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71-646: James Flint may refer to: James Flint (merchant) (1720-?), 18th century British diplomat and merchant James Flint (1733–1810), Scottish surgeon, co-founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh James Flint (architect) (1862–1894), Australian architect James Flint (RAF officer) (1913–2013), British businessman and officer Bruiser Flint (James Flint, born 1965), American basketball coach James Flint (novelist) (born 1968), British novelist Captain Flint ,

142-667: A humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) with four distinctive seasons, characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and dry winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is 17.6 °C (63.7 °F), with monthly daily averages ranging from 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) in January to 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −8.8 °C (16 °F) on 12 January 1955 to 42.1 °C (108 °F) on 8 August 2013. The city receives an average annual rainfall of 1,430 mm (56 in) and

213-711: A fictional character, created by Robert Louis Stevenson Captain James Flint , a fictional character in the Swallows and Amazons series of books [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Flint&oldid=1187495195 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

284-451: A half. The city now serves as the economic center for the southern Yangtze River Delta and has been ranked among the most competitive cities in China. In 2009 Ningbo's economic activity reached US$ 60.8 billion, down 10.4 percent from 2008. The exports totaled US$ 38.65 billion, down 16.6 percent from the previous year. In addition, Ningbo imported US$ 22.16 billion of goods, up 3.1 percent from

355-611: A major port for foreign trade. As of 2020, the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from the Jingtou Mountain site in Yuyao. These relics date back to 6300 BC, evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice, farming tools, remains of dry fence buildings, remains of domestic livestock, and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of

426-539: A port nearby. Between 1755 and 1757, Flint and his associates made successive sea voyages north to trade at Ningbo in Zhejiang Province. Qing officials knew that allowing Sino-British commerce in Zhejiang would undoubtedly bring increased prosperity to the province and spur its development. However, given the length of time that foreign trade had been focused on Canton, a powerful interest group comprising

497-758: A position at the Company factory in Canton where he considered British trade unsatisfactory even though at that time it surpassed that of the French and the Dutch. In 1746 Flint took passage on the Company ship Tavistock and became "Linguist to all our Supra Cargoes in general", receiving 90 taels of silver per ship and accommodation at the Company's factories. During the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)

568-744: A result of Flint's actions. With the East India Company unwilling to abide by this new prohibition, in May 1759 James Flint once again left Canton and sailed north for Ningbo. However, when he arrived in Dinghai (定海), at that time known as Chusan, he found a contingent of the Qing army waiting, who advised him to return south. The next month Flint left Dinghai but instead of returning to Canton he made straight for Tianjin . On 24 June he arrived outside Tianjin and announced himself as an English official of

639-490: Is a city with very rich tourist resources. The following is a list of the main tourist attractions authorized by the Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Television and Tourism in each subdivision of Ningbo city. Many well known Chinese came from Ningbo or have Ningbo as their ancestral home . The Hangzhou Bay Bridge , a combination cable-stayed bridge and causeway across Hangzhou Bay, opened to

710-528: Is affected by the plum rains of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. From August to October, Ningbo experiences the effects of typhoons , and is affected by an average 1.8 storms annually, though the city is not often struck directly by these systems. A 2012 OECD study lists Ningbo among the top 20 cities worldwide most at risk of flooding due to anthropogenic climate change. Ningbo

781-510: Is among the cities in China which are implementing sponge city strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Local officers of Ningbo Administrative divisions of Ningbo The sub-provincial city of Ningbo is as whole an urban group with one central group, one northern group, and one southern group. It has direct jurisdiction over the following: Ningbo is an important port city located 220 kilometers (140 mi) south of Shanghai . The city's export industry dates back to

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852-606: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages James Flint (merchant) James Flint ( Chinese name : 洪任輝, Hóng Rènhuī , 1720 — unknown) was an 18th-century British merchant and diplomat employed by the East India Company and noted for his role in precipitating the Canton System of Chinese trade with the West. One of the first English people to learn

923-539: Is one of the 15 free trade zones authorized by the State Council of China and is the only free trade zone in Zhejiang Province. It was established by State Council in 1992, covering the area of 2.3 km (0.89 sq mi). It lies in the middle of the coastline of mainland China, at the south of Yangtze River Delta. In 2008, its industrial output value was RMB 53.33 billion and grew at 19.8 percent as compared to 2007. The Nordic Industrial Park Co. Ltd. (NIP)

994-553: Is one of the first wholly foreign-owned industrial parks in China located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. NIP is managed and operated by a Scandinavian management team. The Ningbo Advertising Park is a national level pilot park located in the Ningbo Southern Business District. The financial incentives have attracted over 300 relevant firms to establish operations. Unlike other Chinese cities, Ningbo has

1065-673: Is outcompeting Shanghai for the preeminent Chinese east coast port. Ningbo is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the south, via Singapore towards the southern tip of India , via Mombasa to the Mediterranean, and from there via Athens to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and Eastern Europe . Due to its long history and economic prosperity, Ningbo

1136-572: The 2020 Chinese national census , the entire administrated area of Ningbo City had a population of 9.4 million (9,404,283). Ningbo is one of the 15 sub-provincial cities in China, and is one of the five separate state-planning cities in China (the other four being Dalian , Qingdao , Xiamen , and Shenzhen ), with the municipality possessing a separate state-planning status in many economic departments, rather than being governed by Zhejiang Province . Therefore, Ningbo has provincial-level autonomy in making economic and financial policies. In 2022,

1207-691: The Battle of Ningpo on 10 March 1842. In 1861, the forces of the Taiping Kingdom took the city relatively unopposed as the defending garrison and all Ningbo residents fled except for the Jews and Persians ; they held the town for six months. In March 1885, during the Sino-French War , Admiral Courbet's naval squadron blockaded several Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay and exchanged fire with

1278-812: The Chinese language , Flint broke Qing dynasty court protocol through a direct complaint to the Qianlong Emperor , which led to three years of detention in the Portuguese colony of Macau . In later life, he was jointly responsible for the introduction of the soybean to North America. Left in China as a teenage boy by Captain Rigby of the Honourable East India Company ship Normanton in 1736, Flint grew to adulthood speaking Mandarin Chinese . For reasons unknown, he adopted or

1349-467: The GDP of Ningbo was CNY 1570,43 billion (US$ 233.479 billion), and it was ranked 12th among 293 cities in China. Moreover, Ningbo is among the wealthiest cities in China; it ranked 8th in terms of average yearly disposable income in the year of 2020. As of 2020, Ningbo has global headquarters and registered offices of over 100 listed companies, and many regional business headquarters. In 2021, Ningbo featured

1420-741: The Hemudu culture (5000–4500 BC), evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain, where modern-day Ningbo city is located. Before the Han dynasty , the area where Ningbo City is located today was sparsely populated. In the Xia dynasty , the location of Ningbo was called "Yin". In the Spring and Autumn period , the area where Ningbo belonged was the Yue State . At that time,

1491-638: The Treaty of Nanjing signed in 1842 at the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and China. During the war, British forces briefly took possession of the walled city of Ningbo after storming the fortified town of Zhenhai at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10, 1841. The British subsequently repulsed a Chinese attempt to retake the city in

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1562-536: The Xiangshan Peninsula ( 象山半岛 ) in Xiangshan County . The Siming Mountains ( 四明山 ) run north from Mount Tiantai and within Ningbo City, traversing Yuyao City , Haishu District , and Fenghua District , and reaching a height of 979 m (3,212 ft). Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however, large areas have been reclaimed for agricultural purposes. Ningbo has

1633-741: The Xiaoshan–Ningbo Railway (Xiaoyong Line), which runs west to Hangzhou ; the Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou (Yongtaiwen) Railway , which runs south to Wenzhou ; and the Hangzhou–Ningbo High-Speed Railway , which runs parallel to the Xiaoyong Line providing high-speed railway service. With the booming economy in the region, the Xiaoyong Railway, a conventional railway built in the 1950s, could not meet

1704-489: The bubonic plague . An outbreak of bubonic plague followed. Bacteriologist Huang Ketai reported that at least 109 people died from the plague in Ningbo in November and December 1940. According to Daniel Barenblatt, imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo was recorded on film in 1940. Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28° 51' to 30° 33' N and in longitude from 120° 55' to 122° 16' E, bounded on

1775-511: The 1750s the British economy had undergone significant development such that Canton could no longer satisfy the trade volumes required by the East India Company. A group of foreign businessmen headed by Flint and already disgruntled by illegal extortion on the part of the Canton customs bureau stood ready to purchase large quantities of raw silk, tea and Nankeen cloth from their point of origin or

1846-499: The 7th century. Today, Ningbo is a major exporter of electrical products, textiles, food, and industrial tools. The city's private sector is especially well-developed, contributing 80 percent of total GDP in 2013. Historically, Ningbo was somewhat geographically isolated from other major cities. In 2007 the Hangzhou Bay Bridge was built, cutting highway transit time between Ningbo and Shanghai from four hours to two and

1917-512: The Chinese authors of Flint's complaint were particularly heinous. After investigation and analysis of the document, Qianlong concluded that it had been written in collusion with Liu Yabian (刘亚匾), a Sichuanese merchant, and subsequently edited by Lin Huan (林怀), a Fujianese translator employed by the East India Company in Batavia (now Jakarta , Indonesia). Qianlong then ordered Li Shibiao to gather

1988-463: The Company remained comparatively powerful and expanded its business in China. Nevertheless, its trade volume still lagged behind that of its combined European competitors. Under these circumstances the Company became anxious to expand its trade into China's interior. With trading conditions in Canton unsatisfactory, the British decided to reopen their former trade in Ningbo and other northern ports. By

2059-407: The Company ship Horsenden bound for England. In total, he earned £8,500 from 1760–66, £6,500 of which was from commission as a supercargo and £2,000 for "hardships suffered" including his imprisonment for three years between December 1759 and November 1762. During his years in China, Flint had ample opportunity to examine Chinese agriculture practices at first hand. As a result, on his return from

2130-576: The East he teamed up with fellow former East India Company employee Samuel Bowen , whom he had met on board the Company ship Success back in 1759, to introduce the soybean to North America. Bowen, possibly with funding from Flint, acquired land in Georgia where he produced soy sauce and soy vermicelli noodles. In 1770, Flint corresponded with noted U.S. statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin on

2201-751: The Fourth Grade ( sìpǐn , 四品), which would place him approximately halfway down the hierarchy of Chinese officialdom. He explained that he had previously traded in Guangdong and Macau but that the merchant Li Guanghua (黎光华) had not paid the silver he owed. Flint continued that he had complained to Li Yongbiao (李永标), the Hoppo (Guangdong Customs Supervisor) and Li Shiyao (李侍尧), the Governor-general of Liangguang but they both had refused to listen to his grievances so he came to Ningbo. Now, he said, at

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2272-455: The Hong merchants in Canton, where Liu Yabian was publicly executed as an object lesson in what would happen to Chinese citizens who aided "barbarians". Despite Lin Huan's remote location, Qianlong secured his return to face punishment and he too was executed. At the same time he ordered the apprehension and interrogation of any members of Lin's family attempting to leave the country. The effect of

2343-401: The Portuguese had a sizable community in Ningbo (or, more likely, on nearby small islands such as Shuangyu ). Portuguese activities from their Ningbo base included pillaging and attacking multiple Chinese port cities around Ningbo. They also enslaved people during their raids. The Portuguese were ousted from the Ningbo area in 1548. Ningbo was one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by

2414-538: The Qing Court proclaimed the "Vigilance Towards Foreign Barbarian Regulations" ( Fángfàn wàiyí guītiáo , 防范外夷规条), also known as the ( Fáng yí wŭ shì , 防夷五事, literally, "Five counter-measures against the barbarians"), which amongst other things forbade foreign trade in the winter and forced western merchants to live in the Thirteen Factories . After Flint's release he was taken to Whampoa where he boarded

2485-544: The State must be thoroughly investigated in accordance with the clear laws of the Celestial Empire . The emperor went on to say that if Flint's complaint turned out to be true, Li Yongbiao and the others responsible would be publicly executed. Accompanied by a specially chosen Qing official, Flint found himself rushed back to Canton by land, the first British subject to ever make that journey. The General Commanding

2556-614: The Tang dynasty in 636 AD, reflecting the enduring history of Ningbo. While the original Sun Lake dried up during the 19th century, the Ningbo government embarked on its restoration in 2002. Ningbo is one of China's oldest cities, with a history dating to the Jingtou Mountain Culture in 6300 BC and Hemudu culture in 4800 BC. Ningbo was known as a trade city on the Silk Road at least two thousand years ago, and later as

2627-711: The Troops in Fuzhou (福州将军), Xin Zhu (新柱), hurried to Guangdong to conduct the investigation. There, he and Qianlong's chosen official arrested Li Yongbiao and Li Shiyao then confronted them with Flint's complaint, which listed seven grievances. However, the Englishman's real purpose in coming to Ningbo in the first place was to break through the single port commerce system and trade there –he had clearly stated on arrival in Dinghai that

2698-578: The Yue King Goujian built Juzhang City in the present-day Cicheng Town, which became the earliest city in Ningbo. In the latter half of the Warring States period, the area of Ningbo became the jurisdiction of Chu State . In 221 BC, Qin unified the six states and the Ningbo area was delegated to Kuaiji Commandery , with three counties of Yin, Yin, and Juzhang (some studies assert there were four counties of Yin, Yin, Juzhang, and Yuyao). In

2769-464: The behest of British Officials, he had come to Tianjin to request that his complaint be heard in Beijing. The Governor-general of Zhili , whose jurisdiction extended over Tianjin, then undertook to report Flint's complaint to Qianlong. Thus began a diplomatic incident that would become known as the "Flint Affair". On receipt of the complaint Qianlong responded: " This matter concerning a foreigner and

2840-446: The city, which has also attracted more than 10,000 foreigners. The municipal government offers preferential policies designed to encourage investment in international trade, new strategic industries, manufacturing, information services, and creative industries. Located in the north-east of Ningbo, behind Beilun Port, NETD is 27 km (17 mi) away from the city center. With more than 20 years of great effort, NETD has already formed

2911-405: The country forever. In dealing with the seven specific complaints in Flint's petition, the Qing court outlawed the multiple forms of extortion in the form of gifts from merchants to officials known as guīlǐ (规礼) or "customary charges"; Chinese merchants owing the foreign traders silver would be pressured to pay; taxes due on the provisions aboard a foreign ship on departure would be abolished and

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2982-461: The demand for railway travel between Zhejiang's two largest cities, so construction of a new high-speed railway line between Hangzhou and Ningbo started in 2009. The new railway line was finished in 2013 and reduced travel time between Ningbo and Hangzhou to 50 minutes. The Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou Railway is a high-speed railway that opened in September 2009. It connects Ningbo with cities along

3053-764: The early years of the Western Han dynasty, Kuaiji Commandery belonged to the Kingdom of Jing and Wu. After the Seven Kingdoms was settled, Kuaiji Commandery was restored. In 589 AD (Sui Kai Huang nine years), the counties were merged under the Wu kingdom. Since the Tang dynasty , Ningbo has been an important commercial port. Arab traders lived in Ningbo during the Song dynasty when it was known as Mingzhou or Siming, since

3124-615: The east by the East China Sea and Zhoushan Archipelago ; on the north by Hangzhou Bay , across which it faces Jiaxing and Shanghai ; on the west by Shaoxing ; and on the south by Taizhou . Its land area is 9,816 square kilometers (3,790 sq mi), while its oceanic territory amounts to 9,758 km (3,768 sq mi); there is a total 1,562 km (971 mi) of coastline, including 788 km (490 mi) of mainland coastline and 774 km (481 mi) of island coastline that together accounting for one-third of

3195-428: The entire provincial coastline. There are 531 islands accounting for 524 km (202 sq mi) under the city's administration. Ningbo's city proper is sandwiched between the ocean and low-lying mountains to the southwest, with coastal plain and valleys in between. Important peninsulas include the Chuanshan Peninsula ( 穿山半岛 ), located in Beilun District and containing mainland Zhejiang's easternmost point, and

3266-434: The eponymous "Yong Hill" ( 甬山 ), a prominent coastal hill near the city, and the Yong River that flows through Ningbo city. Formerly known as Mingzhou (明州; Míngzhōu), Ningbo boasts a rich historical background. The name Mingzhou is derived from the characters " 明 " (Míng), which symbolizes the presence of two lakes within the city walls: the Sun Lake (日湖) and the Moon Lake (月湖). This nomenclature traces its roots back to

3337-427: The fact that, after a major flood destroyed Torah scrolls in Kaifeng in 1642, a replacement was sent to the Kaifeng Jews by the Jews at Ningbo. The city of Ningbo was known in Europe for a long time under the name of Liampó. This was the usual spelling used, for example in the standard Portuguese history, João de Barros 's Décadas da Ásia , although Barros explained that Liampó was a Portuguese "corruption" of

3408-505: The general framework for large scale construction and development, and established the perfect investment environment. It is situated close to the Ningbo Port and Ningbo Lishe International Airport. Major Investors include ExxonMobil , Dupont and Dow Chemical . The Ningbo Daxie Development Zone was approved in 1993 and covers an area of 5.92 km (2.29 sq mi). Over more than ten years of development and construction, industrial and logistical foundations have been established in

3479-445: The governments of China, Japan, and Korea in 2016. From 1842, Ningbo was one of the first five treaty ports opened up to the West. Ningbo is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index . The first character in the city's name ning ( 宁 or 寧 ) means "serene", while its second character bo ( 波 ) translates to "wave". The city is abbreviated " 甬 " ( pinyin : Yǒng ) for

3550-438: The local Chinese merchants, customs officials and Qing scholar-bureaucrats had developed there. This faction enjoyed a monopoly on trade and its associated corruption and extortion from which it extracted the maximum benefit. They were naturally unwilling to allow any part of their interests in Canton to be transferred to the north. Meanwhile, Zhejiang possessed a number of potential foreign trade ports but opening them up would have

3621-455: The main body of the bridge and an 8 kilometer long tunnel. The port of Ningbo is the world's busiest port. It was ranked number 1 in total Cargo Volume (1.22 billion tonnes in 2021 ) and number 3 in total container traffic (31.1 million TEUs in 2021) since 2019. Ningbo Lishe International Airport connects Ningbo by air to the rest of China, with regularly scheduled domestic and international flights. Three railway lines intersect in Ningbo:

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3692-456: The more correct Nimpó. The spelling Liampó is also attested to in the Peregrination ( Peregrinação ) by Fernão Mendes Pinto , a (so-called) autobiography written in Portuguese during the 16th century. For the mid-16th-century Portuguese, the nearby promontory, which they called the cape of Liampó after the nearby "illustrious city", was the easternmost known point of the mainland Asia. The Portuguese began trading in Ningbo around 1522. By 1542,

3763-411: The ocean-going trade passages took precedence over land trade during this time. It was a well known center of ocean-going commerce with the foreign world. These merchants did not intermingle with native Chinese, instead practicing their own customs and religion and inhabiting ghettos. They did not try to proselytize Islam to the Chinese. There was also a large Jewish community in Ningbo, as evidenced by

3834-402: The order was such that residents along the coast no longer dared to use their familiar sea routes to Jakarta. As for Flint, for the crime of "barbarian" collusion with Chinese "scoundrels" to create a petition that attempted to overthrow the single port trade system, Qianlong ordered him imprisoned in Macau for the term of three years. Thereafter he would be deported from China and banished from

3905-427: The previous year. Ningbo's economy grew 9.26 percent in 2013 to 712.89 billion yuan (US$ 115.12 billion). In 2009, the city's per capita output was US$ 10,833, about three times the national average. With several important development zones established in or around Ningbo, the city has received considerable foreign investment. Over 60 domestic and foreign-invested financial institutions have established operations in

3976-626: The public on 1 May 2008. This bridge connects the municipalities of Shanghai and Ningbo and is considered the longest trans-oceanic bridge in the world. It is the world's second-longest bridge, after the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in Louisiana , United States. The Jintang Bridge, a four-lane sea crossing bridge linking Jintang Island of Zhoushan and Zhenhai district, is a 27 km (17 mi) long opened on December 26, 2009. The Xiangshan Harbor Bridge opened to traffic on December 29, 2012, connecting Ningbo with Xiangshan. The 47 km (29 mi) long project includes 22 km (14 mi) as

4047-421: The rear of his ship was packed with silver. While Flint was back in Canton, the British merchant ship Chesterfield arrived in the waters off Zhejiang, but its offer to trade met with a blunt refusal. The vessel's captain then claimed that he needed to stay for a few days to repair the ship's sails but after a short standoff, the merchantman withdrew. Qianlong viewed the episode with suspicion –he believed that

4118-511: The region, such as Shanghai 's Yangshan Deep-Water Port. Statistics in 2010 showed that total cargo throughput was 627,000,000 tonnes and container throughput 13,144,000 TEUs. In 2021, total cargo throughput was 1,224,050,000 tonnes, including 31,080,000 TEUs. Ningbo proper saw 623,400,000 tonnes and 29,370,000 TEUs, while Zhoushan saw 600,650,000 tonnes and 1,710 000,TEUs. Thus, with bulk container breakdowns, hugely improved logistics, and massive chemical and foodstuff, processing developments, Ningbo

4189-439: The rich produce available in China, there was no urgent need to acquire trifling products from abroad, a sentiment that he would echo several decades hence when he received the 1793 Macartney Embassy . The single port trading system based around Canton would remain in force, thus dashing Flint's hopes for the opening up of Zhejiang. Worse still, in order to keep a tighter rein on foreign traders in Canton, on 24   December 1759

4260-488: The same authority as provincial governments for economic administration and is the largest port in the world in terms of annual cargo throughput. In contrast to Shanghai, the port is deep-water and capable of handling 300,000 ton vessels. The port is located mainly in Beilun district and Zhenhai district. In 2006 Ningbo Port started its expansion towards the neighboring island city of Zhoushan to build an even larger port with higher capacity to compete with neighboring ports in

4331-431: The seventh most listed companies of all cities in China. Furthermore, Ningbo was among the top 10 Chinese cities in the Urban Business Environment Report released by the Chinese state media China Central Television (CCTV) in 2019. As a city with rich culture and a long history dating back to the Jingtou Mountain Culture in 6300 BC and the Hemudu culture in 4800 BC, Ningbo was awarded "City of Culture in East Asia" by

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4402-903: The ship's arrival was connected with Flint's complaint, which would serve as a distraction while his co-conspirator aboard the Chesterfield tried to open the ports of Zhejiang to trade. The Chesterfield and its crew would never been seen again. Qianlong's basis for deciding Flint's case focused on three principles: According to written testimony from Li Shiyao, Li Yongbiao had not embezzled any government funds and had purchased goods on his own account for which he had not received compensation. Nevertheless, some of his relatives had taken delivery of goods from foreign traders and failed to pay for them. After deciding that Li Youngbiao had been blackmailed by his relatives, Qianlong stripped him of his position and sent him into exile. Li's relatives, along with other implicated Guangdong customs officials, suffered varying degrees of punishment. The emperor further ruled that

4473-414: The shore defenses. Ningbo was also once famed for traditional Chinese furniture production, and western encyclopedias described Ningbo as a center of craftsmanship and industry. During the 1800s Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate Portuguese pirates who had raided Canton shipping around Ningbo. The massacre was "successful", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Cantonese dead. It

4544-455: The subject of how the Chinese converted callivances (soybeans) into tofu . Flint's letter is the earliest documented use of the word "tofu" in the English language. Ningbo Ningbo is the core city and center of the Ningbo Metropolitan Area . To the north, Hangzhou Bay separates Ningbo from Shanghai ; to the east lies Zhoushan in the East China Sea ; on the west and south, Ningbo borders Shaoxing and Taizhou respectively. As of

4615-416: The subsequently-expanded Guangdong fleet could more effectively guard and monitor them. In 1757, the Qianlong Emperor responded to pressure from his officials and implemented a new foreign trade policy whereby all ships from overseas were barred from every Chinese port with the exception of Canton. Known in Chinese as Yī kŏu tōngshāng (一口通商 "Single port commerce system"), the Canton System arose in part as

4686-400: The system of Chinese merchants standing surety for visiting traders would remain. Although Qianlong's punishment of Li Yongbiao partially satisfied Flint's demands, forbidding extortion and the enforcing the rules of the merchant guarantee system hardly proved concessionary. Furthermore, Qianlong ordered the Grand Minister ( Dàchén ,大臣) for Guangdong to inform the foreign traders that with all

4757-427: The unsettling side effect of creating additional responsibility for local officials. As a result, Yang Yingju ( zh: 杨应琚 ), Governor-general of Min-Zhe and responsible for Zhejiang, lobbied officials in Beijing for a prohibition of trade in Ningbo. Moreover, the emperor received reports regarding the presence of armed Western merchant ships all along the coast, urging him to concentrate the Westerners in Guangzhou where

4828-586: The zone for the transshipment of energy, liquid chemicals and containers. Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1999 and was upgraded to a national level zone in January 2007. It is 10 km (6.2 mi) from Ningbo International Airport and 18 km (11 mi) away from Ningbo Port. The zone serves as the important technical innovation base of Yangtze River Delta. Industries encouraged include chemicals production and processing, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, raw material processing, Research and Development. Ningbo Free Trade Zone

4899-483: Was appointed as a missionary to China by the Church of England Missionary Society , and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858. His time was chiefly divided between Ningpo and another mission station he began at Hang-chow. He wrote Christian publications in the Ningbo dialect . During WWII in 1940, between 80% and 90% of Ningbo's population fled Ningbo, leaving primarily the elderly behind. The Japanese bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying

4970-540: Was dubbed " The Ningpo Massacre " by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Cantonese Chinese, and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates. During the late Qing era, Western missionaries set up a Presbyterian Church in Ningbo. Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church. The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch. The four trustees were natives of Ningbo, and three of them had Taotai rank. Rev. George Evans Moule, B.A.,

5041-440: Was given the Chinese name Hóng Rènhuī (洪任辉) and in 1739 departed for Bombay and other East India Company run locations. Three years later he returned to China to continue his language studies, for which, according to scholar H.B. Morse the Company provided funding. As a result, some 136 years after its foundation James Flint became the Company's Chinese interpreter and the first such individual in British history. In 1741 he took up

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