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63-624: The Onge (also Önge , Ongee , and Öñge ) are an Andamanese ethnic group , indigenous to the Andaman Islands in Southeast Asia at the Bay of Bengal , India . They are traditionally hunter-gatherers and fishers , but also practice plant cultivation . They are designated as a Scheduled Tribe of India. In the 18th century the Onge were distributed across Little Andaman Island and
126-550: A better proxy for Ancient Ancestral South Asian (AASI) ancestry than the Andamanese Onge are. The Onge population is consistently declining and infant mortality rate is very high. Several physiological parameters such as ABO, Rh blood group, blood pressure, SGOT, SGPT and total protein level, Hepatitis B surface antigen, VDRL and some genetic markers have been conducted. The results of blood pressure, cholesterol level and liver enzyme test do not show any abnormality. However,
189-591: A common origin to the exclusion of other Asians, and that they are highly genetically divergent from other Asian populations. The Andamanese show a very small genetic variation, which is indicative of populations that have experienced a population bottleneck and then developed in isolation for a long period. An allele has been discovered among the Jarawas that is found nowhere else in the world. Blood samples of 116 Jarawas were collected and tested for Duffy blood group and malarial parasite infectivity. Results showed
252-403: A few words of Hindi before returning to his jungle home. The following year, Jarawa individuals and small groups began appearing along roadsides and occasionally venturing into settlements to steal food. The ATR may have interfered with traditional Jarawa food sources. On 17 November 2018, a United States missionary , John Allen Chau , was killed when he tried to introduce Christianity to
315-408: A height of 459 metres (1,506 feet) above sea level . Politically, South Andaman Island has the tehsils of Ferrargunj and Sri Vijaya Puram. Port Blair, the capital of the islands, is located on the southern part of this island. Other big cities are : Bambooflat , Prothrapur , and Garacharma . South Andaman had a population of 238,142 at the 2011 census. The effective literacy rate (i.e.
378-568: A separate ancestry for Andamanese populations. Rather, haplogroup D was part of the standing variation carried by the OOA expansion, and later lost from most of the populations except in Andaman and partially in Japan and Tibet”. Other haplogroups found among Andamanese include haplogroup P , and L-M20 . Several studies (Hammer et al. 2006, Shinoda 2008, Matsumoto 2009, Cabrera et al. 2018) suggest that
441-400: A single settlement in the northeast of Little Andaman Island (see map above), making it an endangered language . The Ongan languages , to which Onge belongs, have been proposed by Juliette Blevins to be related to Mainland Asian languages , such as Austronesian . However, this proposal has not been well received by other linguists, such as Robert Blust , who concludes that the hypothesis
504-534: A total absence of both Fya and Fyb antigens in two areas (Kadamtala and R.K Nallah) and low prevalence of both Fya antigen in another two areas (Jirkatang and Tirur). There was an absence of malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax infection though Plasmodium falciparum infection was present in 27·59% of cases. A very high frequency of Fy (a–b–) in the Jarawa tribe from all the four jungle areas of Andaman Islands along with total absence of P. vivax infections suggests
567-413: Is a form of animism . Ancestor worship is an important element in the religious traditions of the Andaman islands. The Andamanese probably had no government or clan leader, but made decisions by group consensus . The Onge speak the Önge language . It is one of two known Ongan languages (southern Andamanese languages ). Önge used to be spoken throughout Little Andaman as well as in smaller islands to
630-874: Is however also the single most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia , where it represents 60% of all maternal lineages. Haplogroup M is also relatively common in Northeast Africa of Somalis , Oromo at over 20%. Also in the Tuareg in Mali and Burkina Faso at 18.42%. Unlike some Negrito populations of Southeast Asia, Andaman Islanders have not been found to have Denisovan ancestry. However, they are estimated, like all other non-African populations, to possess approximately 1-2% Neanderthal ancestry. A 2019 study concluded that all Asian and Australo-Papuan populations, including Andaman Islanders, also share between 2.6 and 3.4% of
693-425: Is not supported by the comparative method (used in linguistics), and also cites non-linguistic (such as cultural, archaeological, and biological) evidence against Blevins' hypothesis. George van Driem (2011) considers Blevins' evidence as "not compelling", although he leaves the possibility open that some resemblances could be the result of contact/borrowing, a position also held by Hoogervorst (2012). Genetically,
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#1732765290245756-611: Is the location of Sri Vijaya Puram , capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . South Andaman Island was struck by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , leading to many deaths on the island. The island belongs to the Great Andaman Chain. Some areas of the island are restricted areas for non- Indians ; however, transit permits can be obtained from the Home Ministry. South Andaman is the third largest island in
819-633: The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake by taking shelter in the highlands. In December 2008, eight male tribal members died after drinking a toxic liquid – identified as methanol by some sources – that they had apparently mistaken for drinking alcohol . The liquid apparently came from a container that had washed ashore at Dugong Creek near their settlement on the island, but Port Blair authorities ordered an investigation into whether it had originated elsewhere. A further 15 Onge were taken to hospital with at least one critically ill. With their population estimated at only around 100 before
882-468: The Andaman Islands . The Andamanese (Onge) as well as East Asians, are also distantly related to the Indigenous population of South Asia . Recent genetic evidence suggest that a Basal-East Asian population (close or ancestral to Andamanese and East Asians) was widespread in Asia and contributed to the formation of modern South Asians ( Indian people ). A study by Reich et al. (2009) found that while
945-752: The Assam Valley on the Andamanese islands. The expedition was attacked by the Onge people upon their approach to the islands and were forced to withdraw. Four Victoria Crosses were awarded to members of the expedition. In 1923, the British ornithologist and anthropologist Frank Finn , who visited the islands in the 1890s while working for the Indian Museum , described the Andamanese as "The World's Most Primitive People", writing: I used to envy
1008-640: The Great Andaman archipelago, the Jangil of Rutland Island, the Onge of Little Andaman , and the Sentinelese of North Sentinel Island . Among the Andamanese, a division of two groups can be made. One is more open to contact with civilization and the other is hostile and resistant to communicate with the outer world. At the end of the 18th century, when they first came into sustained contact with outsiders, an estimated 7,000 Andamanese remained. In
1071-485: The Peopling of Southeast Asia . The male Y-chromosome in humans is inherited exclusively through paternal descent. All sampled males of Onges (23/23) and Jarawas (4/4) belong to a sublineage of D-M174 (D1a3). However, male Great Andamanese do not appear to carry these clades. A low resolution study suggests that they belong to haplogroups K , L , O and P1 (P-M45). A 2017 study by Mondal et al. finds that
1134-614: The Sahul region. Concerning the use of Andamanese as proxy for AASI ancestry, Yelmen et al. (2019) deduced that the non West Eurasian component, termed S-component , extracted from South Asian samples would serve as a much better proxy for AASI ancestry, especially those extracted from Irula samples, than the Andamanese. Overall, the Malaysian Negritos ( Semang ), such as the Maniq people , Jahai people , and Batek people , are
1197-455: The Sentinelese tribe. The Sentinelese have been protected from contact with the outside world. Trips to the Island are prohibited by Indian law. Chau was brought near the island by local fishermen, who were later arrested during the investigation into his death. Indian authorities attempted to retrieve Chau's remains without success. The four major groups of Andamanese are: By the end of
1260-488: The island group . It is located immediately south of Middle Andaman Island and Baratang , from which it is separated only by a narrow channel, a few hundred meters wide. The island is 83 kilometres (52 miles) long and 28 kilometres (17 miles) at its widest part. Its area is 1,262 square kilometres (487 square miles). South Andaman is less mountainous than the more northerly of the Andaman Islands. Koiob reaches
1323-439: The pigmies their simple costume, which in the case of the ladies was a wisp and a waistband, and in that of the men, nothing at all. Their interests are looked after by an English Civil Servant, who has to see that no one sells them drink, or interferes with them in any way; but even this officer-in-charge, as he is styled, dares not go among them where he is not known, and considerable tact is required in getting an introduction to
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#17327652902451386-592: The 19th century, a measles epidemic killed 50% of the Andamanese population. By 1875, the Andamanese were already "perilously close to extinction". In 1888, the British government set in place a policy of "organized gift giving" that continued in varying forms until the islands, as part of the British Raj , gained independence from the British Empire . Tensions between the colonial administration and
1449-459: The AASI component, they are genetically closer to the 'Basal East Asian' Tianyuan man . Phylogenetic data suggests that an early initial eastern lineage trifurcated, and gave rise to Australasians (Oceanians), the AASI, Andamanese, as well as East/Southeast Asians, although Papuans may have also received some geneflow from an earlier group (xOoA), around 2%, next to additional archaic admixture in
1512-536: The Andaman islands. Bulbeck (2013) shows the Andamanese maternal mtDNA is entirely mitochondrial Haplogroup M . Haplogroup M (mtDNA) is a descendant of haplogroup L3 , typically found in Eurasia and parts of Africa. The mtDNA M is found in all Onge and most of the Great Andamanese samples. Analysis of mtDNA, which is inherited exclusively by maternal descent, confirms the above results. Haplogroup M
1575-467: The Andamanese between Negrito and East-Asian samples. When comparing dental morphology the focus is on overall size and tooth shape. To measure the size and shape, Penrose's size and shape statistic is used. To calculate tooth size, the sum of the tooth area is taken. Factor analysis is applied to tooth size to achieve tooth shape. Results have shown that the dental morphology of Andaman Islanders resembles that of tribal populations of South Asia ( Adivasi )
1638-460: The Andamanese increased due to British officials introducing alcohol and opium to the Andamanese. During mid-19th century, the British government in India established penal colonies on the islands and an increasing number of Indian and Karen arrived, both as settlers and prisoners. In 1867, the British launched the Andaman Islands expedition in order to rescue shipwrecked sailors from
1701-525: The Andamanese were strict hunter-gatherers . They did not practice cultivation , and lived off hunting indigenous pigs , fishing, and gathering. Their only weapons were the bow , adzes , and wooden harpoons . The Andamanese knew of no method for making fire in the nineteenth century. They instead carefully preserved embers in hollowed-out trees from fires caused by lightning strikes. The men wore girdles made of hibiscus fiber which carried useful tools and weapons for when they went hunting. The women on
1764-524: The Indian government. They also killed some workers building the Andaman Trunk Road (ATR), which traverses Jarawa lands. One of the earliest peaceful contacts with the Jarawa occurred in 1996. Settlers found a teenaged Jarawa boy named Enmei near Kadamtala town. The boy was immobilized with a broken foot. They took Enmei to a hospital, where he received good care. Over several weeks, Enmei learned
1827-634: The Onge are distantly related to modern Indian people, they have none of the admixture from Neolithic Iranian farmers or steppe pastoralists which is widespread on the mainland. From this, they conclude that the Onge are solely descended from one of the ancient populations which contributed to the genetics of modern Indians. According to Chaubey and Endicott (2013), overall, the Andamanese are more closely related to Southeast Asians and East Asians than they are to present-day South Asians. According to Yelmen et al. 2019, certain South Indian tribal groups are
1890-443: The Onge might have resulted to frequent exposure to different kind of infections and diseases. Andamanese peoples The Andamanese are the various indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands , part of India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the union territory in the southeastern part of the Bay of Bengal . The Andamanese are a designated Scheduled Tribe in India's constitution. The Andamanese peoples are among
1953-533: The Onge, as well as other Andamanese people, are distantly related to East Asian people . The Andamanese Onge show the highest affinity towards some Southeast Asian Negrito ethnic groups, such as the Aeta people , but also ancient remains of Hoabinhians , which are all characterized by Basal-East Asian ancestry. It was found that Andamanese (Onge) split from the common ancestor of modern day East Asians between 50,000 BC and 25,000 BC, before becoming isolated on
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2016-697: The Y-chromosome of the Riang people (a Tibeto-Burmese population), sublineage D1a3 (D-M174*) and the Andamanese D1a3 (*D-Y34637) have their nearest related lineages in East Asia , splitting about 23,000 years ago from an East Asian-related population. The Jarawa and Onge shared this D1a3 lineage with each other within the last ~7,000 years, suggesting a bottleneck event. They further suggest that: “This strongly suggests that haplogroup D does not indicate
2079-404: The aftermath of colonisation and settlement, from 672 in 1901 to barely 100. The population is still maintaining their cultural and biological identity, and it appears that total numbers have increased from 100 to 117 in 2017. A major cause of the decline in Onge population is the changes in their food habits brought about by their contact with the outside world. Infant and child mortality is in
2142-663: The closest modern living relatives of the Andamanese people. When compared with ancient DNA samples, Andamanese peoples are closest to the pre-Neolithic Hoabinhians in Mainland Southeast Asia (covered by two samples from Malaysia and Laos), and display high genetic affinity to the Tianyuan man in Northern China, with both being basal to contemporary East Asians, forming a "deep Asian" ancestral lineage. Deep Asian ancestry (Tianyuan/Onge) contributed to
2205-485: The crew could defend themselves, but did not receive them. Heavy seas kept the islanders away from the ship. After a week, the crew were rescued by an Indian navy helicopter. On 4 January 1991, Triloknath Pandit made the first known friendly contact with the Sentinelese. Until 1996, the Jarawa met most visitors with flying arrows. From time to time, they attacked and killed poachers on the lands reserved to them by
2268-491: The eighteenth century, there were an estimated 5,000 Great Andamanese living on Great Andaman . Altogether they comprised ten distinct tribes with different languages. The population quickly dwindled to 600 in 1901 and to 19 by 1961. It has increased slowly after that, following their move to a reservation on Strait Island . As of 2010, the population was 52, representing a mix of the former tribes. The Jarawa originally inhabited southeastern Jarawa Island and have migrated to
2331-488: The end of the 19th century they sometimes visited the South and North Brother Islands to catch sea turtles ; at the time, those islands seemed to be the boundary between their territory and the range of the Great Andamanese people further north. Today, the surviving members are confined to two reserve camps on Little Andaman: Dugong Creek in the northeast, and South Bay. Onge population numbers were substantially reduced in
2394-533: The establishment of a British colonial presence on the islands. Lacking immunity against common infectious diseases of the Eurasian mainland, the large Jarawa habitats on the southeastern regions of South Andaman Island experienced a massive population decline due to disease within four years of the establishment of a colonial presence on the island in 1789. Epidemics of pneumonia , measles and influenza spread rapidly and exacted heavy tolls, as did alcoholism. In
2457-401: The face they are all just like big mastiff dogs! They have a quantity of spices; but they are a most cruel generation, and eat everybody that they can catch, if not of their own race. They live on flesh and rice and milk, and have fruits different from any of ours. The oldest archaeological evidence for the habitation of the islands dates to the 1st millennium BC . Genetic evidence suggests that
2520-524: The fifth language family of India, following the Indo-European , Dravidian , Austroasiatic , and Sino-Tibetan . While some connections have been tentatively proposed with other language families, such as Austronesian , or the controversial Indo-Pacific family , the consensus view is currently that Andamanese languages form a separate language family – or rather, two unrelated linguistic families: Greater Andamanese and Ongan . Until contact,
2583-620: The film director in the thigh with an arrow. The following year, European visitors were repulsed with arrows. On 2 August 1981, the Hong Kong freighter ship Primrose grounded on the North Sentinel Island reef. A few days later, crewmen on the immobile vessel observed that small black men were carrying spears and arrows and building boats on the beach. The captain of the Primrose radioed for an urgent airdrop of firearms so
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2646-551: The genetic profile of a previously unknown hominin that was genetically roughly equidistant to Denisovans and Neanderthals. South Andaman South Andaman Island is the southernmost island of the Great Andaman and is home to the majority of the population of the Andaman Islands . It belongs to the South Andaman administrative district , part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . It
2709-750: The incidence of HbsAg is found to be very high that might have affected their fertility. Analysis of paternal lineages indicates that all Onge carry the Y-DNA Haplogroup D , widespread in East Asia and less in Central Asia . Maternally, the Onge also exclusively belong to the M clade, bearing the M2 and M4 subclades, commonly found in Asia. The immunoglobulin levels (G,M and A) have been studied and found to be quite high compare to other Indian and world populations. The increase level of immunoglobulins in
2772-605: The incident, the director of Survival International described the mass poisoning as a "calamity for the Onge", and warned that any more deaths could "put the survival of the entire tribe in serious danger". Bhopinder Singh , the Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman Islands , ordered an inquiry into the incident. The Onge have been rather vulnerable toward any option for radical change, they deserve close, careful attention to ward off any untoward impact of change-initiatives. The native Andamanese religion and belief system
2835-547: The indigenous Andamanese peoples share a common origin, and that the islands were settled sometime after 26,000 years ago, possibly at the end of the Last Glacial Period , when sea levels were much lower reducing the distance between the Andaman Islands and the Asian mainland, with genetic estimates suggesting that the two main linguistic groups (Great Andamanese and Onge/Jarawa) diverged around 16,000 years ago. It
2898-402: The local chief. In the 1940s, the Jarawa were attacked by imperial Japanese forces for their hostility. This Japanese attack was criticized as a war crime by many observers. In 1974, a film crew and anthropologist Triloknath Pandit attempted friendly contact by leaving a tethered pig, some pots and pans, some fruit, and toys on the beach at North Sentinel Island. One of the islanders shot
2961-429: The members of the tribe and would bring misfortune to those who did not believe in their abilities. Traditional knowledge practitioners were the ones who helped with healthcare. The medicine that was used to cure illnesses were herbal most of the time. Various types of medicinal plants were used by the islanders. 77 total traditional knowledge practitioners were identified and 132 medicinal plants were used. The members of
3024-404: The most, followed by Philippine Negrito groups, contemporary Southeast Asians, and East Asians. The tooth size of the Andamanese was found to be most similar to that of Han Chinese and Japanese . Genetic analysis , both of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA provide information about the origins of the Andamanese. Genetic studies agree that Great Andamanese as well as Onge and Jawara, share
3087-441: The nearby islands, with some territory and camps established on Rutland Island and the southern tip of South Andaman Island . After they encountered British colonial officers, friendly relations were established with the British Empire in the 1800s through Lieutenant Archibald Blair . British naval officer M. V. Portman described them as the "mildest, most timid, and inoffensive" group of Andamanese people he had encountered. By
3150-589: The next century, they experienced a massive population decline due to epidemics of outside diseases and loss of territory. Today, only roughly over 500 Andamanese remain, with the Jangil being extinct. Only the Jarawa and the Sentinelese maintain a steadfast independence, refusing most attempts at contact by outsiders. Until the late 18th century, the Andamanese culture, language, and genetics were preserved from outside influences by their fierce reaction to visitors, which included killing any shipwrecked foreigners, and by
3213-479: The north, and possibly in the southern tip of South Andaman island. Since the middle of the 19th century, with the arrival of the British in the Andamans , and, after Indian independence , the massive inflow of Indian settlers from the mainland, the number of Onge speakers has steadily declined. However, a moderate increase has been observed in recent years. As of 2006, there were 94 native Onge speakers confined to
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#17327652902453276-428: The other hand wore a tribal dress containing leaves that were held by a belt. A majority of them had painted bodies as well. They usually slept on leaves or mats and had either permanent or temporary habitation among the tribes. All habitations were man made. Some of the tribe members were credited with having supernatural powers. They were called oko-pai-ad, which meant dreamer. They were thought to have an influence on
3339-605: The paternal haplogroup D-M174 originated somewhere in Central Asia . According to Hammer et al., haplogroup D-M174 originated between Tibet and the Altai mountains. He suggests that there were multiple waves into Eastern Eurasia. In a 2019 study by Haber et al. showed that Haplogroup D-M174 originated in Central Asia and evolved as it migrated to different directions of the continent. One group of population migrated to Siberia, others to Japan and Tibet, and another group migrated to
3402-489: The range of 40%. The Onge's net reproductive index is 0.91. The net reproductive index among the Great Andamanese is 1.40. In 1901, there were 672 Onge; 631 in 1911, 346 in 1921, 250 in 1931, and 150 in 1951. The semi-nomadic Onge have traditional stories that tell of the ground shaking and a great wall of water destroying the land. Taking heed of this story, the Onge survived the tsunami catastrophe caused by
3465-518: The remoteness of the islands. The various tribes and their mutually unintelligible languages thus are believed to have evolved on their own over millennia. Venetian explorer Marco Polo wrote of the Andamanese in 1294, in The Travels of Marco Polo: The people are without a king and are Idolaters, and no better than wild beasts. And I assure you all the men of this Island of Angamanain have heads like dogs, and teeth and eyes likewise; in fact, in
3528-461: The selective advantage offered to Fy (a–b–) individuals against P. vivax infection. Genetic studies have revealed that the Andamanese people display affinity to the indigenous South Asian hunter-gatherers, often termed "Ancient Ancestral South Indians" (AASI), as well as to Australasian populations (AA), such as Melanesians , and contemporary East/Southeast Asian peoples (ESEA). While the Andamanese are occasionally used as an imperfect proxy for
3591-486: The tribes found various ways to use leaves in their everyday lives including clothing, medicine, and to sleep on. Anthropologist A.R. Radcliffe Brown argued that the Andamanese had no government and made decisions by group consensus . The native Andamanese religion and belief system is a form of animism . Ancestor worship is an important element in the religious traditions of the Andaman islands. Andamanese Mythology held that humans emerged from split bamboo, whereas
3654-435: The various groups considered Negrito , owing to their dark skin and diminutive stature. All Andamanese traditionally lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and appear to have lived in substantial isolation for thousands of years. It is suggested that the Andamanese settled in the Andaman Islands around the latest glacial maximum , around 26,000 years ago. The Andamanese peoples included the Great Andamanese and Jarawas of
3717-512: The west coast of Great Andaman in the wake of the Great Andamanese. The Onge once lived throughout Little Andaman and now are confined to two reservations on the island. The Jangil , who originally inhabited Rutland Island , were extinct by 1931; the last individual was sighted in 1907. Only the Sentinelese are still living in their original homeland on North Sentinel Island , largely undisturbed, and have fiercely resisted all attempts at contact. The Andamanese languages are considered to be
3780-467: The women were fashioned from clay. One version found by Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown held that the first man died and went to heaven, a pleasurable world, but this blissful period ended due to breaking a food taboo, specifically eating the forbidden vegetables in the Puluga 's garden. Thus Catastrophe ensued, and eventually the people grew overpopulated and didn't follow Puluga 's laws, and hence there
3843-445: Was a Great Flood that left four survivors, who lost their fire. Negritos, specifically Andamanese, are grouped together by phenotype and anthropological features. Three physical features that distinguish the Andaman islanders include: skin colour, hair, and stature. Those of the Andaman islands have dark skin, are short in stature, and have "frizzy" hair, while displaying "Asiatic facial features". Dental characteristics also group
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#17327652902453906-575: Was previously assumed that the Andaman ancestors were part of the initial Great Coastal Migration (South-Eurasians or Australasians) that was the first expansion of humanity out of Africa, via the Arabian peninsula, along the coastal regions of the South Asia towards Insular Southeast Asia , and Oceania . The Andamanese were considered to be a pristine example of a hypothesized Negrito population, which showed similar physical characteristics, and
3969-400: Was supposed to have existed throughout southeast Asia. The existence of a specific Negrito-population is nowadays doubted. Their commonalities could be the result of evolutionary convergence and/or a shared history. Recent genetic studies conclusively demonstrate Negrito groups do not share a common origin to the exclusion of other Asians. The Andamanese's protective isolation changed with
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