73-606: The Abstract Window Toolkit ( AWT ) is Java 's original platform-dependent windowing , graphics , and user-interface widget toolkit , preceding Swing . The AWT is part of the Java Foundation Classes (JFC) — the standard API for providing a graphical user interface (GUI) for a Java program. AWT is also the GUI toolkit for a number of Java ME profiles. For example, Connected Device Configuration profiles require Java runtimes on mobile telephones to support
146-528: A deadlock or race condition. To address this problem, a utility class called SwingWorker allows applications to perform time-consuming tasks following user-interaction events in the event dispatching thread. Where there is a Swing version of an AWT component it will begin with J- and should be used exclusively, replacing the AWT version. For example, in Swing, only use JButton, never Button class. As mentioned above,
219-607: A build of OpenJDK for users of the Windows Azure cloud. Zulu is available as a free download from the community site Zulu.org . It is also possible to get Zulu on Amazon Web Services via Canonical's Juju Charm Store, the Docker Hub, and Azul Systems repositories. Azul contributes bug fixes and enhancements back to the OpenJDK project and has several project committers on staff. Red Hat resigned leadership of OpenJDK 6 at
292-471: A cross-platform look and feel (the "Java Look and Feel") that looks the same on all windowing systems. The AWT provides two levels of APIs : AWT also makes some higher level functionality available to applications, such as: Neither AWT nor Swing is inherently thread safe . Therefore, code that updates the GUI or processes events should execute on the Event dispatching thread . Failure to do so may result in
365-617: A feature release every six months according to a strict, time-based model. Due to Oracle no longer releasing updates for long-term support (LTS) releases under a permissive license, other organizations have begun to publish their own builds, both in regular and long-term support terms. Many Linux distributions offer their own builds through their package manager , including Microsoft Windows . In order to bundle OpenJDK in Fedora and other free Linux distributions, OpenJDK needed to be buildable using only free software components. Due to
438-441: A graphics stack other than one of those provided by the official JDK ( X Window System , OpenGL or DirectX ), by including an external library and setting some system properties. A DirectFB backend for Caciocavallo is under development, as is an HTML5 backend; the aim is to deploy existing Swing applications—without Java support—as ordinary web applications running on a web server. Java (programming language) Java
511-444: A high degree of fidelity to the underlying native windowing toolkit and seamless integration with native applications. In other words, a GUI program written using AWT looks like a native Microsoft Windows application when run on Windows, but the same program looks like a native Apple Macintosh application when run on a Mac, etc. However, some application developers dislike this model because they prefer their applications to look exactly
584-717: A lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the Android SDK (see the Android section). On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle . In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java run-time environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plugin. Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers , game consoles to scientific supercomputers . Oracle (and others) highly recommend uninstalling outdated and unsupported versions of Java, due to unresolved security issues in older versions. There were five primary goals in creating
657-482: A number of other standard servlet classes available, for example for WebSocket communication. The Java servlet API has to some extent been superseded (but still used under the hood) by two standard Java technologies for web services: Typical implementations of these APIs on Application Servers or Servlet Containers use a standard servlet for handling all interactions with the HTTP requests and responses that delegate to
730-440: A small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright. Sun's vice-president Rich Green said that Sun's ideal role with regard to Java was as an evangelist . Following Oracle Corporation 's acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009–10, Oracle has described itself as the steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency. This did not prevent Oracle from filing
803-586: A subject of controversy during the 2010s. The class library contains features such as: Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems . It provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code. Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, i.e. the delimiters are /** and */ , whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are delimited by /* and */ , and single-line comments start with // . OpenJDK OpenJDK ( Open Java Development Kit )
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#1732791128911876-618: Is a free and open-source implementation of the Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE). It is the result of an effort Sun Microsystems began in 2006, four years before the company was acquired by Oracle Corporation . The implementation is licensed under the GNU General Public License 2 with a linking exception , preventing components that linked to the Java Class Library becoming subject to
949-491: Is a high-level , class-based , object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a general-purpose programming language intended to let programmers write once, run anywhere ( WORA ), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need to recompile. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of
1022-626: Is actually two compilers in one; and with GraalVM (included in e.g. Java 11, but removed as of Java 16) allowing tiered compilation . Java itself is platform-independent and is adapted to the particular platform it is to run on by a Java virtual machine (JVM), which translates the Java bytecode into the platform's machine language. Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in C++ . However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with
1095-409: Is implicitly allocated on the stack or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap . In the latter case, the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer. If the program does not deallocate an object, a memory leak occurs. If the program attempts to access or deallocate memory that has already been deallocated, the result is undefined and difficult to predict, and the program
1168-626: Is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object; this can cause a program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory management is not possible in Java. Java does not support C/C++ style pointer arithmetic , where object addresses can be arithmetically manipulated (e.g. by adding or subtracting an offset). This allows the garbage collector to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security. As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data types are either stored directly in fields (for objects) or on
1241-399: Is likely to become unstable or crash. This can be partially remedied by the use of smart pointers , but these add overhead and complexity. Garbage collection does not prevent logical memory leaks, i.e. those where the memory is still referenced but never used. Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally, it will occur when a program is idle. It is guaranteed to be triggered if there
1314-420: Is no longer needed, typically when objects that are no longer needed are stored in containers that are still in use. If methods for a non-existent object are called, a null pointer exception is thrown. One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory management model is that programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual memory management. In some languages, memory for the creation of objects
1387-538: Is supported for interfaces . Java uses comments similar to those of C++. There are three different styles of comments: a single line style marked with two slashes ( // ), a multiple line style opened with /* and closed with */ , and the Javadoc commenting style opened with /** and closed with */ . The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to create documentation for
1460-451: Is the latest version (Java 22, and 20 are no longer maintained). Java 8, 11, 17, and 21 are previous LTS versions still officially supported. James Gosling , Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language
1533-431: Is written inside classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception of the primitive data types, (i.e. integers, floating-point numbers, boolean values , and characters), which are not objects for performance reasons. Java reuses some popular aspects of C++ (such as the printf method). Unlike C++, Java does not support operator overloading or multiple inheritance for classes, though multiple inheritance
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#17327911289111606-593: The ConcurrentMaps and other multi-core collections, and it was improved further with Java 1.6. Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are micro controllers that can run Java bytecode in hardware instead of a software Java virtual machine, and some ARM -based processors could have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle option, though support has mostly been dropped in current implementations of ARM. Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in
1679-693: The Fedora 9 and Ubuntu 8.04 distributions included IcedTea 6, based completely on free and open source code. Fedora 9 was the first version to be shipped with IcedTea6, based on the OpenJDK6 sources from Sun rather than OpenJDK7. It was also the first to use OpenJDK for the package name (via the OpenJDK trademark agreement ) instead of IcedTea. Ubuntu also first packaged IcedTea7 before later moving to IcedTea6. Packages for IcedTea6 were also created for Debian and included in Lenny . On July 12, 2008, Debian accepted OpenJDK-6 in unstable, and it later
1752-632: The Itanium platform was released. The number of external contributions to OpenJDK is growing since project inception. OpenJDK 11, released in September 2018, received 20% of external fixes and brought 17 new JEPs (features), out of which 3 were contributed by the community. Namely, JEP 315: "Improve Aarch64 Intrinsics" (contributed by BellSoft ), JEP 318: "Epsilon: A No-Op Garbage Collector" (by Red Hat) and JEP 331: "Low-Overhead Heap Profiling" (contributed by Google). On October 11, 2010, IBM , by far
1825-552: The encumbered components in the class library and implicit assumptions within the build system that the JDK being used to build OpenJDK was a Sun JDK, this was not possible. To achieve openness, Red Hat started the IcedTea project in June 2007. It began life as an OpenJDK/ GNU Classpath hybrid that could be used to bootstrap OpenJDK, replacing the encumbrances with code from GNU Classpath. On November 5, 2007, Red Hat signed both
1898-418: The object lifecycle . The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an object remain, the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be freed automatically by the garbage collector. Something similar to a memory leak may still occur if a programmer's code holds a reference to an object that
1971-516: The stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as is commonly true for non-primitive data types (but see escape analysis ). This was a conscious decision by Java's designers for performance reasons. Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. Since Java 9, HotSpot uses the Garbage First Garbage Collector (G1GC) as the default. However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage
2044-547: The "Java trap", the vendor lock-in that he argues applied to Java and programs written in Java. Following their promise to release a Java Development Kit (JDK) based almost completely on free and open-source code in the first half of 2007, Sun released the complete source code of the Java Class Library under the GPL on May 8, 2007, except for some limited parts that had been licensed to Sun by third parties and Sun
2117-480: The AWT GUI widgets, because each of them requires that its native peers be developed from scratch. A new project, Caciocavallo , has been created, that provides an OpenJDK -based Java API to ease AWT implementation on new systems. The project has successfully implemented AWT widgets using Java2D . All the necessary core-JDK modifications have since been pushed to OpenJDK 7 , which means that Java can now be used on
2190-420: The AWT core classes, such as Color and Font, are still used as-is in Swing. When drawing in Swing, use JPanel and override paintComponent(Graphics g) instead of using the AWT paint() methods. Before Java 6 Update 12 , mixing Swing components and basic AWT widgets often resulted in undesired side effects, with AWT widgets appearing on top of the Swing widgets regardless of their defined z-order . This problem
2263-565: The Abstract Window Toolkit. When Sun Microsystems first released Java in 1995, AWT widgets provided a thin level of abstraction over the underlying native user-interface. For example, creating an AWT check box would cause AWT directly to call the underlying native subroutine that created a check box. However, the check box on Windows is not the same as the check box on macOS or on the various types of Unix . Some application developers prefer this model because it provides
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2336-589: The BSD one) led by Landon Fuller have expressed interest in joining OpenJDK via the Porters Group. As of January 2008, both are part of the mailing list discussions. Another project pending formalization on the Porters Group is the Haiku Java Team led by Bryan Varner. In December 2007, Sun moved the revision control of OpenJDK from TeamWare to Mercurial (and later to Git and GitHub ), as part of
2409-573: The Java HotSpot virtual machine and compiler as free software under the GNU General Public License on November 13, 2006, with a promise that the rest of the JDK (which includes the Java Runtime Environment ) would be placed under the GPL by March 2007, "except for a few components that Sun does not have the right to publish in source form under the GPL". According to free-software advocate Richard Stallman , this would end
2482-834: The Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects. Either the container operates on all subtypes of a class or interface, usually Object , or a different container class has to be created for each contained class. Generics allow compile-time type checking without having to create many container classes, each containing almost identical code. In addition to enabling more efficient code, certain runtime exceptions are prevented from occurring, by issuing compile-time errors. If Java prevented all runtime type errors ( ClassCastException s) from occurring, it would be type safe . In 2016,
2555-893: The Java language: As of November 2024 , Java 8, 11, 17, and 21 are supported as long-term support (LTS) versions, with Java 25, releasing in September 2025, as the next scheduled LTS version. Oracle released the last zero-cost public update for the legacy version Java 8 LTS in January 2019 for commercial use, although it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Other vendors such as Adoptium continue to offer free builds of OpenJDK's long-term support (LTS) versions. These builds may include additional security patches and bug fixes. Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates: Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its APIs so that they belong to one of
2628-440: The Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate run time support. This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode , instead of directly to architecture-specific machine code . Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code, but they are intended to be executed by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for
2701-491: The OpenJDK project for Mac OS X. Apple will contribute most of the key components, tools and technology required for a Java SE 7 implementation on Mac OS X, including a 32-bit and 64-bit HotSpot-based Java virtual machine, class libraries, a networking stack and the foundation for a new graphical client. On January 11, 2011, the Mac OS X Port Project was created on OpenJDK, and Apple made the first public contribution of code to
2774-633: The Sun Contributor Agreement and the OpenJDK Community TCK License. One of the first benefits of this agreement is tighter alignment with the IcedTea project, which brings together Fedora , the Linux distribution, and JBoss , the application server, technologies in a Linux environment. IcedTea provided free software alternatives for the few remaining proprietary sections in the OpenJDK project. In May 2008,
2847-635: The ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments, while J2ME featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. The desktop version
2920-583: The appearance of OpenJDK 6 in May 2008, less than 1% (the SNMP implementation, which is not part of the Java specification) remained, making it possible to build OpenJDK without any binary plugs. The binary plug requirement was later dropped from OpenJDK 7 as part of b53 in April 2009. This was made possible, over the course of the first year, by the work of Sun Microsystems and the OpenJDK community. Each encumbrance
2993-556: The beginning of 2017 and this was then taken up by Azul Systems. Since April 2016 there are unsupported community builds of OpenJDK for Microsoft Windows on GitHub in the project ojdkbuild which are released in pace with updates for Oracle JDK. From build 8u151 on, the MSI-installer offers an optional component for using Java Web Start based on the IcedTea-Web project. In 2020, a port of OpenJDK 8 to OpenVMS on
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3066-641: The biggest participant in the Apache Harmony project, decided to join Oracle on the OpenJDK project, effectively shifting its efforts from Harmony to OpenJDK. Bob Sutor, IBM's head of Linux and open source, blogged that "IBM will be shifting its development effort from the Apache Project Harmony to OpenJDK". On November 12, 2010, Apple Inc. (just three weeks after deprecating its own Java runtime port ) and Oracle Corporation announced
3139-628: The company access to the test suite that determines whether a project based on OpenJDK complies with the Java SE 6 specification). Also in November 2007, the Porters Group was created on OpenJDK to aid in efforts to port OpenJDK to different processor architectures and operating systems . The BSD porting project led by Kurt Miller and Greg Lewis and the Mac OS X porting project (based on
3212-487: The compatibility tests in the Java SE 6 TCK . Since August 2008, OpenJDK 7 is usable on macOS and other BSD variants. On Android Nougat , OpenJDK replaced the now-discontinued Apache Harmony as the Java libraries in the source code of the mobile operating system . Google was in a legal dispute with Oracle over claims of copyright and patent infringement through its use of re-implementations of copyrighted Java APIs via Harmony. While also stating that this change
3285-531: The generated servlet creates the response. Swing is a graphical user interface library for the Java SE platform. It is possible to specify a different look and feel through the pluggable look and feel system of Swing. Clones of Windows , GTK+ , and Motif are supplied by Sun. Apple also provides an Aqua look and feel for macOS . Where prior implementations of these looks and feels may have been considered lacking, Swing in Java SE 6 addresses this problem by using more native GUI widget drawing routines of
3358-596: The heap, such as the Z Garbage Collector (ZGC) introduced in Java 11, and Shenandoah GC, introduced in Java 12 but unavailable in Oracle-produced OpenJDK builds. Shenandoah is instead available in third-party builds of OpenJDK, such as Eclipse Temurin . For most applications in Java, G1GC is sufficient. In prior versions of Java, such as Java 8, the Parallel Garbage Collector was used as the default garbage collector. Having solved
3431-658: The host hardware. End-users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their device for standalone Java applications or a web browser for Java applets . Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading , and networking . The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple. However, the overhead of interpreting bytecode into machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native executables . Just-in-time (JIT) compilers that compile byte-codes to machine code during runtime were introduced from an early stage. Java's Hotspot compiler
3504-556: The implementation of floating-point arithmetic, and a history of security vulnerabilities in the primary Java VM implementation HotSpot . Developers have criticized the complexity and verbosity of the Java Persistence API (JPA), a standard part of Java EE. This has led to increased adoption of higher-level abstractions like Spring Data JPA, which aims to simplify database operations and reduce boilerplate code. The growing popularity of such frameworks suggests limitations in
3577-537: The introduction of just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1 , the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner classes, the StringBuilder class, optional assertions, etc.), and optimizations in the Java virtual machine, such as HotSpot becoming Sun's default JVM in 2000. With Java 1.5, the performance was improved with the addition of the java.util.concurrent package, including lock-free implementations of
3650-455: The memory management problem does not relieve the programmer of the burden of handling properly other kinds of resources, like network or database connections, file handles, etc., especially in the presence of exceptions. The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++ and C . Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language. All code
3723-496: The platforms. The platforms are: The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages . Each package contains a set of related interfaces , classes, subpackages and exceptions . Sun also provided an edition called Personal Java that has been superseded by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings. One design goal of Java is portability , which means that programs written for
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#17327911289113796-522: The process of releasing it to open-source communities. OpenJDK has comparatively strict procedures of accepting code contributions: every proposed contribution must be reviewed by another OpenJDK committer and the contributor must have signed the Sun/Oracle Contributor Agreement (SCA/OCA). Preferably, there should also be a jtreg test demonstrating the bug has been fixed. Initially, the external patch submission process
3869-451: The program and can be read by some integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse to allow developers to access documentation within the IDE. The following is a simple example of a "Hello, World!" program that writes a message to the standard output : Java applets are programs embedded in other applications, mainly in web pages displayed in web browsers. The Java applet API
3942-878: The project. The initial Apple contribution built on the OpenJDK BSD port. In July 2011, SAP AG announced that SAP officially joined the OpenJDK project. The OpenJDK project produces a number of components: most importantly the virtual machine ( HotSpot ), the Java Class Library and the Java compiler ( javac ). The Web browser plugin and Web Start , which form part of Oracle Java , are not included in OpenJDK. Sun previously indicated that they would try to open-source these components, but neither Sun nor Oracle Corporation have done so. The only currently available free plugin and Web Start implementations as of 2016 are those provided by IcedTea . OpenJDK 9+ supports AOT compilation ( jaotc ) using GraalVM (JEP 295). The experimental -XX:+EnableJVMCIProduct flag enables
4015-486: The same on every platform. In J2SE 1.2 , the Swing toolkit largely superseded the AWT's widgets. In addition to providing a richer set of UI widgets, Swing draws its own widgets (by using Java 2D to call into low-level subroutines in the local graphics subsystem) instead of relying on the operating system's high-level user interface module. Swing provides the option of using either the native platform's "look and feel" or
4088-527: The selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System. On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine (JVM) as free and open-source software (FOSS), under the terms of the GPL-2.0-only license. On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of its JVM's core code available under free software /open-source distribution terms, aside from
4161-555: The specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GPL-2.0-only license. Oracle offers its own HotSpot Java Virtual Machine, however the official reference implementation is the OpenJDK JVM which is free open-source software and used by most developers and is the default JVM for almost all Linux distributions. As of September 2024 , Java 23
4234-468: The standard JPA implementation's ease-of-use for modern Java development. The Java Class Library is the standard library , developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by Oracle in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program. Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This process has been
4307-572: The terms of the GPL license. OpenJDK is the official reference implementation of Java SE since version 7, and is the most popular distribution of the JDK. Sun announced in JavaOne 2006 that Java would become open-source software, and on October 25, 2006, at the Oracle OpenWorld conference, Jonathan Schwartz said that the company intended to announce the open-sourcing of the core Java Platform within 30 to 60 days. Sun released
4380-409: The type system of Java was proven unsound in that it is possible to use generics to construct classes and methods that allow assignment of an instance one class to a variable of another unrelated class. Such code is accepted by the compiler, but fails at run time with a class cast exception. Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics, speed, the handling of unsigned numbers,
4453-434: The underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. The Java runtime provides dynamic capabilities (such as reflection and runtime code modification) that are typically not available in traditional compiled languages. Java gained popularity shortly after its release, and has been a very popular programming language since then. Java
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#17327911289114526-571: The underlying platforms. JavaFX is a software platform for creating and delivering desktop applications , as well as rich web applications that can run across a wide variety of devices. JavaFX is intended to replace Swing as the standard GUI library for Java SE , but since JDK 11 JavaFX has not been in the core JDK and instead in a separate module. JavaFX has support for desktop computers and web browsers on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . JavaFX does not have support for native OS look and feels. In 2004, generics were added to
4599-606: The use of Graal JIT (JEP 317). OpenJDK was initially based only on the JDK 7 version of the Java platform. Since JDK 10, the effort to produce an open-source reference implementation of the Java SE Platform was moved over to the JDK Project. Unlike past JDK Release Projects, which produced just one feature release and then terminated, this long-running project will produce all future JDK feature releases and will ship
4672-417: The web service methods for the actual business logic. JavaServer Pages ( JSP ) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses, typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients . JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special delimiters <% and %> . A JSP is compiled to a Java servlet , a Java application in its own right, the first time it is accessed. After that,
4745-432: Was because the rendering architecture of the two widget toolkits was very different, despite Swing borrowing heavyweight top containers from AWT. Starting in Java 6 Update 12 , it is possible to mix Swing and AWT widgets without having z-order problems. As the AWT is a bridge to the underlying native user-interface, its implementation on a new operating system may involve a lot of work, especially if it involves any of
4818-440: Was deprecated with the release of Java 9 in 2017. Java servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are server-side Java EE components that generate responses to requests from clients . Most of the time, this means generating HTML pages in response to HTTP requests, although there are
4891-586: Was either released as free and open-source software or replaced with an alternative. Beginning in December 2010, all the so-called binary plugs were replaced by open-source replacements, making the whole JDK open sourced and the binary plugs not necessary anymore. On November 5, 2007, Red Hat announced an agreement with Sun, signing Sun's broad contributor agreement (which covers participation in all Sun-led free and open-source software projects by all Red Hat engineers) and Sun's OpenJDK Community Technology Compatibility Kit (TCK) License Agreement (which gives
4964-517: Was included in stable . OpenJDK is also available on openSUSE , Red Hat Enterprise Linux and RHEL derivatives such as CentOS . In June 2008, Red Hat announced that the packaged binaries for OpenJDK on Fedora 9 , built using IcedTea 6, had passed the Technology Compatibility Kit tests and could claim to be a fully compatible Java 6 implementation. In July 2009, an IcedTea 6 binary build for Ubuntu 9.04 passed all of
5037-665: Was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java , from Java coffee , a type of coffee from Indonesia . Gosling designed Java with a C / C++ -style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar. Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996. It promised write once, run anywhere (WORA) functionality, providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms . Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated
5110-689: Was renamed J2SE. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE , Java ME , and Java SE , respectively. In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java remains a de facto standard , controlled through the Java Community Process . At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through
5183-506: Was slow and, until September 2008, commits to the codebase were only made by Sun engineers. The process has improved and, as of 2010 , simple patches and backports from OpenJDK 7 to OpenJDK 6 can take place within hours rather than days. In 2011, an unofficial port of OpenJDK 6.0 to OS/2 was first released. This port is included in the OS/2 derivative ArcaOS . On 25 September 2013, Microsoft and Azul Systems collaborated to create Zulu,
5256-576: Was the third most popular programming language in 2022 according to GitHub . Although still widely popular, there has been a gradual decline in use of Java in recent years with other languages using JVM gaining popularity. Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems . It was released in May 1995 as a core component of Sun's Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007, in compliance with
5329-413: Was unable to re-license under the GPL. Included in the list of encumbered parts were several major components of the Java graphical user interface (GUI). Sun stated that it planned to replace the remaining proprietary components with alternative implementations and to make the class library completely free. When initially released in May 2007, 4% of the OpenJDK class library remained proprietary. By
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