colnett , had him imprisoned, and seized several English ships and their crews. These events escalated into a major international crisis, known as the Nootka Crisis . Martínez forced a group of captured Chinese workmen to construct Fort San Miguel and other structures. Shortly after Narváez returned in July, Martínez captured a newly arrived English ship,
468-638: A founding member of an Institute of Science, Literature, and the Arts in Mexico. After 1827 Narváez's naval position was eliminated, but he continued to work for the Mexican Navy in various capacities, including making numerous maps. He retired in 1831 at the age of 63 and settled in Guadalajara, where he lived on a meager pension. In retirement he continued to make maps, including the first official map of
585-421: A high probability, making it efficient to concentrate on the areas of high probability when they are found, and for the skipping areas of very low probability. Once an anomaly has been identified and interpreted to be a prospect, more detailed exploration of the potential reserve can be done by soil sampling, drilling, seismic surveys, and similar methods to assess the most appropriate method and type of mining and
702-417: A household in the city was $ 49,109, and the median income for a family was $ 58,757. Males had a median income of $ 40,410 versus $ 31,258 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 27,133. About 4.4% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over. According to the city's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,
819-683: A light coating of snow to Monterey. In March 2006, a total of 3.2 inches (8.1 cm) fell in Monterey, including 2.2 inches (0.056 m) on March 10, 2006. The snowfall on January 21, 1962, of 1.5 inches (0.038 m), is remembered for delaying the Bing Crosby golf tournament in nearby Pebble Beach . The record lowest temperature was 26 °F (−3.3 °C) on December 24, 1998, and January 13, 2007. Annually, there are an average of 1.3 days with highs that reach or exceed 90 °F or 32.2 °C and an average of 1.5 days with lows at or below
936-438: A lone dweller who is over 64. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.82. The age distribution is as follows: 16.6% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males. The median income for
1053-523: A new mission in Carmel the next year to gain greater independence from Fages. The existing wood and adobe church remained in service to the nearby soldiers and became the Royal Presidio Chapel . Monterey became the capital of the "Province of Both Californias" in 1777, and the chapel was renamed the Royal Presidio Chapel . The original church was destroyed by fire in 1789 and replaced by
1170-502: A number of smaller vessels. Numbering in the thousands, rebel forces surrounded San Blas and issued terms for surrender. On November 30, the commander Lavayen and the nine other naval officers decided to surrender. Narváez thought the Spanish position was hopeless. The next morning Lavayen capitulated and San Blas fell into rebel hands. Within a month of the fall of San Blas, the revolutionaries suffered severe defeat near Guadalajara. In
1287-602: A plaque memorialising Narváez as "the first white man to visit the mainland of Western Canada". In January 2009, the District Municipality of Sechelt (on British Columbia's Sunshine Coast) erected an historical marker to honour the explorations of Narváez in Georgia Strait in 1791. It is at the south end of the Davis Bay seawall, near the spot where he became the first European explorer to set foot on
SECTION 10
#17327758368191404-474: A population of 27,810. The population density was 2,364.0 inhabitants per square mile (912.7/km ). The racial makeup of Monterey was 21,788 (78.3%) White , 777 (2.8%) African American , 149 (0.5%) Native American , 2,204 (7.9%) Asian , 91 (0.3%) Pacific Islander , 1,382 (5.0%) from other races , and 1,419 (5.1%) from two or more races. There were 3,817 people (13.7%) of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race. The Census reported that 25,307 people (91.0% of
1521-404: A world map that depicted all of Earth's continents. Underwater exploration is the exploration of any underwater environment , either by direct observation by the explorer, or by remote observation and measurement under the direction of the investigators. Systematic, targeted exploration, with simultaneous survey, and recording of data, followed by data processing, interpretation and publication,
1638-413: Is 17.11 inches (435 mm), with most occurring between October and April; little to no precipitation falls during the summer. There is an average of 72.1 days with measurable precipitation annually. Average temperatures in Monterey are similar to average temperatures found in other parts of the world with oceanic climates, including Puerto Williams , Chile , Ushuaia , Argentina , much of New Zealand ,
1755-718: Is State Route 1: all residents exposed to levels greater than 65 CNEL—about 1,600 people—live near State Route 1 or one of the principal arterial streets. Monterey's climate is regulated by its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, resulting in a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csb ) although with temperatures resembling an oceanic climate . The city's average high temperatures range from 58.2 °F (14.6 °C) in December to 68.2 °F (20.1 °C) in September. Average annual precipitation
1872-598: Is a city in Monterey County on the southern edge of Monterey Bay on the U.S. state of California 's Central Coast . Founded on June 3, 1770, Monterey was the second permanent settlement (after San Diego ) established by Spanish explorers in what is now California. It functioned as the capital of Alta California under both Spain (1804–1821) and Mexico (1822–1846). During this period, Monterey hosted California's first theater, public building, public library, publicly funded school, printing press, and newspaper. It
1989-520: Is an early example of Monterey Colonial architecture. The Old Custom House , the historic district and the Royal Presidio Chapel are also National Historic Landmarks. The Cooper-Molera Adobe is a National Trust Historic Site. Colton Hall , built in 1849 by Walter Colton , originally served as both a public school and a government meeting place. Monterey hosted California's first constitutional convention in 1849, which composed
2106-519: Is at 26 feet (8 m) above sea level. The 2020 census recorded a population of 30,218. Monterey and the surrounding area have attracted artists since the late 19th century. Many celebrated painters and writers have lived in the area. Until the 1950s there was an abundant fishery . Monterey's present-day attractions include the Monterey Bay Aquarium , Cannery Row , Fisherman's Wharf , California Roots Music and Arts Festival , and
2223-618: Is found in Monterey's oak-forest and chaparral habitats. The chaparral, found mainly on the city's drier eastern slopes, hosts such plants as manzanita , chamise and ceanothus . Additional species of interest (that is, potential candidates for endangered species status) are the Salinas kangaroo rat and the silver-sided legless lizard. There is a variety of natural habitat in Monterey: littoral zone and sand dunes; closed-cone pine forest ; and Monterey Cypress . There are no dairy farms in
2340-597: Is geographically situated at a similar latitude within California as Death Valley — one of the hottest areas in the world. During winter, snow occasionally falls in the higher elevations of the Santa Lucia Mountains and Gabilan Mountains that overlook Monterey, but snow in Monterey itself is extremely rare. A few unusual events in January 1962, February 1976, and December 1997 brought
2457-496: Is land and 3.3 sq mi (8.5 km ) (28.05%) is water. Sand deposits in the northern coastal area comprise the sole known mineral resources. The city has several distinct districts, such as New Monterey , Del Monte , and Cannery Row . Local soil is Quaternary Alluvium . Common soil series include the Baywood fine sand on the east side, Narlon loamy sand on the west side, Sheridan coarse sandy loam on hilly terrain, and
SECTION 20
#17327758368192574-671: Is now Monterey harbor on December 16, and named it Puerto de Monterrey , in honor of the Conde de Monterrey , then the viceroy of New Spain . Monterrey is an alternate spelling of Monterrei , a municipality in the Galicia region of Spain from which the viceroy and his father (the Fourth Count of Monterrei) originated. Some variants of the city's name are recorded as Monte Rey and Monterey. Monterey Bay had been described earlier by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo as La Bahia de los Pinos (Bay of
2691-788: Is the exploration of manmade structures, usually abandoned ruins or hidden components of the manmade environment. Photography and historical interest/documentation are heavily featured in the hobby, sometimes involving trespassing onto private property. The activity presents various risks, including physical danger and, if done illegally and/or without permission, the possibility of arrest and punishment. Some activities associated with urban exploration violate local or regional laws and certain broadly interpreted anti-terrorism laws , or can be considered trespassing or invasion of privacy. Traditionally, mineral exploration relied on direct observation of mineralisation in rock outcrops or in sediments. More recently, however, mineral exploration also includes
2808-423: Is the most effective method to increase understanding of the ocean and other underwater regions, so they can be effectively managed, conserved, regulated, and their resources discovered, accessed, and used. Less than 10% of the ocean has been mapped in any detail, even less has been visually observed , and the total diversity of life and distribution of populations is similarly incompletely known. Space exploration
2925-487: Is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space . While the exploration of space is currently carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes , its physical exploration is conducted both by uncrewed robotic space probes and human spaceflight . Space exploration, like its classical form astronomy , is one of the main sources for space science . While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history , it
3042-469: The Atlantic coast of Spain , southeastern Alaska and the western coast of Norway . Summers in Monterey are often cool and foggy. The cold surface waters cause even summer nights to be unusually cool for the latitude; this is in distinct contrast to the much warmer summer days and nights of the U.S. east coast. The extreme moderation of summer temperatures is further underlined by the fact that Monterey
3159-554: The Ice Age land bridge from Siberia to Alaska, and moved southwards to settle in the Americas. For the most part, these cultures were ignorant of each other's existence. The second period of exploration, occurring over the last 10,000 years, saw increased cross-cultural exchange through trade and exploration, and marked a new era of cultural intermingling, and more recently, convergence. Early writings about exploration date back to
3276-578: The Monterey Regional Airport , State Route 1 and major arterial streets such as Munras Avenue, Fremont Street, Del Monte Boulevard, and Camino Aguajito. While most of Monterey is a quiet residential city, a moderate number of people in the northern part of the city are exposed to aircraft noise at levels in excess of 60 dB on the Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL) scale. The most intense source
3393-558: The Princess Royal . This led to an incident in which the Spanish shot and killed Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) Chief Callicum , son of Chief Maquinna . Martínez believed that the Strait of Juan de Fuca was the entrance of the legendary Northwest Passage and of great strategic importance. On July 27, Martínez placed Haro and Narváez in command of the San Carlos and the captured Princess Royal and sent them back to San Blas with
3510-681: The San Carlos remained there, while the Santa Saturnina and the longboat, under Narváez with Carrasco as pilot, set out to explore Rosario Strait and the Strait of Georgia more fully. Narváez set out on July 1, 1791. Passing through Rosario Strait, which he called Canal de Fidalgo , Narváez surveyed Guemes Island (Islas de Guemes), Cypress Island (San Vincente), and Lummi Island (Pacheco), explored Padilla Bay (Seno Padillo) and Bellingham Bay (Seno Gaston), and anchored in Chuckanut Bay (Puerto Socorro), before heading north into
3627-486: The San Carlos with the pilots Juan Pantoja and José Antonio Verdía. The latter had apprenticed under Narváez in 1788 and 1789. The San Carlos was accompanied by the schooner Santa Saturnina , nicknamed La Orcasitas . (It was originally the Northwest America , built by Meares at Nootka.) Narváez commanded the Santa Saturnina , with the pilot Juan Carrasco. The schooner was about 33 feet (10 m) long on
José María Narváez - Misplaced Pages Continue
3744-560: The San Carlos (el Filipino) , under Haro. Narváez sailed aboard the San Carlos (el Filipino) as Haro's pilot. The ships arrived at Prince William Sound in May. Evidence of Russian fur trading activity was discovered soon after. In June Haro sailed the San Carlos (el Filipino) west to Kodiak Island . The Spanish traded with natives, who came to the ship in twelve canoes. The natives had slips of paper with Russian writing, apparently vouchers for payment, which Haro acquired by trade. He wanted
3861-733: The San Carlos , and Manuel Quimper of the Princesa Real . Martínez, now out of favour, went along as an unranked officer with no responsibility. Eliza's three ships sailed from San Blas on February 3, 1790. In early April two more frigates joined the fleet—the Princesa under Jacinto Caamaño , with Narváez as pilot, and the Aranzazu under Juan Bautista Matute. This was the largest Spanish force sent northward up to that time. Eliza arrived at Nootka on April 4, 1790, and found no ships present. The Nuu-chah-nulth natives, alienated by
3978-446: The Strait of Juan de Fuca . Narváez sailed more than 25 leagues (about 65 miles (105 km)) into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. By this time only a few non-natives had entered the Strait, and none as far as Narváez. By early July he was back at Nootka Sound. His report to Martínez recommended Port Renfrew as a good anchorage. While Narváez was away, Martínez performed an elaborate ceremony of possession at Nootka. Soon after he fought
4095-514: The "most important silva ever", and encouraged Samuel F.B. Morse (a century younger than the inventor Samuel F. B. Morse ) of the Del Monte Properties Company to explore the possibilities of preserving the unique forest communities. The dune area is no less important, as it hosts endangered species such as the vascular plants Seaside birds beak , Hickman's potentilla and Eastwood's Ericameria . Rare plants also inhabit
4212-523: The 1950s when the local fishery business collapsed due to overfishing . A few of the old fishermen's cabins from the early 20th century have been preserved as they originally stood along Cannery Row . The city has a noteworthy history as a center for California painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such painters as Arthur Frank Mathews , Armin Hansen , Xavier Martinez , Rowena Meeks Abdy and Percy Gray lived or visited to pursue painting in
4329-498: The 4th millennium B.C. in ancient Egypt . One of the earliest and most impactful thinkers on exploration was Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. Between the 5th century and 15th century AD, most exploration was done by Chinese and Arab explorers. This was followed by the Age of Discovery after European scholars rediscovered the works of early Latin and Greek geographers. While the Age of Discovery
4446-610: The Berwick Canyon, Seaside, Tularcitos and Chupines faults. Monterey Bay's maximum credible tsunami for a 100-year interval has been calculated as a wave nine feet (2.7 m) high. The considerable undeveloped area in the northwest part of the city has a high potential for landslides and erosion. The city is adjacent to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary , a federally protected ocean area extending 276 mi (444 km) along
4563-537: The Department of San Blas, a position he kept until 1827 when the post was suspended due to funding cuts. In 1824 and 1825 Narváez was given command of the Mexicana to survey and map the coast between the ports of San Blas and Manzanillo . In April 1825 he was promoted to capitán de fragata . Later that year, he created maps of the border areas between Louisiana and Texas for the government. In 1826 he became
4680-638: The Mexican government completed the center section in 1827, and the United States government finished the lower end in 1846. On November 24, 1818, Argentine corsair Hippolyte Bouchard landed 7 km (4.3 mi) away from the Presidio of Monterey in a hidden creek . The fort's resistance proved ineffective, and after an hour of combat the Argentine flag flew over it. The Argentines took
4797-603: The Musqueam village, but anchored 2 miles offshore. There they collected water from a large river (probably the north arm of the Fraser River). Narváez sailed some distance into Burrard Inlet, today the harbour of Vancouver . Carrasco's map shows not only the Musqueam village at Point Grey but another settlement at Point Atkinson (Punta de la Bodega), and another on the entrance to Howe Sound (Bocas del Carmelo), near present-day Horseshoe Bay . Narváez continued north along
José María Narváez - Misplaced Pages Continue
4914-541: The Pacific Northwest. He sent another expedition to reoccupy Nootka Sound. Quadra loaded all the artillery he could find on the frigate Concepción , the San Carlos , and the captured English Princess Royal , which was renamed Princesa Real . Francisco de Eliza was given command of the Concepción and the expedition as a whole, and was appointed commandant of Nootka. Salvador Fidalgo was in command of
5031-476: The Pines). Despite the explorations of Cabrillo and Vizcaino, and despite Spain's frequent trading voyages between Asia and Mexico, the Spanish did not make Monterey Bay into a settled permanent harbor before the 18th century because it was too exposed to rough ocean currents and winds. Despite Monterey's limited use as a maritime port, the encroachments of other Europeans near California in the 18th century prompted
5148-445: The Russians planned to take possession of Nootka Sound the next year. Prone to bouts of abusive aggression, Martínez had continuing problems with his officers and sailors, including Haro and Narváez. While at Unalaska, Martínez had Haro temporarily arrested, during which time Narváez was in command of the San Carlos (el Filipino) . Haro was restored to his command before the expedition left Unalaska on August 18, 1788. Within three days,
5265-513: The Spanish Navy). In 1822 Narváez was given command of the San Carlos . He sailed from San Blas to Baja California and Alta California on a mission to install Mexican commissions and councils in both provinces. By the time he returned to San Blas in March 1823, Iturbide had been overthrown. A new government was set up under Antonio López de Santa Anna . Narváez was appointed Commandant of
5382-560: The Spanish monarchy to try to better secure the region. As a result, it commissioned the Portola exploration and Alta California mission system. In 1769, the first European land exploration of Alta California , the Spanish Portolá expedition , traveled north from San Diego . They sought Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey, which he had described as "a fine harbor sheltered from all winds" 167 years earlier. The explorers failed to recognize
5499-499: The Strait of Georgia. As commander of the expedition, Eliza eventually received credit for most of the discoveries made during the 1791 journeys. Narváez commanded the ship and made the actual voyages of discovery. In 1810 rebellion broke out in Mexico, spreading rapidly and becoming the Mexican War of Independence . By the end of 1810, rebel forces had captured Guadalajara , the capital of Jalisco , with little resistance. Soon
5616-594: The Strait of Georgia. He anchored in Birch Bay (Puerto del Garzon) and Drayton Harbor (Punta de San José), and sailed west across Boundary Bay to round Point Roberts . Narváez thought Point Roberts was an island (Isla de Zepeda) and that the inland sea extended far to the northeast. Carrasco later made a map showing a large inlet called Boca de Floridablanca (also Canal de Floridablanca), which included Boundary Bay and extended north to about Burrard Inlet . After rounding Point Roberts, Narváez sailed several miles from
5733-481: The Strait of Juan de Fuca to Esquimalt . The Santa Saturnina spent several weeks exploring Barkley Sound . The two ships rejoined at Esquimalt on June 14, 1791. In the Santa Saturnina , Narváez and Carrasco explored the inner channels of Barkley Sound, which they called Puerto de Boca Carrasco, and drafted a chart. According to Eliza's summary report of the voyage, Narváez saw five large settlements with "warlike and daring" inhabitants. On two occasions Narváez's ship
5850-589: The Sunshine Coast, anchoring off Mission Point in Sechelt and off Thormanby Island along the way, then rounded Texada Island before crossing to the west side of Georgia Strait and sailing past Hornby Island and Denman Island . His party named Nanaimo Harbour Bocas de Winthuysen . Sailing along Galiano Island and Valdes Island , Narváez noted and named Porlier Pass (today's version is Anglicized.) Narváez returned to Port Discovery on July 22, 1791. At
5967-472: The United States. In addition, many historic "firsts" occurred in Monterey. These include First theater in California , brick house, publicly funded school, public building, public library, and printing press (which printed The Californian , California's first newspaper.) Larkin House, one of Monterey State Historic Park 's National Historic Landmarks , built in the Mexican period by Thomas Oliver Larkin ,
SECTION 50
#17327758368196084-554: The activity of other members of the group. Geographical exploration, sometimes considered the default meaning for the more general term exploration, is the practice of discovering lands and regions of the planet Earth remote or relatively inaccessible from the origin of the explorer. The surface of the Earth not covered by water has been relatively comprehensively explored, as access is generally relatively straightforward, but underwater and subterranean areas are far less known, and even at
6201-493: The aftermath, the royalist army regained control of Tepic and San Blas, among other areas. In February 1811 Narváez, Lavayen, and nine other officers were brought before a military tribunal, on charges of having failed to defend San Blas. All the officers were found guilty of treason, but they were cleared of most of the charges and restored to duty. Continuing to serve the Spanish Navy, Narváez made repeated attempts to remove
6318-473: The annual Monterey Jazz Festival . Long before the arrival of Spanish explorers, the Rumsen Ohlone tribe, one of seven linguistically distinct Ohlone groups in California, inhabited the area now known as Monterey. They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering food on and around the biologically rich Monterey Peninsula . Researchers have found a number of shell middens in the area and, based on
6435-554: The archaeological evidence, concluded the Ohlone's primary marine food consisted of various types of mussels and abalone . A number of midden sites have been located along about 12 miles (19 km) of rocky coast on the Monterey Peninsula from the current site of Fishermans' Wharf in Monterey to Carmel. The city is named after Monterey Bay . The bay's name was given by Sebastián Vizcaíno in 1602. He anchored in what
6552-402: The beginning of October) and camped near a small lagoon which has rather muddy water, but abounds in pasture and firewood." Gaspar de Portolá returned by land to Monterey the next year, having concluded that he must have been at Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey after all. The land party was met at Monterey by Junípero Serra , who traveled by sea. Portolá erected the Presidio of Monterey to defend
6669-432: The chaparral: Hickman's onion, Yadon's piperia ( Piperia yadonii ) and Sandmat manzanita. Other rare plants in Monterey include Hutchinson's delphinium , Tidestrom lupine , Gardner's yampah and Knotweed , the latter perhaps already extinct. Monterey's noise pollution has been mapped to define the principal sources of noise and to ascertain the areas of the population exposed to significant levels. Principal sources are
6786-401: The city for six days, during which they stole the cattle and burned the fort, the artillery headquarters, the governor's residence and the Spanish houses. The town's residents were unharmed. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, but the civil and religious institutions of Alta California remained much the same until the 1830s, when the secularization of the missions converted most of
6903-432: The city of Monterey; the semi-hard cheese known as Monterey Jack originated in nearby Carmel Valley, California , and is named after businessman and land speculator David Jacks . The closed-cone pine habitat is dominated by Monterey pine , Knobcone pine and Bishop pine , and contains the rare Monterey manzanita . In the early 20th century the botanist Willis Linn Jepson characterized Monterey Peninsula's forests as
7020-471: The city was 80.8% White, 10.9% Hispanic, 7.4% Asian, 2.5% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 3.9% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. There were 12,600 households, out of which 21.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.5% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.6% were non-families. 37.0% of all households consisted of individuals, and 11.0% had
7137-434: The coast. Sometimes this sanctuary is confused with the local bay which is also termed Monterey Bay. Soquel Canyon State Marine Conservation Area , Portuguese Ledge State Marine Conservation Area , Pacific Grove Marine Gardens State Marine Conservation Area , Lovers Point State Marine Reserve , Edward F. Ricketts State Marine Conservation Area and Asilomar State Marine Reserve are marine protected areas established by
SECTION 60
#17327758368197254-454: The documents necessary to apply to the United States for statehood . Today Colton Hall houses a small museum, while adjacent buildings serve as the seat of local government, and the Monterey post office (opened in 1849). Pioneer Francis Doud built Doud House in the 1860s, situated at the present-day 117 Van Buren Street. The house is one of the earliest and most well-preserved examples of an early wood frame residences in Monterey. Monterey
7371-835: The economic potential. In all these definitions there is an implication of novelty, or unfamiliarity or the expectation of discovery in the exploration, whereas a survey implies directed examination, but not necessarily discovery of any previously unknown or unexpected information. The activities are not mutually exclusive, and often occur simultaneously to a variable extent. The same field of investigation or region may be explored at different times by different explorers with different motivations, who may make similar or different discoveries. Explorers: General Pre-Renaissance Exploration and Empire The Continents The Oceans The Poles Space Monterey, California Monterey ( / ˌ m ɒ n t ə ˈ r eɪ / MON -tə- RAY ; Spanish : Monterrey )
7488-462: The end of Spanish rule, Narváez decided to remain in Guadalajara with his family. He accepted retirement from the Spanish Navy. In 1821 he was elected Guadalajara's Provincial Deputy to the new Mexican government under Iturbide. When the Mexican Navy was created in late 1821, Narváez was appointed teniente de fragata (frigate lieutenant, a rank higher than Narváez was likely to have achieved in
7605-483: The events of the previous summer, had moved to a more secure location. After reoccupying Fort San Miguel and other buildings, Eliza dispatched two exploration expeditions. Fidalgo explored northward to Alaska on the San Carlos , while Quimper, with López de Haro and Juan Carrasco as pilots, explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca with the Princesa Real . Both ships were unable to return to Nootka and instead sailed to San Blas. Eliza would not learn of their discoveries until
7722-412: The following year. After these ships had left Caamaño and Narváez arrived on the Aranzazu . He would remain under Eliza's command for the next two years, participating in various voyages of exploration. By early 1791 several more ships and people had arrived at Nootka, along with instructions from Quadra to Eliza proposing further exploration of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. On May 4, 1791, Eliza set out in
7839-474: The freezing mark. Combining the records for Monterey and Monterey WFO, the wettest "rain year" on record has been from July 1997 to June 1998 with 47.15 inches or 1,197.6 millimetres of precipitation, and the driest from July 2013 to June 2014 with 7.67 inches or 194.8 millimetres. The most precipitation in one month was 13.73 inches or 348.7 millimetres in February 1998. The record maximum 24-hour precipitation
7956-471: The frigate Activo . Within days he was ordered by Commander Lavayen to arm the ship for war and supplies in case a retreat was required. The total force assembled at San Blas numbered a few hundred, mostly Spanish merchants and other elite peninsulares or gachupines who had fled the rebellion. By contrast, most of the townspeople favoured the rebels. The three naval ships were the San Carlos , Activo , and Concepción , in addition to two merchant ships and
8073-481: The indisputable evidence of Russian commercial activity in the region. On June 30, 1788, Haro sent Narváez in a longboat to investigate a Russian post at Three Saints Bay , Kodiak Island. Narváez found the post, becoming the first Spaniard to make contact with a large contingent of Russians in Alaska. The Russian commander, Evstrat Delarov , accompanied Narváez to the San Carlos (el Filipino) . The Spanish gave Delarov
8190-484: The information acquired by Narváez, the expedition sailed southwest to investigate Unalaska Island , where there was a large Russian post under the command of Potap Kuzmich Zaikov . Martínez arrived on July 29, Haro on August 4. Martínez and others went ashore and stayed at the post. He gave the Russians a supply of food and wine. Zaikov gave Martínez three maps covering the Aleutian Islands and confirmed that
8307-453: The keel and of shallow draft . She had eight oars and carried about 20 days' supply of food. In addition, the San Carlos carried a longboat 28 feet (8.5 m) in length with thirteen oars. The expedition first stopped at Clayoquot Sound , staying for about two weeks. Narváez and Carrasco spent a week exploring the inner channels, and another week collaborating on a chart of the sound, which they called Puerto Clayucuat . While Narváez
8424-485: The longboat. Assisted by Narváez, Carrasco, and Verdía, he entered the strait and passed between Vancouver Island and San Juan Island to reach Pender Island . Noticing several openings leading west and two leading east, they decided to investigate the larger of the two eastern ones, today called Boundary Pass. On June 15, 1791, they weighed anchor and sailed east along the southern shore of Pender Island and Saturna Island before entering "a grand and extended canal" —
8541-466: The mainland coast of present-day British Columbia. Explorer Exploration is the process of exploring, an activity which has some expectation of discovery . Organised exploration is largely a human activity, but exploratory activity is common to most organisms capable of directed locomotion and the ability to learn, and has been described in, amongst others, social insects foraging behaviour, where feedback from returning individuals affects
8658-410: The military tribunal that found Narváez guilty of treason in 1811. Having failed to take Mescala Island, Cruz conducted a "scorched earth" campaign around the entire lake. Late in 1816 the rebels on Mescala Island finally surrendered. During 1817 and early 1818 Narváez was mapping the province of Jalisco, including charting Lake Chapala . He also surveyed a new road to Guadalajara. On March 20, 1818, he
8775-758: The mission pasture lands into private land grant ranchos . In 1834, the San Carlos Cemetery was officially opened and interred many of the early local families. Monterey was the site of the Battle of Monterey on July 7, 1846, during the Mexican–American War . It was on this date that John D. Sloat , Commodore in the United States Navy , raised the U.S. flag over the Monterey Custom House and claimed California for
8892-418: The month, he sailed north as a pilot to Gonzalo López de Haro , commander of the San Carlos (el Filipino) . Responding to Russian activity in Alaska, the Spanish government began sending ships to investigate and assert sovereignty . The effort was based almost entirely out of the port of San Blas. In March 1788, two ships were sent north on reconnaissance, Princesa Real , under Esteban José Martínez , and
9009-545: The navy. He was put in charge of a roundtrip voyage to the Philippines, then under Spanish rule, in 1813-1814. In 1815 Narváez took part in a blockade of the rebel stronghold of Mescala Island in Lake Chapala , near Guadalajara. Royalist forces attempted and failed to take Mescala Island at least four times, taking significant losses in the process. The Spanish commander was Brigadier José de la Cruz, who had also led
9126-498: The new nation of the United States. Three more English ships arrived during the summer, one of which was the Northwest America , built by John Meares at Nootka Sound the previous year. In his effort to assert Spanish sovereignty, Martínez seized the ship. On June 21, Martínez dispatched Narváez in the captured Northwest America , renamed Santa Gertrudis la Magna (and later Santa Saturnina ), to explore three inlets south of Nootka Sound — Clayoquot Sound , Barkley Sound , and
9243-413: The news. They arrived by the end of August 1789. In October, Martínez completely evacuated Nootka Sound and returned to San Blas with the prisoners and captured ships. In late 1789 a new viceroy took charge of New Spain, Juan Vicente de Güemes Padilla Horcasitas . Together with Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra , the naval commander of San Blas, Horcasitas made great efforts to enhance Spain's power in
9360-534: The only surviving building from the original Monterey Presidio. The city was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. All shipments into California by sea were required to go through the Custom House , the oldest governmental building in the state and California's Historic Landmark Number One. Built in three phases, the Spanish began construction of the Custom House in 1814,
9477-645: The open water of the Strait of Georgia , which they named Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario (Canal of Our Lady of the Rosary). This was the first time Europeans had seen the Strait of Georgia. The Spaniards believed they had found the legendary inland sea of the North American continent, and that it probably connected, somehow, to Hudson Bay or the Mississippi River . They spent the night anchored at Patos Island . The next day they sailed east to
9594-462: The opportunity to preempt British exploration of Puget Sound, which took place the following year under George Vancouver . Eliza was impressed by Narváez's report on the size and nature of the Strait of Georgia. Because numerous whales had been seen in the Strait of Georgia, but few in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Eliza correctly speculated that the strait had a second connection to the ocean. Eliza also came to suspect, again correctly, that Nootka Sound
9711-499: The pale Tangair sand on hills supporting closed-cone pine habitat. The city is in a moderate to high seismic risk zone, the principal threat being the active San Andreas Fault approximately 26 miles (42 km) to the east. The Monterey Bay fault, which tracks three miles (4.8 km) to the north, is also active, as is the Palo Colorado fault seven miles (11 km) to the south. Also nearby, minor but potentially active, are
9828-460: The place when they came to it on October 1, 1769. The party continued north as far as San Francisco Bay before turning back. On the return journey, they camped near one of Monterey's lagoons on November 27, still not convinced they had found the place Vizcaíno had described. Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí noted in his diary, "We halted in sight of the Point of Pines (recognized, as was said, in
9945-526: The population) lived in households, 2,210 (7.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 293 (1.1%) were institutionalized. There were 12,184 households, out of which 2,475 (20.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 4,690 (38.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 902 (7.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 371 (3.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. 4,778 households (39.2%) were made up of individuals, and 1,432 (11.8%) had someone living alone who
10062-418: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 15,849 people (57.0%) lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 29,674 people, 12,600 households, and 6,476 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,516.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,357.9/km ). There were 13,382 housing units at an average density of 1,586.0 per square mile (612.4/km ). The racial makeup of
10179-551: The port and, on June 3, 1770, Serra founded the Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo inside the presidio enclosure. Portolá returned to Mexico, replaced in Monterey by Captain Pedro Fages , who had been third in command on the exploratory expeditions. Fages became the second governor of Alta California, serving from 1770 to 1774. Serra's missionary aims soon came into conflict with Fages and the soldiers, so he relocated and built
10296-496: The present sandstone structure. It was completed in 1794 by Indian labor. In 1840, the chapel was rededicated to the patronage of Saint Charles Borromeo . The cathedral is the oldest continuously operating parish and the oldest stone building in California. It is also the oldest (and smallest) serving cathedral along with St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans, Louisiana . It is the only existing presidio chapel in California and
10413-427: The return voyage. Sailing west, the ships found Port Angeles on August 2, 1791. They reached Neah Bay on August 7. From there the San Carlos , with Narváez on board, returned to Nootka Sound , arriving on November 9. Carrasco, however, was unable or unwilling to beat upwind to Nootka and instead sailed the Santa Saturnina south to Monterey, California , arriving there on September 16, 1791. Alessandro Malaspina
10530-470: The revolt spread west into Nayarit , the location of the Spanish naval port of San Blas. After capturing the capital city of Tepic , by late November 1810, a rebel army led by Father José María Mercado was heading for the poorly defended San Blas. Numerous royalists and other non-revolutionaries had sought refuge at the naval base, where there was a military garrison and the chance to escape by sea. Narváez arrived at San Blas on November 1, 1810, in command of
10647-565: The shore through the discharge of the Fraser River . He noted the water was "more sweet than salt", but mistook the land between the mouths of the rivers as low-lying islands in the imagined Boca de Floridablanca . He anchored off Point Grey , which he also took to be an island (Isla de Langara). While at anchor off Point Grey, the ship was visited by a number of Musqueam men in canoes who traded food, water, and firewood for pieces of copper and iron . The Spaniards noted their language
10764-637: The site of present-day Vancouver , British Columbia. Narváez was born in Cádiz , Spain in 1768. His parents were Juan Antonio Gachupin Narvaez and Vrsula Gervete. He was married in Oct 23rd 1796 to Maria Leonarda Alexa Maldonado. He was admitted to the Royal (Naval) Academy for midshipmen in 1782. Within the year, he was at sea and engaged in naval combat. In 1784 Narváez was sent to New Spain , where his first station
10881-428: The stain on his reputation. As a native of Spain, Narváez was classified as a member of the elite colonial class known as peninsulares (meaning from the Spanish peninsula) or gachupines . Having made Mexico his home, he became increasingly interested in the goals of the revolutionary movement. Insurgents repeatedly raised revolt and violence in various regions. Overall Narváez remained a royalist and continued to serve
10998-466: The start of his voyage, Narváez had passed by Admiralty Inlet (Ensenada de Caamaño), the entrance to Puget Sound . He planned to explore it upon return, but was running out of food by then and so returned directly Eliza's San Carlos in Port Discovery. Once resupplied with food from the San Carlos , he could have explored Puget Sound, but Eliza was eager to return to Nootka. The Spanish missed
11115-489: The state of California in Monterey Bay. Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems. The California sea otter , a threatened subspecies, inhabits the local Monterey Bay marine environment, and a field station of The Marine Mammal Center is located in Monterey to support sea rescue operations in this section of the California coast. The rare San Joaquin kit fox
11232-526: The state of Jalisco. Narváez died on August 4, 1840, in Guadalajara , Mexico. His date of birth varied in the historical record. Late-twentieth-century historian Jim McDowell musters supporting documentation for settling on 1768. To mark 150 years after the embarkation of his 1791 expeditions to the Georgia Strait, the Lions Club of West Vancouver erected a stone cairn at Ambleside Beach with
11349-458: The style of either En plein air or Tonalism . Many noted authors have also lived in and around Monterey, including Robert Louis Stevenson , John Steinbeck , Ed Ricketts , Robinson Jeffers , Robert A. Heinlein , and Henry Miller . More recently, Monterey has been recognized for its significant involvement in post-secondary learning of languages other than English and its major role in delivering translation and interpretation services around
11466-474: The surface, much is still to be discovered in detail in the more remote and inaccessible wilderness areas. Two major eras of geographical exploration occurred in human history: The first, covering most of Human history, saw people moving out of Africa , settling in new lands, and developing distinct cultures in relative isolation. Early explorers settled in Europe and Asia; about 14,000 years ago, some crossed
11583-532: The two ships broke off contact and sailed south separately. Haro's orders were to rejoin Martínez at Monterey, California . On the way Haro, with support from Narváez and the other pilots, declared his ship no longer under Martínez's command. They sailed back to San Blas on their own, arriving on October 22, 1788. Martínez, who spent a month in Monterey waiting for Haro, did not arrive at San Blas until December, where he found himself faced with charges of irresponsible leadership. Nevertheless, Martínez regained favour and
11700-409: The use of geologic , geophysical , and geochemical tools to search for anomalies, which can narrow the search area. The area to be prospected should be covered sufficiently to minimize the risk of missing something important, but it can take into account previous experience that certain geological evidence correlates with a very low probability of finding the desired minerals. Other evidence indicates
11817-424: The vicinity of Lummi Island and the northern end of Rosario Strait . Out of food and exhausted, they returned the way they had come. With crew having to row against the wind, the longboat arrived at Esquimalt on June 24, and Narváez in the Santa Saturnina the next day. Eliza moved his base of operations to Puerto de Quadra (present-day Port Discovery ) on the south side of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Eliza and
11934-640: The world. In November 1995, California Governor Pete Wilson proclaimed Monterey "the Language Capital of the World". On June 7, 2021, the macOS Monterey operating system was presented at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC2021) and named after the Monterey region. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 11.7 sq mi (30.4 km ), of which 8.5 sq mi (21.9 km )
12051-464: Was 3.55 inches or 90.2 millimetres on December 11, 2014. The 2020 United States Census reported that Monterey had a population of 30,218 people, with 12,912 households. The racial makeup of Monterey was 71.9% White, 3.7% African American, 0.9% Native American, 7.3% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 7.9% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 19.0% of the population. The 2010 United States Census reported that Monterey had
12168-403: Was 36.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.6 males. There were 13,584 housing units at an average density of 1,154.7 per square mile (445.8/km ), of which 4,360 (35.8%) were owner-occupied, and 7,824 (64.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.5%. 9,458 people (34.0% of
12285-416: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08. There were 5,963 families (48.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.81. The population was spread out, with 4,266 people (15.3%) under the age of 18, 3,841 people (13.8%) aged 18 to 24, 8,474 people (30.5%) aged 25 to 44, 6,932 people (24.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 4,297 people (15.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
12402-502: Was at Havana . For three years he served aboard supply ships working the ports of Veracruz , New Orleans , Mantanzas, Campeche , Roatán , and Trujillo . In November 1787, he was promoted to segundo piloto havilitado (qualified second pilot— piloto in Spanish being equivalent to master in English) and reassigned to San Blas , at the time the main Spanish naval base on the west coast of Mexico. He arrived in early 1788. Within
12519-418: Was attacked by groups of about 200 men, but "he held them in check by means of some cannon shot." The natives "were surprised to see the schooner and, according to their explanations, had never seen a vessel inside." In mid-June, with the expedition based at Esquimalt (which the Spanish called Cordova after one of their cities), Eliza instructed Pantoja to explore Haro Strait with the Santa Saturnina and
12636-488: Was busy with this work, Eliza made friends with Chief Wickaninnish . Eliza wrote that he was honoured with a dance of over 600 young men. Eliza also reported that there were five large indigenous settlements in Clayoquot Sound, each with over 1,500 inhabitants. The largest, which Eliza called Guicananich after its chief Wickaninnish, had over 2,500 people. In late May Eliza, on the San Carlos , sailed into
12753-512: Was in Monterey at the time, having arrived five days earlier. Malaspina, a powerful figure of the Spanish navy, was thus the first beyond Eliza's crew to learn about the discovery of the Strait of Georgia. Malaspina immediately recognized the strategic importance of further exploration. Shortly after meeting with Carrasco, Malaspina sailed to San Blas and Acapulco . There he arranged for two of his own officers, Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés , to take command of two ships to fully explore
12870-470: Was incorporated in 1890. Thomas Albert Work built several of the buildings in Monterey, including the three-story Del Mar hotel in 1895, at the corner of Sixteenth, and in 1900, bought into the First National Bank in Monterey, acquiring it in 1906. He was president of the bank for more than 20 years. Monterey had long been famous for the abundant fishery in Monterey Bay. That changed in
12987-415: Was not on the mainland, but rather on an island. Narváez had been unable to explore all of the Strait of Georgia. Although Eliza knew further exploration was important, by the time Narváez returned to Port Discovery, Eliza and many of his sailors were sick. He abandoned more exploration to return to Nootka. Eliza transferred Narváez to the San Carlos and gave Juan Carrasco command of the Santa Saturnina for
13104-548: Was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. In 1846, during the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848, the United States Flag was raised over the Customs House . After Mexico ceded California to the U.S. at the end of the war, Monterey hosted California's first constitutional convention in 1849. The city occupies a land area of 8.466 sq mi (21.93 km ) and City Hall
13221-548: Was partly driven by land routes outside of Europe becoming unsafe, and a desire for conquest, the 17th century also saw exploration driven by nobler motives, including scientific discovery and the expansion of knowledge about the world. This broader knowledge of the world's geography meant that people were able to make world maps , depicting all land known. The first modern atlas was the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , published by Abraham Ortelius , which included
13338-460: Was placed in charge of a new expedition to occupy Nootka Sound before the Russians. Despite the bitterness between Martínez and Haro, the two were ordered to sail together in 1789 to take possession of Nootka Sound. Narváez again served as Haro's first pilot and second in command on the San Carlos . The two ships set sail from San Blas on February 17 and arrived at Nootka on May 5, 1789. Three merchant ships were already there, one English and two from
13455-558: Was promoted to alférez de navio in recognition of his service during the Lake Chapala campaign. By 1818 royalist forces had pacified nearly all of New Spain, and the revolutionary movement collapsed. In 1821, however, the young royalist captain Agustín de Iturbide formed a partnership with the rebel General Vicente Guerrero . They created a common army and within the year marched into Mexico City and proclaimed independence. With
13572-557: Was quite different from that of the Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka), with which they were familiar. The Musqueam indicated the Strait of Georgia continued north for a great distance. One of Narváez's crew bought a young native boy. From him the Spaniards learned that many Indians regularly came to the Musqueam on horseback, from a "flat country" in the northeast, to trade iron, copper, and blue beads for fish. The Spaniards did not visit
13689-428: Was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the mid-twentieth century that allowed physical extraterrestrial exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, national prestige, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity, and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries. Urban exploration
#818181