97-624: K2 Black Panther ( Korean : K-2 흑표 ; Hanja : K-2 黑豹 ; RR : K-2 Heukpyo ) is a South Korean fourth-generation main battle tank (MBT), designed by the Agency for Defense Development and manufactured by Hyundai Rotem . The tank's design began in the 1990s to meet the strategic requirements of the Republic of Korea Army 's reform for three-dimensional , high-speed maneuver warfare based on use of network-centric warfare . Mass production began in 2013, and
194-418: A commanding officer and subordinate military units . The purpose of a military staff is mainly that of providing accurate, timely information which by category represents information on which command decisions are based. The key application is that of decisions that effectively manage unit resources. While information flow toward the commander is a priority, information that is useful or contingent in nature
291-629: A minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form
388-413: A modular armor system in order to replace the inner material much quicker when it is damaged or whenever an enhanced version is available. Its armor was redesigned based on K1A1's KSAP, and is made of POSCO MIL-12560H armor steel, Samyang Comtech silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic plates, and aluminum (Al). The frontal armor has been claimed to be effective against the 120 mm APFSDS round fired from
485-448: A snorkel system , which also serves as a conning tower for the tank commander. The system takes approximately 20–30 minutes to prepare. The turret becomes watertight while fording, but the chassis can take in 1,900 liters (500 U.S. gal) of water to prevent excessive buoyancy from air inside the vehicle and keep the tracks planted firmly on the ground. Furthermore, the tank can enter combat-ready status as soon as it resurfaces. It
582-479: A spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and
679-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with
776-630: A burden when exporting. Secondly, the M48A3K and the M48A5K operated by the South Korean military were older designs and needed to be replaced with newer, better designs. Thirdly, the Republic of Korea Army was adapting new tactics called three-dimensional high-speed maneuver warfare with network-centric warfare . When developers asked the Army what kind of performance the Army wanted to see with
873-480: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this
970-486: A corner. "Sitting" gives the tank a lower profile and offers superior handling over roads. "Standing" gives the vehicle higher ground clearance for maneuverability over rough terrain. "Kneeling" augments the angular range in which the tank's gun barrel can elevate and depress, allowing the vehicle to fire its main gun downhill as well as engage low-flying aircraft more effectively. The height adjustable suspension system detects rough road surface conditions in real time through
1067-429: A curved trajectory attack at a hovering helicopter target 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) away. The suspension system also cushions the chassis from vibrations when traveling over uneven terrain, as the bogies can be individually adjusted on the fly. This contributes to the comfort and overall condition of the operators engaged in fierce battles. The compact in-arm suspension unit with the integration of gas springs and dampers
SECTION 10
#17327728216531164-753: A faster rate of fire, better fuel efficiency, and lower maintenance costs compared to tanks like the Abrams and Leopard. Additionally, the K2 can operate in indirect fire mode, offering key advantages over Western designs. Known for its cost-effectiveness, the K2 is a competitive alternative to the Abrams and Leopard, with similar capabilities at a lower operational cost. The K2's computer system also deploys smoke grenades to counter incoming projectiles. South Korea has been accumulating tank development and production technology to increase its self-reliance in producing arms. In 1976, South Korea upgraded its M48 Patton tanks. In 1987,
1261-454: A handful of nations having such technology. However, the plan was changed to domestic development after hearing the refusal from Swiss firm. Engineers first tried chrome plating on the KM256 tank gun used by K1A1, then coincidentally found a classified method while reworking on defect-plated guns. The Black Panther is armed with a chrome plated CN08 120 mm 55 caliber smoothbore gun developed by
1358-626: A high angle, and is capable of detecting wire-guided missiles , which does not emit its own radar. The MWR will also be responsible for tracking and targeting incoming missiles for the hard-kill active protection system in future upgrades. The K2 can travel at speeds of up to 70 km/h (43 mph) on road surfaces, accelerate from 0 to 32 km/h (0 to 20 mph) within 7.47 seconds (MT883 Ka-501 engine) or 8.77 seconds (DV27K engine), and maintain speeds of up to 50 km/h (31 mph) in off-road conditions. It can also climb 60% slopes (31 degrees) and vertical obstacles 1.3 meters in height. Due to
1455-490: A military system. Versions of the United States Army Field Manual 3-0 circulated circa 1999 define C2 in a military organization as the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commanding officer over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of a mission . A 1988 NATO definition is that command and control is the exercise of authority and direction by
1552-574: A mirror-type laser reflector at the top of the barrel and a laser emitter (vertical sensor unit) at the base. This will delay the fire-control system from activating until the beam is re-aligned, improving the chances of hitting the intended target. The Korean Commander's Panoramic Sight (KCPS) and the Korean Gunner's Primary Sight (KGPS) are present in the Black Panther as in the original series of K1A1 tanks, albeit redesigned to utilize
1649-773: A modification and development project to completely improve the modular armor for export variants organized by the Defense Agency for Technology and Quality (DTaQ) in 2021. The third mass-produced K2, which began in 2022, included an improved Battlefield Management System with the Korean Variable Message Format (KVMF), and the Korean Commander's Panoramic Sight (KCPS) and Korean Gunner's Primary Sight (KGPS) with improved resolution and daytime automatic target tracking function. The main gun and its munitions were developed simultaneously. In
1746-457: A multipurpose chemical energy round with a proximity fuse that explodes within 7 meters from the target, for all types of targets including low-flying helicopters. Secondary weapons include a 12.7 mm K6 Heavy Machine Gun and a 7.62 mm M60E2-1 coaxial machine gun. The trigger pull of the coaxial machine gun lightened from 4 kilograms (8.8 lb) to 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) for convenience. The Korean Smart Top-Attack Munition (KSTAM)
1843-445: A neutron shielding liner made of a polyethylene-boron moderator to protect the tank crew from neutron radiation caused by nuclear explosions . The tank is equipped with Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) and Laser Warning Receiver (LWR), which detect homing radar or homing laser aimed at the tank and instantaneously turn the turret in the direction of threats as well as notifying friendly units via network system. The tank also has
1940-521: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding
2037-512: A properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Also called C2. Source: JP 1". The edition of the Dictionary "As Amended Through April 2010" elaborates, "Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in
SECTION 20
#17327728216532134-429: A properly designated individual over assigned resources in the accomplishment of a common goal. An Australian Defence Force definition, similar to that of NATO, emphasises that C2 is the system empowering designated personnel to exercise lawful authority and direction over assigned forces for the accomplishment of missions and tasks. The Australian doctrine goes on to state: "The use of agreed terminology and definitions
2231-697: A target is acquired, an explosively formed penetrator (EFP) is fired from a top-down position, to exploit the weaker top armor of tanks. Target acquisition can also be directed manually by the tank crew via a remote link. These characteristics allow the launch vehicle to remain concealed behind cover while firing successive rounds towards the known location of an enemy, or provide indirect fire support against targets hidden behind obstacles and structures. The fire-control system (FCS) consists gunner's primary sight (GPS), commander's panoramic sight (CPS), ballistic calculator, electrical gun and turret drive system (EGTDS), and dynamic muzzle reference system (DMRS). The K2
2328-552: A total of 12 (6 on each side of the turret) Samyang Chemical K415 Visible/IR Screening Smoke Grenade. The K415 blocks visible and infrared view of the K2 from the enemy. The K2 has a Multispectral Screening Smoke Grenade (MSSG) soft-kill active protection system . If a anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) is fired at the K2, the tank immediately warns crews and triangulate the projectile for activating SNT Dynamics SLS (Soft-kill Launcher System) that releases K419 multispectral screening smoke grenade, manufactured by Samyang Chemical, in
2425-577: A type of munition for loading based on mission need. The ammunition is loaded in a 16-shell magazine for ready-to-use, and 24 rounds at frontal hull, carrying a total of 40 rounds for its main armament. The K2's primary anti-tank munitions, developed by the ADD and Poongsan Corporation , are the K279 APFSDS-T, designed with self-sharpening technology for armored targets, and the K280 HEAT-MP-T,
2522-506: Is a fire-and-forget , top-attack anti-tank munition with an effective operating range of 2–8 kilometers (1.2–5.0 mi), developed specifically for use with the K2. It is launched as a kinetic energy projectile, fired from the main gun in a high trajectory profile comparable to that of a mortar . Upon reaching its designated target area, a parachute deploys, giving on-board millimeter band radar , infrared and radiometer sensors time to seek and acquire stationary or moving targets. When
2619-419: Is a plethora of derivative terms that emphasize various aspects, uses, and sub-domains of C2. These terms are accompanied by numerous associated abbreviations. For example, in addition to C2, command and control is often abbreviated as C2 and sometimes as C&C "Command and control" have been coupled with: and others. Some of the more common variations include: and others. A command and control center
2716-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to
2813-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean
2910-588: Is communicated to lower staffs and units. This term is also in common use within the computer security industry and in the context of cyberwarfare . Here the term refers to the influence an attacker has over a compromised computer system that they control. For example, a valid usage of the term is to say that attackers use "command and control infrastructure" to issue "command and control instructions" to their victims. Advanced analysis of command and control methodologies can be used to identify attackers, associate attacks, and disrupt ongoing malicious activity. There
3007-424: Is equipped with an advanced fire-control system linked to an Extremely High Frequency (EHF) L-band Pulsed Doppler Radar system deployed on the frontal arc of the turret, along with a VAS-1K raman laser rangefinder and crosswind sensor. The system is capable of a "lock-on" mode, which can acquire and track specific targets up to a range of 9.8 kilometers (6.1 mi) using a thermographic camera . This allows
K2 Black Panther - Misplaced Pages Continue
3104-410: Is fundamental to any C2 system and the development of joint doctrine and procedures . The definitions in the following paragraphs have some agreement internationally, although not every potential ally will use the terms with exactly the same meaning." The US Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms defines command and control as: "The exercise of authority and direction by
3201-405: Is improved by 3-axis stabilization. It is also designed to minimize vibration and noise when the turret is driven. The turret achieved a rotating speed of 800 mil (45 degrees) per second at the prototype stage. The commander of the tank has the ability to override the gunner's command, to take control of the turret and gun. Moreover, unconfirmed reports state that, in the event of an emergency,
3298-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be
3395-412: Is mounted independently on the side of the chassis to provide additional interior space. The K2 also has advanced track system called Dynamic Track Tension System (DTTS). Maintaining optimum tension through all maneuvers, it dramatically reduces the chance of throwing a track even in the most extreme situations. The DTTS is also designed to maintain optimal track tension while K2 is maneuvering to minimize
3492-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with
3589-407: Is programmed to detect and put out any internal fires that may occur, and atmospheric sensors alert the crew if the tank enters a hazardous environment. The K2's collective protection system, which integrates positive pressure and A/C devices, has a ventilation capacity of 180 m/h and an air conditioning capacity of 7,500 kcal/h. In addition, the interior of the tank is equipped with
3686-470: Is said that K2's predecessor, K1, can cross a river of 2 meter depth after 2 hours of preparation, which also requires assistance from military engineers. However, a K2 tank does not require outside assistance for river crossing. This type of self water-crossing ability is beneficial from a tactical perspective, as it allows for more attacking routes. In March 2011, South Korean Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) announced that mass production of
3783-622: Is typically a secure room or building in a government, military or prison facility that operates as the agency's dispatch center, surveillance monitoring center, coordination office and alarm monitoring center all in one. Command and control centers are operated by a government or municipal agency. Various branches of the US military such as the US Coast Guard and Navy have command and control centers. They are also common in many large correctional facilities. A command and control center that
3880-469: Is used by a military unit in a deployed location is usually called a "command post". A warship has a combat information center for tactical control of the ship's resources, but commanding a fleet or joint operation requires additional space for commanders and staff plus C4I facilities provided on a flagship (e.g., aircraft carriers), sometimes a command ship or upgraded logistics ship such as USS Coronado . Command and control warfare encompasses all
3977-747: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on
K2 Black Panther - Misplaced Pages Continue
4074-572: Is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only
4171-559: The Automatic Target Recognition algorithm. When the target is identified as a foe by the IFF/SIF (Identification Friend or Foe/Selective Identification Feature) system, the tank automatically aims and performs laser distance measurements on the target even if the tank is maneuvering on irregular terrain while the target is moving. It can lead the target and fire automatically based on ballistic data calculated by
4268-504: The K1 88-Tank , designed by General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS), was commissioned for service. South Korea participated in its development, and gained tank development capability. The K1 was a derivative of the M1 Abrams , designed by Americans and produced in South Korea, and its associated legal agreements limited South Korea's rights for export , logistics , and future enhancements. In
4365-703: The Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from the Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that
4462-524: The Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations , was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to
4559-541: The L55 gun. ERA blocks are also present, with the addition of ultra-high hardness and high-hardness armor package and non-explosive reactive armor (NERA) planned for the K2 Product Improvement Program (PIP) and export variant specification. Inside the hull, an overpressure system is installed to protect the tank crew from chemical and biological weapons, an automatic fire suppression system
4656-567: The Middle East and Eastern Europe . There were also criticisms of many European nations as lacking investment in domestic warfare technology, and relying too much on weapons from partnerships . Historically, South Korea always maintained a policy of self-reliance on weapons, and so the new tank program was authorized. From July 1995 to December 1997, system concept research was conducted including analysis of required operational capability (ROC), function, performance, operations, logistics, and
4753-568: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,
4850-483: The tank gun , the electric gun and turret drive system (EGTDS), and the gun autoloader . Other key systems and tests included automatic target detection & tracking, and cognitive identification ability of the combat control system along with its simulator, the semi-active in-arm suspension unit to dramatically increase mobility performance, and the proximity fuse (within 7 meters) for multi-purpose HEAT munition (to shoot down helicopters). In 2002, Hilmi Özkök ,
4947-529: The 107th Defense Acquisition Program Promotion Committee held on November 29, 2017, gave it an opportunity to retest the durability of the transmission, but SNT Dynamics refused to retest the durability of the transmission. In February 2018, DAPA announced the second batch would have a "hybrid" powerpack consisting of the locally developed engine with the German RENK transmission system, allowing them to start entering service in 2019. An additional contract for
SECTION 50
#17327728216535044-968: The 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea
5141-431: The 5.3 meters (17 ft) long 44 caliber KM256, the new gun was 6.6 meters (22 ft) in length and sent out projectiles at 12-13 MJ , which was a huge increase from 8-9 MJ. Since the projectile travels at hypersonic speed or at a muzzle velocity of 1,760 m/s (with K279), it was critical to develop HEAT resistance material and stabilization of the projectile. Early designs included an unmanned turret variant, which
5238-471: The ADD and WIA (now Hyundai WIA ), and is capable of hitting a 30 centimeters (12 in) size object at range greater than 1 kilometer (0.62 mi). This is complemented by a home-grown bustle-type autoloader, similar to the Leclerc , which allows the tank to fire up to 10 rounds per minute. The laser barcode identifier of the autoloader recognizes the classification of pre-barcoded ammunition and selects
5335-638: The Black Panther's systems, giving the tank's crew the ability to scout without disclosing its location. Despite South Korea producing K1 tanks, GDLS strictly prohibited Koreans from using the Special Armor Package (SAP), which was identical to that of the M1 Abrams, in order to protect the United States' intellectual property rights and national security. Armor for main battle tanks was commonly regarded as top secret and its technology
5432-482: The K1A1 under license. While the K1A1 development was ongoing, South Korea began to plan a new domestic main battle tank as its tank design and manufacturing capability matured. There were three main reasons for the development of the new tank: Firstly, despite the increase in localization, K1A1 was still an American design that falls under the United States' export control to protect intellectual rights , which creates
5529-605: The K2, which the Army was expecting to deploy in 2012, would not happen due to problems concerning its engine and transmission. In the evaluation test conducted in March 2012, it was reported that the domestic powerpack did not meet the required operational capability (ROC) proposed by the Ministry of National Defense in three categories: cooling fan speed control, maximum power at low temperature, and acceleration performance. In April 2012, DAPA announced that due to ongoing issues with
5626-408: The accomplishment of the mission." However, this sentence is missing from the "command and control" entry for the edition "As Amended Through 15 August 2014." Commanding officers are assisted in executing these tasks by specialized staff officers and enlisted personnel. These military staff are a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between
5723-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,
5820-820: The commander of Turkish Land Forces , visited the research center and witnessed the simulator capabilities and an actual model of the combat control system. Afterward, Turkey continuously sent its dignitaries to closely monitor progress, and it eventually led to cooperation in developing Turkey's Altay . From January 2003 to 2007, a number of test vehicles were built: two test vehicles, the MTR (Mobility Test Rig) and FTR (Firepower Test Rig), and three PV (Pilot Vehicles) were built to demonstrate technology and performance. MTR and FTR conducted mobility, fire control, combat control, and low temperature operating life tests, while PV1, PV2, and PV3 conducted tests on endurance, developer, operator, and integrated logistics support . The last prototype
5917-414: The compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean
SECTION 60
#17327728216536014-413: The crew to fire accurately while moving as well as engage low-flying aircraft. The fire-control system is also linked to an advanced gun stabilizer and trigger-delay mechanism to optimize accuracy while moving in uneven terrain. If the trigger on the main gun is pulled at the same time the tank encounters an irregularity in the terrain, oscillation of the gun barrel will cause temporary misalignment between
6111-502: The defense sector (the politicians, the military, and developers) viewed the K1 tanks as a "humiliation", because the tank itself was a proof that South Korea lacked in tank developing technology. It was a matter of national pride to have the ability to design and build a leading main battle tank. Developers claimed that during times of war, military logistics and support of armaments could stop when geopolitics came into play, as witnessed in
6208-475: The direction of the incoming missile at the most effective time. The multispectral screening smoke grenades hide tank from visible , forward-looking infrared , and millimeter wave optics and radar thus disrupt accuracy of missile. The SLS is located at the rear center of the turret top, and is assisted by two Missile Warning Receiver (MWR) on the frontal turret using L-band pulsed doppler radar. Each system covers 90 degrees (total 180 degrees) and 60 degrees at
6305-399: The early 1990s, Korean engineers suggested producing a new domestically designed tank using the latest available technology, but the military refused due to cost overruns. Instead, South Korea chose to upgrade the K1, and received a technical data upgrade package from GDLS. However, it was limiting its involvement to increase its domestic capability and experience while taking responsibility for
6402-497: The early to mid 1990s, South Korea learned internal ballistics , external ballistics , and terminal ballistics for tank guns while license producing the KM256 tank gun ; they invented self-sharpening tungsten penetrator for 120 mm APFSDS munitions during the K1A1 program. Using acquired technology, engineers decided to increase firepower with longer gun barrels and enhanced propellants that were NATO compatible . Compared to
6499-553: The excessive load on the track and prevent the track from peeling off the road wheels. The K2 Black Panther is a unique tank equipped with advanced snorkel capabilities, enabling it to navigate challenging battlefields with numerous rivers. It is fully protected from biochemical attacks by a sealed and air circulation system. This allows the tank to independently cross rivers and reach the battlefield faster than others that require engineers to build bridges or boats for river crossings. The vehicle can cross rivers as deep as 4.1 meters using
6596-406: The failure. South Korea advanced in turret designs, fire-controlling systems , sights, and composite armors during this process. The operational prototype of the new variant K1A1 was later displayed in 1996, but the 1997 Asian financial crisis delayed its mass production . South Korea worked on further localization during the delay and managed to develop its own designs or produce most parts of
6693-565: The first K2s were deployed with the South Korean armed forces in July 2014. The K2 Black Panther has an advanced fire-control system, in-arm suspension, and a radar, laser rangefinder, and crosswind sensor for lock-on targeting. Its thermographic camera tracks targets up to 9.8 km, and its millimetre-band radar acts as a Missile Approach Warning System, enhancing situational awareness. The K2's autoloader reduces crew size by 25%, providing
6790-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in
6887-467: The first mass production was employed with a German-made MTU powerpack, which was able to produce 100 vehicles by 2015. Hyundai Rotem signed a contract from the second batch of 106 K2 tanks in December 2014, but the vehicles continued to have powerpack issues due to the domestic SNT Dynamics transmission failing durability tests. After SNT Dynamics complained about the domestic powerpack test standards,
6984-456: The fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it
7081-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains
7178-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it
7275-639: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or
7372-455: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to
7469-426: The military tactics that use communications technology. It can be abbreviated as C W. An older name for these tactics is "signals warfare", derived from the name given to communications by the military. Newer names include information operations and information warfare . The following techniques are combined: with the physical destruction of enemy communications facilities. The objective is to deny information to
7566-512: The more advanced sensors and armaments deployed on the K2. The K2's Korean Gunner's Primary Sight adopts a thermographic camera that is more advanced than K1A1, and the sight provides 4x and 15x magnifications using the optical system, and 30x and 60x magnifications using a digital image processor . The tank gun and turret are powered by an EGTDS developed by Hyundai Rotem and Doosan Mottrol (now Mottrol ). The EGTDS provides high efficiency and high precision drive control, and its performance
7663-589: The movement of the first road wheel in front and collects data, and the five road wheels in the rear automatically control the hydraulic pressure of the in-arm suspension unit and variable damper based on this terrain data to maintain optimal driving performance. The unique suspension system of the Black Panther expands the gun's elevation angles, allowing it to target from a high hill or a low valley. This makes it particularly effective in mountainous areas with steep hills or even in urban cities with tall buildings. K2 can elevate its main gun up to 24 degrees, which allows
7760-551: The new tank development. Per prior agreement, all the presentations were recorded, and used for guiding system development of the new tank. Then seven researchers of the Agency for Defense Development (ADD), who were responsible for designing the tank, were sent to the United Kingdom for a year of tank development education. From November 1998 to December 2002, private companies joined the ADD during exploratory research , and developed core technologies and systems including
7857-433: The new tank, the Army replied that network warfare capability for command and control is the top priority, not firepower , defense, or mobility . This new capability would need to be built into the new tank. Criticism was made on the new tank developments: "It seemed to many to be too early to adopt a new model, and there were also doubts because it would be the first tank ever designed domestically." However, consensus of
7954-410: The production of a third batch of about 110 K2s is to follow within the next several years. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as
8051-638: The proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of
8148-411: The relatively compact design of the engine, the designers were able to fit an additional compact Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) into the remaining compartment space. This is capable of producing 8~10 kW, and intended to act as an auxiliary power unit with which the tank may power its on-board systems when its main engine is turned off. It will also allow the tank to conserve fuel when idling and minimize
8245-572: The reliability and durability of the domestically produced powerpack, the first 100 production K2s would use German-made Euro Powerpack and that service entry would be delayed until March 2014. The first 15 K2 Black Panther tanks were put into service in June 2014. Faulty domestic engines and transmissions previously halted production, but the lowering of required acceleration performance allowed it to enter service. Until domestic Doosan Infracore (now HD Hyundai Infracore) 1,500 hp engines were produced,
8342-669: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting
8439-489: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Command and control Command and control (abbr. C2 ) is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... [that] employs human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve the goals of an organization or enterprise, according to a 2015 definition by military scientists Marius Vassiliou , David S. Alberts , and Jonathan R. Agre . The term often refers to
8536-405: The technology required. The first step was to develop a modeling and simulation system for theoretical study and analysis. South Korean developers invited experts from around the world, including Sven Berge ( Stridsvagn 103 ), Philip Lett ( M1 Abrams ), Israel Tal ( Merkava ), Hayashi Iwao ( Type 90 ), and Richard Ogorkiewicz (European tanks) for a 40-hour seminar to help guide the concepts of
8633-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at
8730-436: The turret mounted laser rangefinder and crosswind sensor. This feature enhances the performance of inexperienced gunners significantly. The K2 houses the following features which help to improve situational awareness for the crew: The following features are provided for crew operability and system maintenance: Work is also under way to integrate the experimental autonomous vehicle , unmanned wheeled reconnaissance drone into
8827-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ
8924-403: The vehicle can be operated by only two crew members, or even a single one. It is speculated that the fire-control system can automatically spot and track visible targets, compare them using the data link established with other friendly vehicles to prevent redundant target engagements, and fire its main gun without manual input. K2 has an Automatic Target Detection and Tracking System controlled by
9021-426: The vehicle's thermal and acoustic signatures. The Black Panther fields an advanced semi-active suspension system, called the in-arm suspension unit (ISU), which allows for individual control of every bogie on the tracks. This posture control function can tilt the chassis or lower the overall height by 40 centimeters (16 in). This allows the K2 to "sit", "stand" and "kneel", as well as "lean" towards one side or
9118-585: Was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as
9215-402: Was scrapped in favor of a manned turret during initial exploratory development. Another plan was to equip Rheinmetall 's experimental NPzK-140 140 mm smoothbore gun, but this plan was also scrapped due to issues regarding incomplete combustion of 140 mm munitions. South Korea originally planned to receive technology transfer of chrome plating on tank guns from Switzerland , only
9312-533: Was unlikely to be exported. Therefore, developing domestic armor was the only option in order to design a tank. The ADD and Samyang Comtech developed Korean Special Armor Plate (KSAP) for the K1A1 project, and South Korea also keeps most information in secret. In 1996, South Korea received 1,250 hp variant Russian domestic specification T-80Us along with Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armor (ERA), and studied its composite armor and ERA technology, which contributed to development of domestic armors. The K2 uses
9409-800: Was unveiled on 2 March 2007 at the proving ground in Changwon , and the development was officially completed after being declared fit for combat by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) in September 2008. The XK2 development project, which began in 1995 and ended in 2008, cost a total of 452.6 billion won spread over 14 years. The K2 tank began to be called the Black Panther for its speed and valiance. In 2020, Samyang Comtech , which produces composite armors, began developing an improvement of front armors for K2 export variants, and later it changed to
#652347