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45-768: The area was Frisian -speaking, but under the influence of the Saxon city of Groningen most of the area turned to speaking Low Saxon . A reminder of the Frisian past is the Ommelanden flag which looks a lot like the Frisian provincial flag but has more and narrower stripes and more red pompeblêden (stylised heart-shaped leaves of yellow water-lily ). The area is made up of the following four quarters: 53°18′N 6°42′E  /  53.3°N 6.7°E  / 53.3; 6.7 This Groningen location article

90-559: A Danish substrate . However, Frisian is still unintelligible to Dutch; a cloze test in 2005 revealed that Dutch respondents understood 31.9% of a West Frisian newspaper, 66.4% of an Afrikaans newspaper and 97.1% of a Dutch newspaper. Additional shared linguistic characteristics between Friesland and the Great Yarmouth area in England are likely to have resulted from the close trading relationship these areas maintained during

135-653: A large amount of unique lexical, syntactic, and phonological items which differ from other Low Saxon variants. Some Old Frisian vocabulary is still in active speech today. East Frisian features frequent use of diminutives, as in the Dutch language , e.g. kluntje ‘lump of rock sugar ’. In many cases, diminutives of names, especially female ones, have become names of their own. For example: Antje (from Anna), Triintje (from Trina = Katharina) etc. The dialects spoken in East Frisia are closely related to those spoken in

180-653: A state of decrease. East Frisian Low Saxon is not to be confused with the East Frisian language ; the latter, spoken by about 2,000 individuals in the Saterland region, is a Frisian language , not Low German . There are several dialects in East Frisian Low Saxon. There are two main groups of dialects. The dialects in the east, called Harlinger Platt , are strongly influenced by Northern Low Saxon of Oldenburg . The western dialects are closer to

225-510: A way to show that it was possible, and created a collective West Frisian identity and West Frisian standard of writing through his poetry. Later on, Johannes Hilarides would build off Gysbert Japiks' work by building on West Frisian orthography, particularly on its pronunciation; he also, unlike Japiks, set a standard of the West Frisian language that focused more heavily on how the common people used it as an everyday language. Perhaps

270-462: Is tsiis and tsjerke , whereas in Dutch it is kaas and kerk , and in High German the respective words are Käse and Kirche . Contrarily, this did not happen for chin and choose , which are kin and kieze . One rhyme demonstrates the palpable similarity between Frisian and English: "Butter, bread and green cheese is good English and good Frisian," which is pronounced more or less

315-490: Is a Northern Low Saxon dialect spoken in the East Frisian peninsula of northwestern Lower Saxony . It is used quite frequently in everyday speech there. About half of the East Frisian population in the coastal region uses the language. A number of individuals, despite not being active speakers of East Frisian Low Saxon, are able to understand it to some extent. However, both active and passive language skills are in

360-542: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Frisian languages The Frisian languages ( / ˈ f r iː ʒ ə n / FREE -zhən or / ˈ f r ɪ z i ə n / FRIZ -ee-ən ) are a closely related group of West Germanic languages , spoken by about 400,000 Frisian people , who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany . The Frisian languages are

405-426: Is about 75% of the inhabitants of Friesland. An increasing number of native Dutch speakers in the province are learning Frisian as a second language. In Germany , there are about 2,000 speakers of Saterland Frisian in the marshy Saterland region of Lower Saxony . Saterland Frisian has resisted encroachment from Low German and Standard German , but Saterland Frisian still remains seriously endangered because of

450-603: Is called Frysk in West Frisian, Fräisk in Saterland Frisian, and Friisk , fresk , freesk , frasch , fräisch , and freesch in the varieties of North Frisian. The situation in the Dutch province of Groningen and the German region of East Frisia is similar: The local Low German/Low Saxon dialects of Gronings and East Frisian Low Saxon still bear some Frisian elements due to East Frisian substrate . Frisian

495-433: Is considered as vulnerable to being endangered. Moreover, for all advances in integrating Frisian in daily life, there is still a lack of education and media awareness of the Frisian language, perhaps reflecting its rural origins and its lack of prestige Therefore, in a sociological sense it is considered more a dialect than a standard language, even though linguistically it is a separate language. For L2 speakers , both

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540-527: Is it keninkryk en de krêft en de hearlikheid oant yn ivichheid. "Amen" Our Father, which art in Heaven Hallowed be thy Name. Thy Kingdom come. Thy will be done, in earth as it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive them that trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation; But deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom,

585-496: Is now Belgium , to the river Weser , in northern Germany . At that time, the Frisian language was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast. Today this region is sometimes referred to as Great Frisia or Frisia Magna, and many of the areas within it still treasure their Frisian heritage, even though in most places the Frisian languages have been lost. Frisian is the language most closely related to English and Scots , but after at least five hundred years of being subject to

630-582: Is one of the two official languages in the Netherlands, the other being Dutch . ISO 639-1 code fy and ISO 639-2 code fry were assigned to "Frisian", but that was changed in November 2005 to " Western Frisian ". According to the ISO 639 Registration Authority the "previous usage of [this] code has been for Western Frisian, although [the] language name was 'Frisian ' ". The new ISO 639 code stq

675-536: Is used for the Saterland Frisian language , a variety of Eastern Frisian (not to be confused with East Frisian Low Saxon , a West Low German dialect). The new ISO 639 code frr is used for the North Frisian language variants spoken in parts of Schleswig-Holstein . The Ried fan de Fryske Beweging is an organization which works for the preservation of the West Frisian language and culture in

720-472: The Dutch province of Friesland . The Fryske Academy also plays a large role, since its foundation in 1938, to conduct research on Frisian language, history, and society, including attempts at forming a larger dictionary. Recent attempts have allowed Frisian be used somewhat more in some of the domains of education, media and public administration. Nevertheless, Saterland Frisian and most dialects of North Frisian are seriously endangered and West Frisian

765-600: The Dutch province of Groningen ( Grunnegs , Grünnigs) and in Northern Drenthe (Noordenvelds). The biggest difference seems to be that of loanwords (from Dutch or German, resp.). The standard greeting is Moin (moi in Gronings), used 24 hours a day. East Frisian Low Saxon has two orthographies which are well known. One is developed by the Ostfriesische Landschaft, which is based on

810-468: The Dutch system of homophony between plural and linking suffixes when speaking West Frisian, by using the West Frisian plural as a linking morpheme. Speakers who had West Frisian as their first language often maintained the West Frisian system of no homophony when speaking West Frisian. Saterland and North Frisian are officially recognised and protected as minority languages in Germany, and West Frisian

855-482: The Low Saxon Language spoken in the Dutch province of Groningen , Gronings . East Frisian Low Saxon differs from other Northern Low Saxon dialects in several aspects, which are often linked to Frisian heritage. The language originally spoken in East Frisia and Groningen was Frisian, so the current Low German dialects of East Frisia, as part of the dialects, build on a Frisian substrate which has led to

900-555: The Middle Frisian period (c.1550-c.1820) in the 16th century is based on the fairly abrupt halt in the use of Frisian as a written language. Up until the 15th century, Frisian was a language widely spoken and written, but from 1500 onwards it became an almost exclusively oral language, mainly used in rural areas. This was in part due to the occupation of its stronghold, the Dutch province of Friesland (Fryslân), in 1498, by Albert III, Duke of Saxony , who replaced West Frisian as

945-655: The West Frisian language. The compiled literary work of the Halbertsma brothers (Joost, Tjalling , and Eeltje ), Rimen en Teltsjes , is regarded as the standard Frisian literary work. This had begun the effort to continuously preserve the West Frisian language, which continues unto this day. It was however not until the first half of the 20th century that the West Frisian revival movement began to gain strength, not only through its language, but also through its culture and history, supporting singing and acting in West Frisian in order to facilitate West Frisian speaking. It

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990-470: The centuries-long Hanseatic League of the Late Middle Ages . There are three main groups of Frisian varieties: West Frisian , Saterland Frisian , and North Frisian . Some linguists consider these three varieties, despite their mutual unintelligibility , to be dialects of one single Frisian language, whereas others consider them to be a number of separate languages equal to or greater than

1035-536: The centuries. Old Frisian , however, was very similar to Old English . Historically, both English and Frisian are marked by the loss of the Germanic nasal in words like us ( ús ; uns in German), soft ( sêft ; sanft ) or goose ( goes ; Gans ): see Anglo-Frisian nasal spirant law . Also, when followed by some vowels, the Germanic k softened to a ch sound; for example, the Frisian for cheese and church

1080-774: The closest living language group to the Anglic languages ; the two groups make up the Anglo-Frisian languages group and together with the Low German dialects these form the North Sea Germanic languages . However, modern English and Frisian are not mutually intelligible , nor are Frisian languages intelligible among themselves, owing to independent linguistic innovations and language contact with neighboring languages. There are three different branches of Frisian, which are usually called Frisian languages , despite

1125-447: The dominant language in judicial, administrative and religious affairs. In this period the great Frisian poet Gysbert Japiks (1603–66), a schoolteacher and cantor from the city of Bolsward , who largely fathered modern West Frisian literature and orthography, was really an exception to the rule. His example was not followed until the 19th century, when entire generations of West Frisian authors and poets appeared. This coincided with

1170-469: The earliest definite written examples of Frisian are from approximately the 9th century, there are a few examples of runic inscriptions from the region which are probably older and possibly in the Frisian language. These runic writings however usually do not amount to more than single- or few-word inscriptions, and cannot be said to constitute literature as such. The transition from the Old Frisian to

1215-545: The fact that dialects within those branches may not be mutually intelligible. The three branches are: West Frisian , which is by far the most spoken of the three and is an official language in the Dutch province of Friesland , where it is spoken on the mainland and on two of the West Frisian Islands : Terschelling and Schiermonnikoog . It is also spoken in four villages in the Westerkwartier of

1260-462: The influence of Dutch , modern Frisian in some aspects bears a greater similarity to Dutch than to English; one must also take into account the centuries-long drift of English away from Frisian. Thus the two languages have become less mutually intelligible over time, partly due to the influence which Dutch and Low German have had on Frisian, and partly due to the vast influence some languages (in particular Norman French ) have had on English throughout

1305-549: The introduction of the so-called newer breaking system, a prominent grammatical feature in almost all West Frisian dialects, with the notable exception of Southwest Frisian. Therefore, the Modern West Frisian period is considered to have begun at this point in time, around 1820. The revival of the West Frisian Language was led by the poet Gysbert Japiks , who had begun to write in the language as

1350-616: The language has become less important for cultural preservation purposes. It is especially written West Frisian that seems to have trouble surviving, with only 30% of the West Frisian population competent in it; it went out of use in the 16th century and continues to be barely taught today. Frisian languages belong to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages , the most widespread language family in Europe and

1395-628: The language of government with Dutch. Afterwards this practice was continued under the Habsburg rulers of the Netherlands (the German Emperor Charles V and his son, the Spanish King Philip II ), and even when the Netherlands became independent, in 1585, West Frisian did not regain its former status. The reason for this was the rise of Holland as the dominant part of the Netherlands, and its language, Dutch, as

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1440-486: The most important figure in the spreading of the West Frisian language was minister Joost. H. Halbertsma (1789–1869), who translated many works into the West Frisian language, such as the New Testament He had however, like Hilarides, focused mostly on the vernacular of the West Frisian language, where he focused on translating texts, plays and songs for the lower and middle classes in order to teach and expand

1485-673: The municipality of Saterland in the Lower Saxon district of Cloppenburg . Surrounded by bogs , the four Saterlandic villages lie just outside the borders of East Frisia , in the Oldenburg Münsterland region. In East Frisia proper, East Frisian Low Saxon is spoken today, which is not a Frisian language, but a variant of Low German/Low Saxon . Depending upon their location, the six Frisian languages have been heavily influenced by and bear similarities to Dutch and Low German/Low Saxon , and in addition North Frisian has

1530-635: The neighbouring province of Groningen . North Frisian , the second branch, is spoken in the northernmost German district of Nordfriesland in the state of Schleswig-Holstein : on the North Frisian mainland, and on the North Frisian Islands of Sylt , Föhr , Amrum , and the Halligs . It is also spoken on the islands of Heligoland ( deät Lun ) and Düne ( de Halem ), in the North Sea . The third Frisian branch, East Frisian , has only one remaining variant, Sater Frisian , spoken in

1575-551: The number of main branches discussed here. Indeed, the insular varieties of West Frisian are not intelligible to the mainland, and by that standard are additional languages, and North Frisian is also divided into several strongly diverse dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible among themselves. West Frisian is strongly influenced by Dutch. The other Frisian languages, meanwhile, have been influenced by Low German and German. Stadsfries and West Frisian Dutch are not Frisian, but Dutch dialects influenced by West Frisian. Frisian

1620-466: The orthography by Johannes Sass . The Ostfriesische Landschaft uses this spelling for all of their projects, and to promote the dialect. It is considered to also be a cross di-dialect compromise writing, to provide materials in Low German for outside of the East Frisian Low Saxon dialect speaking area, and is recognized by the government of Lower Saxony . However, a newer, more phonetic orthography

1665-546: The power, and the glory, For ever and ever. Amen. Onze Vader die in de hemelen zijt, Uw naam worde geheiligd; Uw Koninkrijk kome; Uw wil geschiede, gelijk in de hemel alzo ook op de aarde. Geef ons heden ons dagelijks brood; en vergeef ons onze schulden, gelijk ook wij vergeven onze schuldenaren; en leid ons niet in verzoeking, maar verlos ons van de boze. Want van U is het Koninkrijk "en de kracht en de heerlijkheid in der eeuwigheid. Amen. NB: * See also West Frisian language#Sample text . ** Which

1710-535: The quality and amount of time Frisian is taught in the classroom is low, concluding that Frisian lessons do not contribute meaningfully to the linguistic and cultural development of the students. Moreover, Frisian runs the risk of dissolving into Dutch, especially in Friesland , where both languages are used. In the Early Middle Ages the Frisian lands stretched from the area around Bruges , in what

1755-484: The same in both languages (West Frisian: "Bûter, brea en griene tsiis is goed Ingelsk en goed Frysk.") One major difference between Old Frisian and modern Frisian is that in the Old Frisian period ( c.  1150  – c.  1550 ) grammatical cases still existed. Some of the texts that are preserved from this period are from the 12th or 13th, but most are from the 14th and 15th centuries. Generally, all these texts are restricted to legalistic writings. Although

1800-643: The small size of the speech community and of the lack of institutional support to help preserve and spread the language. In the North Frisia ( Nordfriesland ) region of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein , there were 10,000 North Frisian speakers. Although many of these live on the mainland, most are found on the islands, notably Sylt , Föhr , Amrum , and Heligoland . The local corresponding North Frisian dialects are still in use. West Frisian-Dutch bilinguals are split into two categories: Speakers who had Dutch as their first language tended to maintain

1845-580: The world. Its closest living genealogical relatives are the Anglic languages , i.e. English and Scots ( Anglo-Frisian languages ); together with the also closely related Low Saxon dialects the two groups make up the group of North Sea Germanic languages . Us Heit, dy't yn de himelen is jins namme wurde hillige. Jins keninkryk komme. Jins wollen barre, allyk yn 'e himel sa ek op ierde. Jou ús hjoed ús deistich brea. En ferjou ús ús skulden, allyk ek wy ferjouwe ús skuldners. En lied ús net yn fersiking, mar ferlos ús fan 'e kweade. Want Jowes

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1890-468: Was changed to "who", in earth to "on earth," and them that to "those who" in the 1928 version of the Church of England prayer book and used in other later Anglican prayer books too. The words given here are those of the 1662 book. NB: These are not always literal translations of each other. East Frisian Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon , East Frisian Low German or simply called East Frisian

1935-545: Was developed in 1975 by Holger Weigelt, since he expressed concerns that the grammatical structures and character of East Frisian Low Saxon would not be presented well under the Sass-based spelling. This orthography is used fully by the Jungfräiske Mäinskup, which promotes the dialect and provides learning materials in this spelling. The Incubator Misplaced Pages for East Frisian Low Saxon along with the examples of

1980-470: Was not until 1960 that Dutch began to dominate West Frisian in Friesland; with many non-Frisian immigrants into Friesland, the language gradually began to diminish, and survives now only due to the constant effort of scholars and organisations. In recent years, it has been the province of Friesland, rather than the language itself, that has become a more important part of the West Frisian identity; as such,

2025-469: Was spoken there at one time, only to have been gradually replaced by Low Saxon since the Middle Ages. This local language is now, like Frisian, under threat by standard Dutch and German. Most Frisian speakers live in the Netherlands , primarily in the province of Friesland , which since 1997 officially uses its West Frisian name of Fryslân, where the number of native speakers is about 400,000, which

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