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50-514: Warren had been commissioned a major general in the colony's militia shortly before the June 17, 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill . Rather than exercise his rank, Warren chose to participate in the battle as a private soldier, and was killed in combat when British troops stormed the redoubt atop Breed's Hill . His death, immortalized in John Trumbull 's painting, The Death of General Warren at

100-569: A Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force rank equivalent to the Royal Canadian Navy 's rank of rear-admiral . A major-general is a general officer , the equivalent of a naval flag officer . The major-general rank is senior to the ranks of brigadier general and commodore , and junior to lieutenant-general and vice admiral . Prior to 1968, the Air Force used the rank of air vice-marshal , instead. The rank insignia for

150-415: A Warren County named after him. Additionally, Warren, Pennsylvania ; Warren, Michigan ; Warren, New Jersey ; Warrenton, Missouri ; Warrenton, Virginia ; Warren, Maine ; Warren, Massachusetts ; Warrenton, North Carolina ; Warren, Connecticut and 30 Warren Townships as well as Warrensville, Eldred Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania are also named in his honor. The New York county of Warren

200-619: A British officer's servant, an account supported by a forensic analysis conducted in 2011. After the battle, Warren's body was stripped of his clothing, repeatedly bayoneted and then buried in a shallow ditch by British forces. Captain Walter Laurie, who participated in the battles of Lexington and Concord , later wrote that he "stuffed the scoundrel with another rebel into one hole, and there he and his seditious principles may remain." American soldier Benjamin Hichborn subsequently wrote

250-559: A Major General rank is usually held by someone that is a Regional Military Command General Officer Commanding (Regional Commander or တိုင်းမှူး) or a Director such as Director of Defence Service Intelligence ( Khin Nyunt for example) In the New Zealand Army , major-general is the rank held by the chief of army (formerly the chief of general staff). The more senior rank of lieutenant-general is reserved for when an army officer holds

300-667: A city, borough, and county all named after the general. Fort Warren on George's Island in Boston harbor, started in 1833, was named in his honor. In 1840, the first Warren School was built on Salem Street in Charlestown, Massachusetts near Bunker Hill. It relocated to School and Summer Streets in 1868, and later merged with the Prescott School to form the Warren-Prescott School . Fourteen states have

350-762: A ladder while gathering fruit in his orchard. After attending the Roxbury Latin School , Joseph enrolled in Harvard College , graduating in 1759, and then taught for about a year at Roxbury Latin. [1] While teaching at Roxbury, Warren pursued postgraduate studies at Harvard, graduating with a Master of Arts degree in 1763 after defending a thesis against the proposition that all disease was caused by obstruction of bodily vessels. He married 18-year-old heiress Elizabeth Hooten on September 6, 1764. She died in 1773, leaving him with four children: Elizabeth, Joseph, Mary, and Richard. Before his death in 1775, he

400-464: A letter to John Adams on December 10, 1775, claiming that Lieutenant James Drew, a Royal Navy officer stationed onboard the sloop HMS Scorpion , went to Breed's Hill "a day or two" after the battle and exhumed Warren's body, "spit in his face, jumped on his stomach, and at last cut off his head and committed every act of violence upon his body... In justice to the officers in general I must add, that they despised Drew for his Conduct." Warren's body

450-541: A major-general in the Royal Canadian Air Force is a wide braid under a single narrow braid on the cuff, as well as two silver maple leaves beneath a crossed sword and baton, all surmounted by St. Edward's Crown. In the Canadian Army, the rank insignia is a wide braid on the cuff, as well as two gold maple leaves beneath a crossed sword and baton, all surmounted by St. Edward's Crown. It is worn on

500-592: A quiet night mission, the British troops were opposed by thousands of wide-awake, angry, armed colonists. Kemble Gage's husband, the British Commander-in-Chief, had intended to prevent a war, but was forced to send an additional 1,000 units to safely return the British force to Boston. Warren's informant remains unknown, as two months later, he was killed during the Battle of Bunker Hill . Though

550-471: Is a rank that is subordinate to the rank of lieutenant general and senior to the rank of brigadier or brigadier general . In the Commonwealth, major general is equivalent to the navy rank of rear admiral . In air forces with a separate rank structure (Commonwealth), major general is equivalent to air vice-marshal . In some countries including much of Eastern Europe , major general is the lowest of

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600-695: Is also named for him, as well as Warren Street in Trenton, New Jersey . Warren joined the Freemasons , being initiated in the St. Andrew's Lodge, and later became Past Provincial Grand Master of Massachusetts . Warren was a Scottish Freemason. He was a member of Lodge St Andrews, No.81, (Boston, Massachusetts), which held a Charter from the Grand Lodge of Scotland . The Lodge continues to meet in Boston under

650-705: Is named after him, but the town of Warrensburg within that county is not; the town is in fact named after James Warren, a prominent early settler. The streets of Detroit, Michigan, were redesigned after the 1806 fire, based on the Pierre L'Enfant Plan for Washington, D.C.; Warren Avenue in Detroit is named after Joseph Warren. Five ships in the Continental Navy and United States Navy were named Warren in his honor. Warren Square in Savannah, Georgia ,

700-449: Is referenced in the A. W. Burns/George W. Hewitt song "America Shall Aye Be Free" . Major general Major general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general . In English-speaking countries , when appointed to a field command, a major general is typically in command of a division consisting of around 6,000 to 25,000 troops (several regiments or brigades ). It

750-607: Is rumored to have said that Warren's death was equal to the death of 500 ordinary colonials. It encouraged the revolutionary cause because it was viewed by many Americans as an act of martyrdom . At the time of Warren's death, his children were staying with his fiancée, Mercy Scollay, in Worcester as refugees from the Siege of Boston. She continued to look after them, gathering support for their education from John Hancock , Samuel Adams , Mercy Otis Warren , Benedict Arnold , and even

800-696: Is the Germanic variant of major general, used in a number of Central and Northern European countries, including Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Norway , and Sweden . Margaret Kemble Gage Margaret Kemble Gage (1734–1824) was the wife of General Thomas Gage , who led the British Army in Massachusetts in the American Revolutionary War . It is alleged that she played an important role in

850-817: The Bunker Hill Monument , another on the grounds of the Roxbury Latin School, and the third atop the puddingstone at his grave site at the Forest Hills Cemetery (this statue was commissioned by the 6th Masonic District, and dedicated in a ceremony by the Grand Master of Masons in Massachusetts on October 22, 2016). The fourth is in a small park on the corner of Third and Pennsylvania avenues in Warren, Pennsylvania ,

900-612: The Continental Congress . Joseph's youngest brother and apprentice in medicine, John Warren , served as a surgeon during the Battle of Bunker Hill and the rest of the war, and afterwards founded Harvard Medical School and co-founded the Massachusetts Medical Society . There are at least four statues of Joseph Warren on public display. Three are in Boston: one in the exhibit lodge adjacent to

950-578: The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts . The date he joined the Lodge is not known but was during the period after the inauguration of the Lodge on St Andrew's Day, 30 November 1756 and 15 May 1769 when he is recorded in the Grand Lodge of Scotland's membership register as being the Master of the Lodge. Paul Revere and William Palfrey are also recorded, in the same entry, with Revere being named as Secretary of

1000-828: The Siege of Boston , promulgating the Patriots' version of events, and negotiating with Gen. Gage in his role as head of the Provincial Congress. Warren was commissioned into the Continental Army at the rank of major general by the Second Continental Congress on June 14, 1775. Three days later, he arrived at Charlestown just before the battle of Bunker Hill began and made his way to where Patriot militiamen were forming. Upon meeting General Israel Putnam , Warren asked where he thought

1050-755: The general officer ranks without brigadier general rank. In the sultanate of Brunei , the rank of Major general ( Malay : Mejar jeneral ) is used by the Royal Brunei Land Force and the Royal Brunei Air Force . The rank is held by the Commander of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces . In the Canadian Armed Forces , the rank of major-general (MGen) ( French : major-général ) is both

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1100-653: The Army ( Major-General do Exército ) became extinct in 1950, with their roles being unified in the then created Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces . In the Russian Army , the rank 'major general' is known as Russian : генера́л-майо́р , romanized :  generál-mayór . It is equivalent to a British brigadier or an American brigadier general . The Turkish Army and Air Force refer to

1150-647: The Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775 , galvanized the rebel forces. Warren has been memorialized in the naming of many towns, counties, streets, and other locations in the United States, by statues, and in numerous other ways. Joseph Warren was born in Roxbury , Province of Massachusetts Bay , to Joseph and Mary (née Stevens) Warren. His father was a respected farmer who died in October 1755 when he fell off

1200-462: The British were mobilizing.) Warren slipped out of Boston early on April 19, and during that day's Battle of Lexington and Concord , he coordinated and led militia into the fight alongside William Heath as the British Army returned to Boston. When the enemy were returning from Concord, he was among the foremost in hanging upon their rear and assailing their flanks. During this fighting Warren

1250-404: The Lodge. Warren was appointed Grand Master of all Scottish Freemasonry in the 13 colonies by the Grand Lodge of Scotland. He was appointed Grand Master of the newly established Provincial Grand Lodge of Massachusetts in that same year. Upon his death, Joseph Webb became Acting Grand Master. The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts has an award in his name for Masons who have served the fraternity,

1300-847: The Massacre, the second time in March 1775 while the town was occupied by army troops. Warren drafted the Suffolk Resolves , which were endorsed by the Continental Congress , to advocate resistance to Parliament's Coercive Acts , which were otherwise known as the Intolerable Acts. He was appointed President of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress , the highest position in the revolutionary government. In mid-April 1775, Warren and Benjamin Church were

1350-484: The body of young Christopher Seider in February 1770, and was a member of the Boston committee that assembled a report on the following month's Boston Massacre . Earlier, in 1768, Royal officials tried to place his publishers Edes and Gill on trial for an incendiary newspaper essay Warren wrote under the pseudonym A True Patriot , but no local jury would indict them. In 1774, he authored the song "Free America," which

1400-402: The colonials, and it was also known that they would be taking a route through Lexington. Some unsupported stories argue that Warren received additional information from a highly placed informant (usually claiming it was from Margaret Kemble Gage , the wife of General Thomas Gage ), that the troops had orders to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock . However, there is little evidence of this as

1450-700: The country, or humanity with distinction. It is the second-highest honor conferred by the Grand Lodge, surpassed by only the Henry Price medal. The Henry Price medal is usually awarded to those who served with distinction in the Grand Lodge, while the Joseph Warren medal may be conferred upon any Mason within the Grand jurisdiction. Warren Lodge No. 32 of the Grand Lodge of New York is a historic Masonic lodge that meets in Schultzville, New York . It

1500-519: The early stages of the battle, Warren repeatedly stated that "These fellows say we won't fight! By Heaven, I hope I shall die up to my knees in blood!" Defending the Patriot redoubt against two failed attacks by British troops, he kept firing his gun until running out of ammunition and was killed in action during the third and final assault by British gunfire. The man who killed him was possibly Lieutenant Lord Rawdon , who personally recognized him, or by

1550-408: The evidence is circumstantial, historians strongly suspect that the informant was Margaret Kemble Gage. She was an American, and her family's prestige and wealth lent her social standing equal to that of her husband, whose officers were even known to call her "Duchess". She did not make a secret of her divided loyalties and said that "she hoped her husband would never be the instrument of sacrificing

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1600-678: The great-granddaughter of Mayor of New York City Stephanus Van Cortlandt and Gertrude Schuyler . Through her mother, she was a first cousin to the Van Cortlandts, de Lanceys, and the Van Rensselaers. She married Thomas Gage on December 8, 1758, at her father's 1200-acre Mount Kemble Plantation in New Jersey. Following the outbreak of the American Revolution, Kemble Gage sailed from Boston to England in

1650-411: The heaviest fighting would be; Putnam responded by pointing to Breed's Hill . Warren subsequently volunteered to join the militia at the rank of private against the wishes of both Putnam and Colonel William Prescott , both of whom unsuccessfully requested that he serve as their commander instead. Warren declined their request due the fact that Putnam and Prescott held more military experience. During

1700-537: The key leaders of the Sons of Liberty, learned from a confidential informer, well-connected to the British high command, "intelligence of their whole design...to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock , who were known to be at Lexington, and burn the colonists' military stores at Concord." Warren, after learning of the plan, dispatched Paul Revere and William Dawes , which set off a chain reaction of alarm riders across Massachusetts and into adjoining colonies. Instead of

1750-695: The outcome of the American Revolution. She was suspected of having divided loyalties and informing the American Revolutionaries of British troop movements. Margaret Kemble was born in New Brunswick , Province of New Jersey , and lived in East Brunswick Township . She was the daughter of Peter Kemble , a wealthy New Jersey businessman and politician, and Gertrude Bayard; the granddaughter of Judge Samuel Bayard (b. 1669) and Margaretta Van Cortlandt (b. 1674); and

1800-747: The position of chief of defence force, who commands all of New Zealand's armed forces. This position is subject to rotation between the heads of the New Zealand Air Force , New Zealand Army, and New Zealand Navy . Major general in the Pakistan Army is equivalent to rear admiral in the Pakistan Navy and air vice marshal in the Pakistan Air Force . It is the lowest of the general officer ranks, ranking between brigadier and lieutenant general. The rank of major-general

1850-773: The rank as tümgeneral . The Turkish Navy equivalent is tümamiral . The name is derived from tümen , the Turkish word for a military division ( tümen itself is an older Turkish word meaning 10,000). Thus, linguistically, it is similar to the French equivalent for a major general, French : général de division . In the United States , the rank of major general exists in the United States Air Force , United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Space Force . Generalmajor

1900-464: The shoulder straps of the service dress tunic, and on slip-ons on other uniforms. On the visor of the service cap are two rows of gold oak leaves. Major-generals are initially addressed as 'general' and name, as are all general officers; thereafter by subordinates as 'sir' or 'ma'am' as applicable in English ( French : mon général ). Major-generals are normally entitled to staff cars . In Myanmar,

1950-486: The summer of 1776 on a ship carrying military widows, orphans, and 170 soldiers who had been badly wounded in the Battle of Bunker Hill . She was joined by her husband a few months later, who was recalled after his failure to resolve divisions with the colonists. Together with their children, the couple settled in a Portland Place address in London. There are accounts that cite how Kemble Gage's relationship with her husband

2000-458: The troops apparently had no such orders. Regardless, Warren learned there was some British expedition likely to begin that night, and so sent William Dawes and Paul Revere on their famous "midnight rides" to warn Hancock and Adams in Lexington. (There is growing consensus in new scholarship that Mrs. Gage never did conspire against the British and that Warren needed no informant to deduce that

2050-542: The two top members of the Committee of Correspondence left in Boston. On the afternoon of April 18, the British troops in the town mobilized for a long-planned raid on the nearby town of Concord, and already before nightfall word of mouth had spread knowledge of the mobilization widely within Boston. It had been known to rebel leadership for weeks that General Gage in Boston had plans to destroy munitions stored in Concord by

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2100-512: Was engaged to Mercy Scollay. While practicing medicine and surgery in Boston , he became involved in politics, associating with John Hancock , Samuel Adams , and other leaders of the broad movement labeled Sons of Liberty . He was one of the leaders of Patriot activities during the Liberty Affair and facilitated an agreement with Hancock and government customs officials prior to the Boston demonstrations. Warren conducted an autopsy on

2150-400: Was exhumed again ten months after his death by his brothers and Paul Revere , who identified the remains by an artificial tooth Warren had installed in his jaw. His body was interred in the Granary Burying Ground . In 1825, it was exhumed and reinterred in St. Paul's Church in Boston before being moved one final time in 1855 to his family's vault in Forest Hills Cemetery . General Gage

2200-451: Was founded in 1807 and named in memory of Joseph Warren. Walter Coy portrayed Warren in the 1957 film Johnny Tremain . Warren also appeared in episodes 5 and 9 of the 2002 animated television show Liberty's Kids . Ryan Eggold was cast as Warren in the 2015 miniseries Sons of Liberty . Warren is featured in the song "Wildfire" by the band Mandolin Orange (renamed Watchhouse ) on their 2016 album Blindfaller . Joseph Warren

2250-439: Was moved up one level, with the role of brigade commander being assumed by the below rank of brigadier-general. In most of the 19th and first half of the 20th century, major-general was not used as a rank in the Portuguese military, but as an appointment title conferred to the general officer that acted as the military head of a service branch . The roles of Major-General of the Navy ( Major-General da Armada ) and Major-General of

2300-486: Was nearly killed, a musket ball striking part of his wig. When his mother saw him after the battle and heard of his escape, she entreated him with tears again not to risk life so precious. "Wherever danger is, dear mother," he answered, "there will your son be. Now is no time for one of America's children to shrink from the most hazardous duty; I will either set my country free, or shed my last drop of blood to make her so." He then turned to recruiting and organizing soldiers for

2350-443: Was never the same again. Margaret outlived Thomas Gage by 36 years. The couple had eleven children, and their first son, the future 3rd Viscount Gage , was born in Montreal in 1761. Gage's daughter, Charlotte Margaret Gage, married Admiral Sir Charles Ogle . Descendants of Kemble Gage include: Her brother, Stephen Kemble, was a lieutenant-colonel in the British Army during the Revolution. She died in England in 1824. She

2400-402: Was portrayed by Emily Berrington in the television miniseries Sons of Liberty . Circumstantial evidence suggests that Kemble Gage may have played a key role in the lead-up to the first battle of the American Revolution (the Battle of Lexington and Concord ). Prior to the battle, the Sons of Liberty observed British troops in Boston preparing for action. Joseph Warren , one of

2450-440: Was published in colonial newspapers. The poem was set to a traditional British tune, " The British Grenadiers ." Warren owned at least one enslaved person. This unnamed man, formerly held by Joshua Green, helped Warren with his medical practice. As Boston's conflict with the royal government came to a head in 1773–1775, Warren was appointed to the Boston Committee of Correspondence . He twice delivered orations in commemoration of

2500-416: Was reintroduced in the Portuguese Army , Portuguese Air Force , and Portuguese National Republican Guard in 1999, replacing the former rank of brigadier in the role of brigade commander. As a rank, it had previously been used in the Army only for a brief period (from 1862 to 1864). It is equivalent to the rank of contra-almirante (rear-admiral) in the Portuguese Navy . In 2015, the rank of major-general

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