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53-630: The park covers 1,958,203.56 hectares (4,838,826.4 acres), mostly in the Amazon biome . It is the third largest in Brazil. It contains parts of the municipalities of Apuí and Maués in Amazonas, and Cotriguaçu , Nova Bandeirantes and Apiacás in Mato Grosso. It adjoins the 808,312 hectares (1,997,380 acres) Sucunduri State Park in the municipality of Apuí. The Igarapés do Juruena State Park to

106-657: A campaign against the energy project, which would flood an area of over 40,000 hectares (99,000 acres). In September 2014 the federal government withdrew its proposal. The dams would have flooded parts of the Juruena National Park, Igarapés do Juruena State Park and the Escondido and Apiaká do Pontal indigenous territories in Mato Grosso, and would have affected part of the Sucunduri State Park in Amazonas and other indigenous territories. The park

159-909: A large area of this habitat. Of the 1,149 federal and state protected areas in Brazil in 2014, 247 covering 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000 sq mi) were in the Amazon biome and accounted for 73% of the total area protected at the federal and state levels in Brazil. Federal units covered 587,000 square kilometres (227,000 sq mi) and state units covered 523,000 square kilometres (202,000 sq mi). These included fully protected national and state parks (22%), ecological stations (9%), biological reserves (4%) and wildlife refuges as well as sustainable use national and state forests (26%), environmental protection areas (17%), extractive reserves (12%), sustainable development reserves (10%),and areas of ecological interest . More than 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) of

212-666: A similar scope, where the Amazon biome includes the Guiana Shield rain forests in the north and the Chiquitano dry forests of Bolivia. The biome covers parts of Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. In Brazil the biome covers more than 4,100,000 square kilometres (1,600,000 sq mi) and covers all or parts of the states of Acre , Amazonas , Roraima , Rondônia , Pará , Amapá , Maranhão , Tocantins and Mato Grosso . The Amazon biome covers 49.29% of Brazil. 16% of

265-674: Is 1,000 millimetres (39 in). Temperatures range from 17 to 34 °C (63 to 93 °F) with an average of 27 °C (81 °F). The region is a transition zone between the Amazon biome and the xeromorphic formations of the Cerrado biome. The park has 22,771 hectares (56,270 acres) of water and 1,934,229 hectares (4,779,580 acres) of different types of vegetation. 53.4% is dense or open rainforest, and 36.35% consists of contact areas or enclaves of rainforest with other formations such as wooded or park savannah. The remaining land holds semi-deciduous forest or disturbed vegetation. Although there

318-473: Is 2,500 to 3,000 millimetres (98 to 118 in). Tropical soils are generally infertile, and white sand soils are among the most infertile of such soils, primarily composed of quartz sand. The white sands are found on arenaceous sediments on the low terra firme uplands, on natural levees in a flooded Várzea forest , on restinga sand dunes in a coastal lowland, on Cretaceous sandstone plateaus and on hill areas of granitic rocks. The soil type determines

371-531: Is a neotropical ecoregion in the Amazon biome of the north west of Brazil and the east of Colombia that contains vegetation adapted to extremely poor soil. It includes savanna, scrub and forest, and contains many endemic species of fauna and flora. Areas of campinarana, which may cover several thousand square kilometres, are found in the transitional region from the Guyana Shield to the Amazon basin. Large stretches of Campinarana are contained within

424-517: Is carried by winds from the Atlantic, and the other half from evapotranspiration within the biome. There are wide variations in total rainfall and distribution of rainfall throughout the year. The Amazon watershed covers about 5,846,100 square kilometres (2,257,200 sq mi). The Amazon River accounts for 15–16% of the total water discharged by rivers into the oceans of the world. Rivers may be blackwater , whitewater or clearwater. Thus

477-468: Is classed as IUCN protected area category II (national park). The basic objective is to preserve natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty such as the waterfalls of the Juruena River at Salto Augusto and San Simon, and to support scientific research, environmental education and interpretation, recreation in contact with nature and ecological tourism. The park aims to protect

530-941: Is controversy over the classification, the non-forest areas resemble Campinarana formations. 412 bird species have been identified, of which 40 are endemic to the southern Amazon and at least 26 are restricted to the Madeira - Tapajós. Endemic species include bald parrot ( Pyrilia aurantiocephala ), bare-eyed antbird ( Rhegmatorhina gymnops ), tooth-billed wren ( Odontorchilus cinereus ), snow-capped manakin ( Lepidothrix nattereri ), Gould's toucanet ( Selenidera gouldii ), dark-winged trumpeter ( Psophia viridis ) and crimson-bellied parakeet ( Pyrrhura perlata ). Migratory birds include purple martin ( Progne subis ), barn swallow ( Hirundo rustica ), white-throated kingbird ( Tyrannus albogularis ), fork-tailed flycatcher ( Tyrannus savana ), and tropical kingbird ( Tyrannus melancholicus ). The ashy black titi ( Callicebus cinerascens )

583-473: Is distinguished as being completely treeless. The term "campinarana" is used for the transition between campina and the rainforest. Campinarana is found in isolated areas of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco basins in the north of Brazil. Patches of campinarana, which may cover several thousand square kilometres, are found in the transitional region from the Guyana Shield to the Amazon basin. Campinarana

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636-456: Is endemic. Migratory fish include Boulengerella ocellata , Brachyplatystoma filamentosum , Hydrolycus armatus , Leiarius marmoratus , Pseudoplatystoma species, Prochilodus nigricans , Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum and Tympanopleura atronasus . Amazon biome The Amazon biome ( Portuguese : Bioma Amazônia ) contains the Amazon rainforest , an area of tropical rainforest , and other ecoregions that cover most of

689-691: Is one of the parks created under the Amazon Region Protected Areas Programme (ARPA) launched in 2002. In 2014 the federal government was considering a proposal to declare the Juruena National Park an area of public utility in preparation for constructing two hydroelectric dams in the site, the São Simão Alto and Salto Augusto Baixo. The planned dams had a forecast capacity of 4,940 MW. The National Council for Energy Policy (CNPE) had two seats for civil society members, but these had not been filled. WWF-Brasil led

742-413: Is open forest on sandy soil where sunlight can reach the ground. More than half the species of orchid in the Amazon lowlands are found in this type of forest. The terms campina and campinarana both describe white sand savannas that are very poor in nutrients. They may be flooded periodically or seasonally, in which case the roots suffer from lack of aeration. The vegetation is stunted. For some, campina

795-917: Is similar to the Rio Negro Campinarana. The Northeastern Brazil restingas are coastal dune habitats that extend along the coast of northeastern Brazil, interspersed with lagoons, mangroves and patches of caatinga savanna. The land behind the dunes may include dwarf palms, bromeliads, ferns, shrubs, grasses and scrub trees. The more exposed areas mainly hold medium-tall grasses and scrub trees, while sheltered areas hold patches of cactus and low dry thicket. Fauna include marmosets and jaguarundis , proboscis bats , lesser sac-winged bats , bulldog bats , and Davy's naked-backed bats , wood stork , roseate spoonbill , white-necked heron , great egret , cattle egret , black-crowned night heron , and Neotropic cormorant . The ecoregion has various endemic species. The Lençóis Maranhenses National Park protects

848-479: Is typically found on leached white sands around circular swampy depressions in lowland tropical moist forest. The soil is low in nutrients, with highly acidic humus. Campinarana includes savannah, scrub and forests. The savannah is mainly composed of grasses and lichens, found in the wet plains beside lakes and rivers. The scrub has bare sand, herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees less than 7 metres (23 ft) high. The nutrient-poor Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forest

901-479: The Amazon basin and some adjacent areas to the north and east. The biome contains blackwater and whitewater flooded forest, lowland and montane terra firma forest , bamboo and palm forest, savanna, sandy heath and alpine tundra. Some areas of the biome are threatened by deforestation for timber and to make way for pasture or soybean plantations. The Amazon biome has an area of 6,700,000 square kilometres (2,600,000 sq mi). The biome roughly corresponds to

954-515: The Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forests , Negro-Branco moist forests , Guianan piedmont and lowland moist forests , Uatuma-Trombetas moist forests and Guianan savanna . The campinarana ecoregion totals about 31,200 square miles (81,000 km ). Campinarana is mainly found in flat flooded areas in the Rio Negro and Rio Branco basins in the border region between Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil, but patches are found throughout

1007-513: The Rio Negro ("Black River") has clear, jet-black water caused by decomposition of organic matter in swamps along its margins, combined with low levels of silt. The Rio Branco ("White River") and the Amazon itself have yellowish waters loaded with silt. The Tahuayo River in the Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Regional Conservation Area of Peru is classed as a blackwater river, but often has similar chemistry to

1060-487: The biological diversity and natural landscapes of the lower Juruena - Teles Pires and upper Tapajós region. It ensures a healthy ecosystem in the crucial Southern Amazon region between the Tapajós and Madeira rivers. The park protects many endangered species including the jaguar , giant otter and harpy eagle . The park forms part of an ecological corridor, that includes Xingu Indigenous Park in Mato Grosso and Pará ,

1113-548: The phosphorus necessary for life is blown by the wind from Africa; as diatomeous dust from the Bodélé Depression and as smoke due to biomass burning in Africa. There are wide regional variations in soil types. Thus 20% of the Rio Negro basin is covered by podzols and 55% by acrisols and ferralsols , with the remainder covered by alluvial and litholic soils and scattered areas of hydromorphic plinthosols . In

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1166-454: The 1,300 bird species 20% are endemic and 8.4% are endangered. A relatively small area may contain a variety of ecoregions. Thus the Pico da Neblina National Park in the north of Amazonas, Brazil contains campinarana , dense rainforest and contact between campinarana and rainforest. The vegetation formations include terra firme forests and igapós . Submontane forests climb the first steps of

1219-421: The 53 ecosystems, of which 19 are forests with 77.5% of the area. The borders of the biome hold ecotones where it blends into other biomes such as the cerrado. Within and across the ecosystems of the biome there is huge biological diversity. One source says there are an estimated 60,000 plant species, of which 30,000 are endemic. Another says there are 30,000 to 50,000 plant species. The Brazilian Ministry of

1272-428: The 6,700,000 to 6,900,000 square kilometres (2,600,000 to 2,700,000 sq mi) Amazon biome. The somewhat vague numbers are because the rainforest merges into similar biomes across its boundaries. The rainforest is Tropical Broadleaf Forest , so-called because most of the trees have broad leaves. The basin also holds flooded riparian forest or várzea , seasonal forest and savanna . Seasonal forest covers much of

1325-601: The Amazon basin, but excludes areas of the Andes to the west and cerrado (savannah) to the south, and includes lands to the northeast extending to the Atlantic ocean with similar vegetation to the Amazon basin. J. J. Morrone (2006) defines the Amazonian subregion in this broader sense, divided into the biogeographical provinces of Guyana, Humid Guyana, Napo, Imeri, Roraima, Amapá, Várzea, Ucayali, Madeira, Tapajós-Xingu, Pará, Yungas and Pantanal. The World Wildlife Fund takes

1378-712: The Amazon region. Areas of white-sand soils and their characteristic campinarana vegetation are found in the Serra do Cachimbo on the Pará – Mato Grosso boundary, the Parecis plateau in Rondônia , the Atlantic coast near the mouth of the Amazon, and in Maranhão . Similar vegetation is found in northern Peru, eastern Colombia and south western Venezuela. Temperatures in the region average 24 °C (75 °F) and average rainfall

1431-576: The Brazilian Amazon biome was deforested in 2008–12, of which only 6% took place within protected areas. 71% of federal and state protected areas in Brazil suffered no deforestation in this period. Although the World Economic Forum ranks Brazil first in the world in terms of nature tourism potential, the country is 52nd in tourism competitiveness when factors such as infrastructure are considered. Low public use, in part due to

1484-769: The Campinarana is tea colored, often called blackwater . The low exchange capacity of the podzols lets decomposing organic matter dissolve in soil water as humic acids , from where it is carried into the nearby streams. Campinarana has very varied vegetation formations from fields to forests with thin trees. The sclerophyllous vegetation is adapted to the sandy soil, with high endemism and low diversity. Campinarana vegetation includes savanna , scrub and forests. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics defines four subtypes, or formations, of vegetation: The forests are found higher up. They have trees up to 30 metres (98 ft) from families that differ from those in

1537-470: The Environment as of January 2013 listed 2,500 species of trees and 30,000 species of plants. There are 1,400 species of fish, 163 amphibians, 387 reptiles and more than 500 mammals including 90 primates. 87% of the amphibians, 62% of reptiles, 20% of birds and 25% of mammals are endemic to the biome. 109 species of lizards and amphisbaena reptiles are known to be present, and 138 species of snakes. Of

1590-745: The Guiana Plateau to about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), followed by montane forests. Lichens and bromeliads are found up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). There is also alpine tundra in the tabular plateaus. The Amazon basin contains several large areas of moist forest, collectively called the Amazon rainforest. These are the Caquetá , Japurá–Solimões–Negro , Juruá–Purus , Madeira–Tapajós , Napo , Purus–Madeira , Solimões–Japurá , Southwest Amazon , Tapajós–Xingu , Tocantins–Araguaia–Maranhão , Uatuma–Trombetas , Ucayali , and Xingu–Tocantins–Araguaia moist forests. Each has distinctive vegetation. In

1643-622: The Gurupa Arch to the west of Marajó . Under the Paleoarch model, paleobasins between the arches form centers for biological diversification. Thus the Iquitos arch is considered the main reason for the different species of frogs and rodents and different forest types on either side of the ridge. The soil is generally very poor in nutrients, and areas that have been deforested are often unsuitable for agriculture or pasture. A large part of

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1696-557: The Tapajós, while the white-nosed saki ( Chiropotes albinasus ) is only found east of the river. The World Wildlife Fund divides the biome into ecoregions , often defined as the regions lying between major tributaries of the Amazon. Most of the interior of the Amazon basin is covered by rainforest. The dense tropical Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. It covers between 5,500,000 and 6,200,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 and 2,400,000 sq mi) of

1749-752: The Terra do Meio Mosaic in Pará, the Juruena National Park in Amazonas and Mato Grosso, the Apuí Mosaic in Amazonas and then the Campos Amazônicos National Park in Amazonas and Roraima . The corridor is intended to contain agricultural expansion into the central Amazon region and deforestation . The conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program . Average annual rainfall

1802-430: The biome as a whole podzols cover just 136,000 square kilometres (53,000 sq mi), or 2.7% of the area. In Brazil the average temperature of the biome is 22 to 26 °C (72 to 79 °F) and average rainfall is 2,300 millimetres (91 in), but there are wide variations from one region to another. The biome as a whole has annual rainfall from 1,500 to 3,000 millimetres (59 to 118 in), about half of which

1855-456: The biome is in Peru. As of 2015 about 23.4% of Peru's Amazon biome was protected, but of this less than half was fully protected. Much of the terrain of the Amazon biome, particularly around the rivers, is lowland plains. The Guiana Shield is an area of highlands along the border between Brazil and Venezuela and Guyana. The southern Amazonian highlands cross parts of Rondonia and Mato Grosso and

1908-800: The broad definition favored by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) the Amazon biome would also include the Tepuis , table-top mountains with unique vegetation, the Negro-Branco , Guianan Highlands , Guianan piedmont and lowland and Guianan moist forests and the Guianan savanna . In the southwest Amazon at least 161,500 square kilometres (62,400 sq mi) of forest are dominated by bamboos . These occur in areas where there has been recent tectonic uplift combined with fast mechanical erosion and poor drainage. In each patch of bamboos all

1961-530: The confluence of the Guainia and Casiquiare rivers in southern Venezuela, found the soils were similar to temperate podzols . They had a thick humus layer, a highly leached A horizon, and a well developed Bh horizon at 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). Tropical rainfall over millions of years had intensely leached the soils, which had become infertile due to lack of a source of fresh parent material. They may be short of phosphorus and/or calcium. The water that drains

2014-408: The ecosystem more than temperature or rainfall. Factors affecting the vegetation are poor drainage, extremely sandy soil, intense leaching and impermeable layers below the surface. Campinarana is typically found on leached white sands around circular swampy depressions in lowland tropical moist forest. The soil is low in nutrients, with highly acidic humus. A study at San Carlos de Río Negro , near

2067-399: The humid rain forest that surrounds the Campinarana. The scrub has bare sand, herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees less than 7 metres (23 ft) high. The palm Barcella odora is endemic. It is found on the sides of the depressions. The savannah is mainly composed of grasses and lichens, found in the wet plains beside lakes and rivers. Fauna are less diverse in the campinarana than in

2120-575: The inaccessibility of the Amazon national and federal parks, mean that they fail to support the local economies and therefore lack support from society, especially the local communities. The national and state forests have low levels of formal sustainable logging contracts, the Tapajós National Forest in Pará being an exception. Brazil has strong systems for monitoring land cover and deforestation, but as of 2014 64% of managers of protected areas said they had not monitored biodiversity in

2173-474: The local people and many scientists called the permanently waterlogged swamp on the lower Amazon " igapó " and all types of periodically flooded land " várzea ". A more recent definition, from Prance, is: Major flooded areas include the Iquitos , Purus , Monte Alegre , Gurupa and Marajó várzeas. The Majaró várzea is at the mouth of the Amazon and is affected by both freshwater and tidal flows. Campina

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2226-469: The park. The Sucunduri River basin in the north of the park covers 10% of the total area. The rivers are classed as clear water. They are green or olive-green in the dry seasons, muddy in the rainy season. Navigability is poor for vessels of any size due to rocky outcrops, small or large rapids and waterfalls. Juruena National Park was created by decree on 5 June 2006 and is administered by the federal Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation . It

2279-462: The plants flower every 27–28 years, producing huge numbers of seeds, before dying. The Chandless State Park is in the centre of the bamboo forest region of the south western Amazon biome, and has three endemic species of the Guadua genus of bamboo. Vegetation is classified as forest with palms, forest with bamboo, alluvial forest with bamboo and dense forest. Before Ghillean Prance 's 1979 study,

2332-472: The previous five years, and more than half said they did not have tools to monitor social and environmental development. The " Arc of Deforestation " is in the eastern and southern borders of the biome. As of 2006 about 16% of the Amazon biome in Brazil had been deforested. Satellite images show that in the 2006–11 period total deforestation in the Amazon biome was 45,100 square kilometres (17,400 sq mi), of which 34,700 hectares (86,000 acres) were in

2385-637: The properties produced 78.09% of the crop in the cerrado biome, while 37.45% produced 21.91% of the crop in the Amazon biome. In 2000 the Brazilian government banned creation of sugarcane plantations in the Amazon biome. In 2010 a presidential decree made low-interest credit available to oil palm development, but only on land that had been deforested before 2008. This may prove an environmentally sustainable economic solution. Campinarana Campinarana (NT0158, Portuguese pronunciation: [kɐ̃ˌpinɐˈɾɐ̃nɐ] ), also called Rio Negro Campinarana ,

2438-524: The southeast border, with marked dry seasons when there are frequent fires. The Amazon biome contains areas of other types of vegetation including grasslands, swamps, bamboos, and palm forests. There are 53 major ecosystems and more than 600 types of land and freshwater habitat . Of the ecosystems, 34 are forest areas covering 78% of the biome, 6 are Andean covering 1.5%, 5 are floodplains covering 5.83%, 5 are savanna covering 12.75% and two are tropical steppes covering 1.89%. The Brazilian Amazon holds 30 of

2491-644: The southern parts of Amazonas and Para. The Amazon basin is crossed by ridges or "paleoarches" that connect the Guiana and Central Brazil shields and divide it into geological sub-basins. They are the Iquitos or Jutai Arch in Peru and Acre , the Carauari Arch across the Rio Negro and Solimões , the Purus Arch to the west of Manaus , the Monte Alegre Arch to the west of the Tapajós and

2544-563: The soybean farms in the Amazonia Legal mostly occupy cerrado areas, not the Amazon biome. A statement by Cargill in 2006 said, "Soy occupies less than 0.6 percent of the land in the Amazon biome today, and most of that soy is grown on the fringes of the Amazon biome in the transitional area between the Cerrado and the forest. A 2010 assessment of soybean farmers associated with the Grupo André Maggi found that 62.55% of

2597-1322: The surrounding ecoregions. 153 species of mammals have been reported. Mammals with restricted distribution include white-faced saki ( Pithecia pithecia ), golden-backed uakari ( Cacajao melanocephalus ), red-faced spider monkey ( Ateles paniscus ), mottle-faced tamarin ( Saguinus inustus ), Isabelle's ghost bat ( Diclidurus isabella ), Marinkelle's sword-nosed bat ( Lonchorhina marinkellei ), least big-eared bat ( Neonycteris pusilla ), Ega long-tongued bat ( Scleronycteris ega ), Brock's yellow-eared bat ( Vampyriscus brocki ), yellow-throated squirrel ( Sciurus gilvigularis ), northern grass mouse ( Necromys urichi ), black-tailed hairy dwarf porcupine ( Coendou melanurus ) and Tome's spiny rat ( Proechimys semispinosus ). Other mammals include collared peccary ( Pecari tajacu ), white-lipped peccary ( Tayassu pecari ), South American tapir ( Tapirus terrestris ), jaguar ( Panthera onca ) and red brocket ( Mazama americana ). Endangered mammals include white-bellied spider monkey ( Ateles belzebuth ), black bearded saki ( Chiropotes satanas ), Fernandez's sword-nosed bat ( Lonchorhina fernandezi ), Marinkelle's sword-nosed bat ( Lonchorhina marinkellei ) and giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis). 368 species of birds have been recorded, fewer than in

2650-760: The surrounding forest. Endemic species include Rio Branco antbird ( Cercomacra carbonaria ), spot-backed antwren ( Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus ), chestnut-crested antbird ( Rhegmatorhina cristata ) and Orinoco piculet ( Picumnus pumilus ). Species with restricted distribution include russet-backed oropendola ( Psarocolius angustifrons ), white-bellied dacnis ( Dacnis albiventris ), dotted tanager ( Tangara varia ), Serra do Mar tyrant-manakin ( Neopelma chrysolophum ), yellow-crested manakin ( Heterocercus flavivertex ) and crestless curassow ( Mitu tomentosum ). Endangered birds include Rio Branco antbird ( Cercomacra carbonaria ) and yellow-bellied seedeater ( Sporophila nigricollis ). The World Wildlife Fund classes

2703-581: The three soy-producing states of Mato Grosso, Para and Rondonia. A 2009 survey showed that of 620 recently deforested areas 203, or 32%, had been converted to pasture while 12, or less than 1%, were being used for soybeans. The biome is not the same as the Amazônia Legal , which covers a larger area of Brazil. The Amazon biome covers about 82% of the Legal Amazon if cerrado and campinarana are excluded. Defenders of soybean farming point out that

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2756-470: The west overlaps by almost 53% with the Juruena National Park. About 49% of the park is flat plains, 18% gently undulating, 21% undulating, and 10% strongly undulating. 1% is mountainous. Altitudes range from 39 to 457 metres (128 to 1,499 ft) above sea level. The park holds 39 river sub-basins. The largest is that of the São Tomé River , which occupies 23% of the area and has all its sources in

2809-517: The whitewater rivers of the region since it is in the Amazon River floodplain, and receives water from the Amazon. The Amazon and its major tributaries such as the Xingu , Tapajós , Madeira , Purus and Rio Negro form barriers to the geodispersal of plants, animals and even insects. Thus the white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus albifrons ) and hairy saki ( Pithecia hirsuta ) are found west of

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