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51-653: The Campos Amazônicos National Park covers parts of the municipalities of Novo Aripuanã (66.69%), Manicoré (14.73%) and Humaitá (5.01%) in Amazonas, Machadinho d'Oeste (12.91%) in Rondônia and Colniza (0.38%) in Mato Grosso. It has an area of 961,317.77 hectares (2,375,467.9 acres). The park lies to the south of the Trans-Amazonian Highway (BR-230) in Amazonas. It is bordered to the south by

102-463: A diverse local population that relies heavily on the resources of their environment. Until the mid-1960s, agricultural activities in the Cerrado were very limited, since natural cerrado soils are not fertile enough for crop production, directed mainly at the extensive production of beef cattle for subsistence of the local market. After this period, however, the urban and industrial development of

153-597: A significant increase in agricultural and cattle production. On the other hand, the urban pressure and the rapid establishment of agricultural activities in the region have been rapidly reducing the biodiversity of the ecosystems, and the population in the Cerrado region more than doubled from 1970 to 2010, going from 35.8 to 76 million. The Cerrado was thought challenging for agriculture until researchers at Brazil's agricultural and livestock research agency, Embrapa , discovered that it could be made fit for industrial crops by appropriate additions of phosphorus and lime. In

204-484: A sustainable development unit also created at that time. Cerrado The Cerrado ( Portuguese pronunciation: [seˈʁadu] ) is a vast ecoregion of tropical savanna in eastern Brazil , being present in the states of Goiás , Mato Grosso do Sul , Mato Grosso , Tocantins , Maranhão , Piauí , Bahia , Minas Gerais , São Paulo , Paraná and the Federal District . The core areas of

255-399: A temperate crop, and currently, Brazil is the world's main soyabeans exporter due to the boom in animal feed production caused by the global rise in meat demand. Today the Cerrado region provides more than 70% of the beef cattle production in the country, being also a major production center of grains, mainly soya, beans, maize, and rice. Large extensions of the Cerrado are also used for

306-422: Is a relatively high diversity of snakes in the Cerrado (22–61 species, depending on site) with Colubridae being the richest family. The open nature of the cerrado vegetation most likely contributes to the high diversity of snakes. Information about Cerrado amphibians is extremely limited, although the Cerrado probably has a unique assemblage of species with some endemic to the region. Most birds found in

357-734: Is composed mainly of the Poaceae , Cyperaceae , Leguminosae , Compositae , Myrtaceae and Rubiaceae . Much of the vegetation in the gallery forests is similar to nearby rainforest; however, there are some endemic species found only in the Cerrado gallery forests. Soil fertility, fire regime and hydrology are thought to be most influential in determining Cerrado vegetation. Cerrado soils are always well-drained and most are oxisols with low pH and low calcium and magnesium. The amount of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus has been found to be positively correlated with tree trunk basal area in Cerrado habitats. Much as in other grasslands and savannas, fire

408-410: Is generally thought to be relatively low in the Cerrado compared to other areas like caatinga or lowland rainforest, although one recent study found 57 species in one cerrado area with the high diversity driven by the availability of open habitat. Ameiva ameiva is among the largest lizards found in the Cerrado and is the most important lizard predator where it is found in the Cerrado. There

459-512: Is heterogeneous in terms of canopy cover. Goodland (1971) divided the Cerrado into four categories ranging from least to most canopy cover: campo sujo ( herbaceous layer with occasional small trees about 3 m tall), campo cerrado (slightly higher density of trees about 4 m tall on average), cerrado sensu stricto (orchard-like vegetation with trees about 6 m high) and cerradão (canopy cover near 50% with general height 9 m). Probably around 800 species of trees are found in

510-531: Is important in maintaining and shaping the Cerrado's landscape; many plants in the Cerrado are fire-adapted, exhibiting characters like thick corky bark to withstand the heat. Cerrado vegetation is believed to be ancient, stretching back perhaps as far in a prototypic form as the Cretaceous , before Africa and South America separated. A dynamic expansion and contraction between cerrado and Amazonian rainforest has probably occurred historically, with expansion of

561-429: Is limited to two dominant seasons throughout the year: Wet and dry. Annual temperatures for the Cerrado average between 22 and 27 °C and average precipitation between 80–200 cm for over 90% of the area. This ecoregion has a very strong dry season during the southern winter (approx. April–September). The Cerrado is characterized by unique vegetation types. It is composed of a shifting mosaic of habitats, with

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612-908: The Brazilian Constitution as a National Heritage. It is also home to the Guarani Aquifer , stores the largest fresh water underground reservoirs in South America, and supplies water to a third of the Amazon river and the largest basins in the continent. Brazilian agriculturalists and ministers regard it as having no conservation value, and the government has protected merely 1.5% of the Cerrado biome in Federal Reserves. By 1994, an estimated 695,000 km of cerrado (representing 35% of its area) had been converted to 'anthropic [sic] landscape'. In total, 37.3% of

663-538: The Tucumã State Park in Mato Grosso and the Manicoré State Forest and Guariba Extractive Reserve in Amazonas. The Roosevelt River flows through the park from south to north. The Jiparaná River (Machado River) forms the park's southern boundary in Rondônia. The terrain is generally flat, with some gently rolling stretches. It is laced with slow, meandering rivers. It contains parts of

714-510: The Xingu and Tapajós . During the last four decades, the Cerrado’s river basins have been highly impacted by extreme deforestation, expansion of the agricultural and cattle ranching frontier, construction of dams, and extraction of water for irrigation. The Cerrado is the second largest biome in South America and the most biodiverse savanna in the world. However, it is not currently recognized by

765-520: The 2,467,244 hectares (6,096,690 acres) Apuí Mosaic , a jointly-managed collection of conservation units. It contains the 83,381 hectares (206,040 acres) Manicoré State Forest , a sustainable use conservation unit created in 2005. It contains 39% of the 283,117 hectares (699,600 acres) Rio Madeira Sustainable Development Reserve , created in 2006. It contains the 589,611 hectares (1,456,960 acres) Juma Sustainable Development Reserve , created in 2006 to support sustainable extraction of forest resources by

816-450: The 359,138 hectares (887,450 acres) Manicoré Biological Reserve , created by decree in May 2016 in the week before the provisional removal of president Dilma Rousseff . It also contains 29% of the 896,411 hectares (2,215,080 acres) Acari National Park , which was created at the same time. The municipality contains about 74% of the 751,302 hectares (1,856,510 acres) Aripuanã National Forest ,

867-627: The Brazilian cerrados was provided by Danish botanist Eugenius Warming (1892) in the book Lagoa Santa, in which he describes the main features of the cerrado vegetation in the state of Minas Gerais . Taking advantage of the sprouting of the herbaceous stratum that follows a burning in the Cerrado, the aboriginal inhabitants of these regions learned to use the fire as a tool, to increase the fodder to offer to their domesticated animals. Xavantes , Tapuias  [ pt ] , Karajás , Avá- Canoeiros , Krahôs , Xerentes , Xacriabás were some of

918-562: The Campos Amazônicos, which was increased by a net 133,000 hectares (330,000 acres) including land added and removed. Excluded land also included the area to be flooded by the Tabajara Dam for hydroelectric power generation. The excluded land in the north of the park was to regularize occupation of public land and to provide a place to move people displaced by the new area added to the park. Mining activities were authorised in

969-568: The Cerrado biome are the Brazilian highlands – the Planalto . The main habitat types of the Cerrado consist of forest savanna, wooded savanna, park savanna and gramineous -woody savanna. The Cerrado also includes savanna wetlands and gallery forests . The second largest of Brazil's major habitat types , after the Amazonian rainforest , the Cerrado accounts for a full 21 percent of

1020-463: The Cerrado and play an important role in consuming and decomposing organic matter, as well as constituting an important food source to many other animal species. The highest diversity of galling insects (insects that build galls ) in the world is also found in the Cerrado, with the most species (46) found at the base of the Serra do Cipó in southeast Brazil. The first detailed European account of

1071-475: The Cerrado are relatively understudied. A yearlong survey of the Cerrado at one reserve in Brazil found that the orders Coleoptera , Hymenoptera , Diptera and Isoptera accounted for 89.5% of all captures. The Cerrado also supports a high density (up to 4000 per hectare) of the nests of leaf cutter ants ( saúvas ), which are also very diverse. Along with termites, leaf cutter ants are the primary herbivores of

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1122-501: The Cerrado breed there although there are some Austral migrants (breed in temperate South America and winter in the Amazon basin) and Nearctic migrants (breed in temperate North America and winter in the Neotropics) that pass through. Most breeding birds in the Cerrado are found in more closed canopy areas like gallery forests although 27% of the birds breed only in open habitats and 21% breed in either open or closed habitats. Many of

1173-545: The Cerrado during glacial periods like the Pleistocene . These processes and the resulting fragmentation in multiple refugia have probably contributed to the high species richness both of the Cerrado and of the Amazonian rainforest. The Cerrado has a high diversity of vertebrates, with 150 amphibian species, 120 reptile species, 837 bird species, and 161 mammal species recorded. Lizard diversity

1224-444: The Cerrado has already been totally converted to human use, while an additional 41.4% is used for pasture and charcoal production. The gallery forests in the region have been among the most heavily affected. It is estimated that only about 432,814 km , or 21.3% of the original vegetation, remains intact today. During the last 25 years this biome has been increasingly threatened by industrial monoculture farming, particularly soybeans,

1275-609: The Cerrado. Among the most diverse families of trees in the Cerrado are the Leguminosae  (153 spp.), Malpighiaceae  (46), Myrtaceae  (43), Melastomataceae  (32), and Rubiaceae  (30). Much of the Cerrado is dominated by the Vochysiaceae (23 species in the Cerrado) due to the abundance of three species in the genus Qualea . The herbaceous layer usually reaches about 60 cm in height and

1326-590: The Madeira River are from 1637, when Pedro Teixeira travelled from Belém to Quito in Ecuador . The municipality of Novo Aripuanã was created by state law 96 of 19 December 1955 from parts of the municipalities of Borba and Manicoré. It contained the district of Foz do Aripuanã with the sub-districts of Alvorada, Manicorezinho and Itapinima, and the district of Sumaúma with the sub-districts of Alvorada, Manicorezinho and Itapinima. The town of Foz do Aripuanã

1377-551: The Southeast Region has forced agriculture to the Central-West Region. The transfer of the country's capital to Brasília has been another focus of attraction of population to the central region: From 1975 until the beginning of the 1980s, many governmental subsidy programs were launched to promote agriculture, with the intent of stimulating the development of the Cerrado region. As a result, there has been

1428-820: The Terra do Meio Mosaic in Pará, the Juruena National Park in Amazonas and Mato Grosso, the Apuí Mosaic in Amazonas and then the Campos Amazônicos National Park. The corridor is intended to contain agricultural expansion into the central Amazon region and deforestation of the rainforest . The park is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program . The park is at risk of being damaged by

1479-400: The areas of contact with the forest, and gallery forest in the wetlands. It also contains typical Amazon dense rainforest and open rainforest. Coverage is 18% open rainforest, 42% dense rainforest, 12% savanna-rainforest contact and 28% savanna-pioneer formation contact. Few detailed studies of flora and fauna have been undertaken. The Manicore marmoset ( Mico manicorensis ) was discovered in

1530-560: The basins of the Machado and Roosevelt rivers, and contains the headwaters of the dos Marmelos and Manicoré rivers. The Campos Amazônicos National Park is in the Amazon biome . Average annual rainfall is 2,300 millimetres (91 in). Temperatures range from 12 to 32 °C (54 to 90 °F) with an average of 27 °C (81 °F). The park holds an important enclave of cerrado including grasslands, campos sujos and cerradão in

1581-409: The biologically richest savanna in the world, with about 10,000 plant species and 10 endemic bird species. There are nearly 200 species of mammal in the Cerrado, though only 14 are endemic. The large fraction of private ownership makes protection difficult though. The Cerrado's climate is typical of the wetter savanna regions of the world, with a semi-humid tropical climate . The Cerrado

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1632-517: The birds in the Cerrado, especially those found in closed forest, are related to species from the Atlantic rainforest and also the Amazon rainforest. The crowned solitary eagle , hyacinth macaw , toco toucan , buff-necked ibis , dwarf tinamou , and Brazilian merganser are examples of birds found in the Cerrado. Gallery forests serve as primary habitat for most of the mammals in the Cerrado, having more water, being protected from fires that sweep

1683-633: The buffer zone. An advisory council was created on 21 November 2012. The management plan was approved on 15 May 2016. The Campos Amazônicos National Park is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). The park is classed as IUCN protected area category II (national park). The objective is to preserve a natural ecosystem of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty, and to support scientific research, environmental education and interpretation, outdoors recreation and ecotourism. Specifically it protects

1734-402: The country's land area (extending marginally into Paraguay and Bolivia). About 75% of the Cerrado’s 2 million km is privately owned. Vast amounts of research have shown that the Cerrado is one of the richest of all tropical savanna regions and has high levels of endemism . Characterizing it by its enormous ranges of plant and animal biodiversity, World Wide Fund for Nature named the Cerrado

1785-501: The diminishing vegetation in the Cerrado, they now are receiving some charcoal from the eucalyptus plantations and these efforts are growing. The Cerrado biome is strategic for the water resources of Brazil. The biome contains the headwaters and the largest portion of South American watersheds (the Paraná-Paraguay, Araguaia-Tocantins, and São Francisco river basins) and the upper catchments of large Amazon tributaries, such as

1836-433: The establishment of a highly mechanized, capital intensive system of agriculture. There is also a strong agribusiness lobby in Brazil and in particular, the production of soybeans in the Cerrado is influenced by large corporations such as ADM, Cargill and Bunge, these latter two directly associated with the mass deforestation of this biome. One issue with expanding this reserve is that research needs to be done to choose

1887-647: The expansion of the agricultural frontier, with land grabbing and burning, accessed by the Trans-Amazonian highway, the Tin Highway (rodovia do Estanho) and settlers from the northern Mato Grosso. Novo Aripuan%C3%A3 Novo Aripuanã is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Amazonas . The region was originally inhabited by the Toras, Barés, Muras, Urupás, Araras and other indigenous peoples. The first records of European penetration to

1938-447: The first indigenous peoples occupying different regions in the Cerrado. Many groups among the indigenous were nomads and explored the Cerrado by hunting and collecting. Others practiced coivara agriculture, an itinerant type of slash-and-burn agriculture . The mixing of indigenous, quilombola maroon communities, extractivists, geraizeiros (living in the drier regions), riverbank dwellers and vazanteiros (living on floodplains) shaped

1989-438: The forest. The savanna enclaves are seen by biologists as important in understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the Amazonian biota. There is high diversity of birds. The forest may provide a breeding ground for several commercially important species of fish. Mixed groups of woolly monkeys and white-nosed saki ( Chiropotes albinasus ) have been observed, an unusual occurrence in the Amazon. The Campos Amazônicos National Park

2040-532: The landscape and having a more highly structured habitat. Eleven mammal species are endemic to the Cerrado. Notable species include large herbivores like the Brazilian tapir and Pampas deer and large predators like the maned wolf , cougar , jaguar , giant otter , ocelot and jaguarundi . Although the diversity is much lower than in the adjacent Amazon and Atlantic Forest, several species of monkeys are present, including black-striped capuchin , black howler monkey and black-tufted marmoset . The insects of

2091-400: The late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tons of lime were being poured on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tons in 2003 and 2004, equaling around five tons of lime per hectare. This manipulation of the soil allowed for industrial agriculture to grow exponentially in the area. Researchers also developed tropical varieties of soybeans , until then

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2142-637: The law of 15 September 1965 were to receive compensation. An ordinance of 16 June 2011 approved the management plan, with the buffer zone to be established later. Law 12678 of 25 June 2012 amended the limits of the Amazônia , Campos Amazônicos and Mapinguari national parks, the Itaituba I , Itaituba II and Crepori national forests and the Tapajós Environmental Protection Area . All of these were reduced in size except

2193-594: The location of these reserves because the Cerrado biome is floristically very heterogeneous and constitutes a biological mosaic. Teams from the University of Brasília , CPAC and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh have been collaborating on this project for a number of years supported by Brazilian, European Community and British funds. The project has recently been expanded into a major Anglo-Brazilian initiative, Conservation and Management of

2244-407: The main cerrado enclave in the Amazon and contains the advance of the agricultural frontier in this region. The park is home to great biodiversity and endemic species. Protected species include Leopardus tigrinus , Leopardus wiedii , Panthera onca and Pteronura brasiliensis . The park forms part of an ecological corridor , that includes Xingu Indigenous Park in Mato Grosso and Pará ,

2295-412: The production of cellulose pulp for the paper industry, with the cultivation of several species of eucalyptus and pines , but as a secondary activity. Coffee produced in the Cerrado is now a major export. Charcoal production for Brazil's steel industry comes in second to agriculture in the Cerrado. They actually are quite intertwined. When land is being cleared to make more land for agriculture,

2346-404: The savanna-like cerrado itself on well-drained areas between strips of gallery forest (closed canopy tall forest) which occur along streams. Between the cerrado and the gallery forest is an area of vegetation known as the wet campo with distinct up- and downslope borders where tree growth is inhibited due to wide seasonal fluctuations in the water table. The savanna portion of the Cerrado

2397-563: The traditional population. It contains 67% of the Campos Amazônicos National Park , a 961,318 hectares (2,375,470 acres) protected area created in 2006 that protects an unusual enclave of cerrado vegetation in the Amazon rainforest. It contains the 72,296 hectares (178,650 acres) Guariba State Park , created in 2005. It contains 28% of the 150,465 hectares (371,810 acres) Guariba Extractive Reserve , also created in 2005. The municipality contains about 45% of

2448-419: The tree's trunks and roots are often used in the production of charcoal, helping to make money for the clearing. The Brazilian steel industry has traditionally always used the trunks and roots from the Cerrado for charcoal but now that the steel mills in the state of Minas Gerais are among the world's largest, it has taken a much higher toll on the Cerrado. However, recently because of the conservation efforts and

2499-483: The unregulated expansion of industrial agriculture, the burning of vegetation for charcoal and the development of dams to provide irrigation are drawing criticisms and have been identified as potential threats to several Brazilian rivers. This industrial farming of the Cerrado, with the clearing of land for eucalyptus and soy plantations, has grown so much because of various forms of subsidy, including very generous tax incentives and low interest loans. This has resulted in

2550-526: Was created by decree of 21 June 2006 with an area of about 873,570 hectares (2,158,600 acres) to protect biological diversity and ecological processes in the region between the Machado, Branco, Roosevelt and Guaribas rivers. Part of the Roosevelt river was excluded from the park but was within its buffer zone. If another part of the buffer zone is excluded the actual park area was about 823,000 hectares (2,030,000 acres). Settlers in areas created by INCRA under

2601-532: Was elevated to the status of a city, named Novo Aripuanã. The first prefect of the municipality, Wilson Paula de Sá, took office on 10 February 1956. Novo Aripuanã has an area of 41.191 square kilometres (15.904 sq mi). The population as of 2020 was 26,046. The seat of the municipality is located where the Aripuanã River merges into the Madeira River . The municipality contains 8% of

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