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86-610: The institution started in 1900 as the medical faculty of the Novorossiyskiy State University in Odessa. The medical faculty soon became one of the most prestigious medical faculties in the Russian Empire. Many famous medical scientists, including Nobel laureate and professor I. I. Mechnikov , worked here. The medical faculty managed to survive the difficult and turbulent period of the early years of

172-661: A Sarmatian attack on Thracia and Macedonia , while further attacks around 10 BC and 2 BC were defeated by Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus . Meanwhile, other Sarmatian tribes, possibly the Aorsi, sent ambassadors to the Roman emperor Augustus , who tried to establish a diplomatic accommodation with them. During the 1st century AD, the Siraces and Aorsi, who were mutually hostile, participated in the Roman–Bosporan War on opposite sides:

258-582: A complex of mounds in the Prokhorovski District , Orenburg region , excavated by S. I. Rudenko in 1916. Reportedly, during 2001 and 2006 a great Late Sarmatian pottery centre was unearthed near Budapest , Hungary in the Üllő5 archaeological site. Typical grey, granular Üllő5 ceramics form a distinct group of Sarmatian pottery is found ubiquitously in the north-central part of the Great Hungarian Plain region, indicating

344-695: A large confederation of ancient Iranian equestrian nomadic peoples who dominated the Pontic steppe from about the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD. The earliest reference to the Sarmatians is in the Avesta , Sairima- , which is in the later Iranian sources recorded as *Sarm and Salm . Originating in the central parts of the Eurasian Steppe , the Sarmatians were part of the wider Scythian cultures . They started migrating westward around

430-567: A lively trading activity. A 1998 paper on the study of glass beads found in Sarmatian graves suggests wide cultural and trade links. A 2023 paper on a grave discovered in Cambridgeshire , England found via archaeogenetics that the person had Sarmatian-related ancestry, and was not related to the local population. Stable isotope analysis of his teeth determined that he had probably migrated long distances twice in his life. One tooth

516-573: A relative majority in the southern port city of Izmail . Significant Bulgarian (6.1%) and Moldovan (5.0%) minorities reside in the province, who mostly live in the southeastern part of the region. It has the highest proportion of Jews of any oblast in Ukraine (although smaller than the Autonomous City of Kyiv ) and there is a small Greek community in the city of Odesa. Bulgarians and Moldovans represent 21% and 13% respectively, of

602-695: A sociological survey conducted by the Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation from 10 to 21 July 2023 in Odesa Oblast, the share of respondents who speak Ukrainian at home has increased to 42% (from 26% in 2021), while the share of those who speak Russian at home has dropped to 54%. To the question "How do you feel about the mandatory use of Ukrainian in the service sector (shops, cafes, barber shops, entertainment venues)?" 59% answered "Positive", 13% — "Negative", 17% — "I don't care", 12% — "Hard to say". To

688-615: Is Sergei Utochkin who was a universal sportsman excelling in cycling, boxing, swimming and played football for the Odesa British Athletic Club . Utochkin had challenged a steam-powered tram while running, on a bicycle he beat a galloping horse, while on roller skates he was passing a bicyclist. The next stage for him was to conquest skies. Utochkin managed to buy an airplane from a local banker and completed dozens of exhibition flights. Eventually, he managed to assemble his own Farman -type airplane. In Kyiv, Utochkin

774-739: Is also evidence for a later eastwards expansion of Sarmatian-like ancestry, evident in a Saka-associated sample from southeastern Kazakhstan (Konyr Tobe 300CE), displaying around 85% Sarmatian and 15% additional BMAC-like ancestry. Sarmatian-like contributions have also been detected among some Xiongnu remains. Afanasiev et al. (2014) analyzed ten Alanic burials on the Don River. Four of them carried Y-DNA Haplogroup G2 and six of them possessed mtDNA haplogroup I. In 2015, again Afanasiev et al. analyzed skeletons of various Sarmato-Alan and Saltovo-Mayaki culture Kurgan burials. The two Alan samples from

860-551: Is also the largest wine-growing region in Ukraine . Evidence of the earliest inhabitants in this area comes from the settlements and burial grounds of the Neolithic Gumelnița , Cucuteni-Trypillia and Usatove cultures, as well as from the tumuli and hoards of the Bronze Age Proto-Indo-Europeans . In the 1st millennium B.C. Milesian Greeks founded colonies along the northern coast of

946-567: Is an oblast (province) of southwestern Ukraine , located along the northern coast of the Black Sea . Its administrative centre is the city of Odesa . Population: 2,351,382 (2022 estimate). The length of coastline (sea-coast and estuaries) reaches 300 km (190 mi), while the state border stretches for 1,200 km (750 mi). The region has eight seaports and five of the biggest lakes, including Yalpuh Lake , in Ukraine. With over 80,000 ha (200,000 acres) of vineyards, it

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1032-568: Is given in the Russian, Ukrainian, and English languages. There are 100 clinical departments in the university, located at 63 medical and prophylactic institutions in Odesa and Odesa Oblast . All the departments of the university have their own internet site. The site contains all essential methodological materials on all the disciplines in Ukrainian, Russian and English. An electronic catalog of

1118-411: Is the mainstay of the local rural economy. The southwest has many orchards and vineyards, while arable crops grow throughout the region. Significant branches of the oblast's economy are: The region's industrial capability is principally concentrated in and around Odesa. The oblast's population (as at the start of 2021) was 2,368,107 people, nearly 43% of whom lived in the city of Odesa. According to

1204-634: The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex . A genetic study published in Current Biology in 2022 regarding the genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians. 265 ancient genomes were analized, it revealed that the Hungarian conquerors admixed with Sarmatians and Huns . Sarmatian ancestry was also detected among several Hun samples which implies a significant Sarmatian influence on European Huns . There

1290-707: The Bosporan Chersonesus , while the Iazyges became his allies. That the tribes formerly referred to by Herodotus as Scythians were now called Sarmatians by Hellenistic and Roman authors implies that the Sarmatian conquest did not involve a displacement of the Scythians from the Pontic Steppe, but rather that the Scythian tribes were absorbed by the Sarmatians. After their conquest of Scythia,

1376-895: The Bosporan Civil War in 309 BC and came under pressure from the Thracian Getae and the Celtic Bastarnae . At the same time, in Central Asia, following the Macedonian conquest of the Achaemenid Empire , the new Seleucid Empire started attacking the Sakā and Dahā nomads who lived to the north of its borders, who in turn put westward pressure on the Sarmatians. Pressured by the Sakā and Dahā in

1462-813: The Budjak region of Bessarabia ), formed in 1940 as a result of the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (from Romania ), when Northern and Southern parts of Bessarabia were given to the Ukrainian SSR. During the 1991 referendum , 85.38% of votes in Odesa Oblast favored the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine . A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found that 2.3% of

1548-654: The Danube , and the Roxolani moved into the area between the Dnipro and the Danube and from there further west. These two peoples attacked the regions around Tomis and Moesia , respectively. During this period, the Iazyges and Roxolani also attacked the Roman province of Thracia , whose governor Tiberius Plautius Silvanus Aelianus had to defend the Roman border of the Danube. During the 1st century BC, various Sarmatians reached

1634-515: The Danube . The Sarmatians spoke an Iranian language that was derived from 'Old Iranian' and was heterogenous. By the first century AD, the Iranian tribes in what is today South Russia spoke different languages or dialects, clearly distinguishable. According to a group of Iranologists writing in 1968, the numerous Iranian personal names in Greek inscriptions from the Black Sea coast indicate that

1720-767: The Don River , were controlled in the fifth century BC by the Sarmatians, the Volga–Don and Ural steppes sometimes are called "Sarmatian Motherland." The Sarmatians in the Bosporan Kingdom assimilated into the Greek civilization, while others were absorbed by the proto- Circassian Maeotian people, the Alans and the Goths . Other Sarmatians were assimilated and absorbed by the Early Slavs . A people related to

1806-701: The Germanic Bastarnae near whom they lived. The more eastern Sarmatian tribes used scale armour and used a long lance called the contus and bows in battle. The early Sarmatians already possessed the technique of decorating with gold inclusions, observed in Achaemenid metalwork. It was spread by nomads in the Eurasian steppes during the 7th-5th century BC, from the Altai Mountains ( Arzhan-2 kurgan) westward to central Kazakhstan and

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1892-670: The Greek cities on its shores, with the city of Pontic Olbia being forced to pay repeated tribute to the Royal Sarmatians and their king Saitapharnes , who is mentioned in the Protogenes inscription along with the tribes of the Thisamatae , Scythians, and Saudaratae . Another Sarmatian king, Gatalos, was named in a peace treaty concluded by the king Pharnaces I of Pontus with his enemies. Two other Sarmatian tribes,

1978-751: The Iazyges , also called the Iaxamatai or Iazamatai, who initially settled between the Don and Dnieper rivers. The Roxolani , who might have been a mixed Scytho-Sarmatian tribe, followed the Iazyges and occupied the Black Sea steppes up to the Dnipro and raided the Crimean region during that century, at the end of which they were involved in a conflict with the generals of the Pontic king Mithridates VI Eupator in

2064-718: The Kingdom of Poland in 1569, within which they were located in Bracław County in the Bracław Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province . Savran , Kodyma and Józefgród were Polish private towns , the two latter founded by the Lubomirski family . The bulk of the territory of the Odesa Oblast passed to Russian control in 1791 in the course of the Russian southern expansion towards the Black Sea at

2150-626: The Pannonian Basin , with the Iazyges passing through the territories corresponding to modern-day Moldavia and Wallachia before settling in the Tisza valley, by the middle of the century. Although the Sarmatian movements stopped temporarily during the 1st century BC due to the rise of the Dacian kingdom of Burebista , they resumed after the collapse of his kingdom following his assassination and in 16 BC. Lucius Tarius Rufus had to repel

2236-841: The Roman Empire in alliance with Germanic tribes . In the third century AD, their dominance of the Pontic Steppe was broken by the Germanic Goths . With the Hunnic invasions of the fourth century, many Sarmatians joined the Goths and other Germanic tribes ( Vandals ) in the settlement of the Western Roman Empire . Since large parts of today's Russia, specifically the land between the Ural Mountains and

2322-667: The Saka populations of Central Asia , particularly from the Altai region ( Pazyryk ), and were very different from the western Scythians , or the Sarmatians of the Volga River area. The Roman author Ovid recorded that one of the Sarmatian tribes, the Coralli, had blond hair, which is a characteristic that Ammianus Marcellinus also ascribed to the Alans. He wrote that nearly all of

2408-477: The Sintashta , Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures , but also carried a small amount of admixed from an East Asian-derived population represented by Khövsgöl LBA groups, which may have been indirectly mediated via contact with the related Saka from the Altai region , which are regarded as the oldest Scythoid cultural group. The Sarmatians also received geneflow from an ancient Iranian population associated with

2494-660: The Siraces , who had previously originated in the Transcaspian Plains immediately to the northeast of Hyrcania before migrating to the west, and the Aorsi, moved to the west across the Volga and into the Caucasus mountains' foothills between the 2nd to 1st centuries BC. From there, the pressure from their growing power forcing the more western Sarmatian tribes to migrate further west, and the Aorsi and Siraces destroyed

2580-441: The Ukrainian national census in 2001 , ethnic Ukrainians are by far the largest ethnic group, accounting for 62,8% of the population. They are the dominant ethnic group in the northern, central and southeastern part of the province, as well as in the regional capital of Odesa . Making up 20.7% of the population, Russians are the second-largest group in the region and are mostly concentrated in urban areas, yet they only constitute

2666-449: The Ural Mountains ) between the fifth century BC and the second century BC. The sample of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup R1b1a2a2. This was the dominant lineage among males of the earlier Yamnaya culture . The eleven samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the haplogroups U3 , M , U1a'c , T , F1b , N1a1a1a1a , T2 , U2e2 , H2a1f , T1a , and U5a1d2b . The Sarmatians examined were found to be closely related to peoples of

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2752-418: The Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. The Sarmatians in the Bosporan Kingdom assimilated into the Greek civilization. Others assimilated with the proto- Circassian Meot people, and may have influenced the Circassian language . Some Sarmatians were absorbed by the Alans and Goths . During the Early Middle Ages, the Proto-Slavic population of Eastern Europe assimilated and absorbed Sarmatians during

2838-451: The White movement ) and then to the Russian Bolshevik Red Army . By 1920 the Soviet authorities had secured the territory of Odesa Oblast, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR . The oblast was established on 27 February 1932 from five districts: Odesa Okruha, Pervomaisk Okruha, Kirovohrad Okruha, Mykolaiv Okruha, and Kherson Okruha. It was the scene of Soviet genocidal crimes, including the Holodomor of 1932–1933 and Polish Operation of

2924-436: The 1st century AD, the Alans expanded across the Volga to the west, absorbing part of the Aorsi and displacing the rest, and pressure from the Alans forced the Iazyges and Roxolani to continue attacking the Roman Empire from across the Danube. During the 1st century AD, two Sarmatian rulers from the steppe named Pharzoios and Inismeōs were minting coins in Pontic Olbia. The Roxolani continued their westward migration following

3010-410: The 2nd century BC, the Alans were pushed west by the Kangju people (known to Graeco-Roman authors as the Ιαξαρται Iaxartai in Greek, and the Iaxartae in Latin) who were living in the Syr Darya basin, from where they expanded their rule from Fergana to the Aral Sea region. The hegemony of the Sarmatians in the Pontic Steppe continued during the 1st century BC, when they were allied with

3096-557: The 5th-4th century BCE. During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the centre of Sarmatian power remained north of the Caucasus and in the 3rd century BC the most important centres were around the lower Don, Kalmykia , the Kuban area, and the Central Caucasus. During the end of the 4th century BC, the Scythians , the then dominant power in the Black Sea Steppe, were militarily defeated by the Macedonian kings Philip II of Macedon and Lysimachus in 339 and 313 BC respectively. They experienced another military setback after participating in

3182-410: The Alans, the Antae , migrated north into the territory of what is presently Poland . The hegemony of the Sarmatians in the steppes began to decline over the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, when the Huns conquered Sarmatian territory in the Caspian Steppe and the Ural region. The supremacy of the Sarmatians was finally destroyed when the Germanic Goths migrating from the Baltic Sea region conquered

3268-443: The Arraei, who had had close contacts with the Romans, eventually settled to the south of the Danube river, in Thrace, and another Sarmatian tribe, the Koralloi, were also living in the same area alongside a section of the Scythian Sindi . During the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, the Iazyges often bothered the Roman authorities in Pannonia ; they participated in the destruction of the Quadian kingdom of Vannius , and often migrated to

3354-472: The Black Sea, including the towns of Tyras and Niconium in the modern Odesa Oblast. The Greeks left behind painted vessels, ceramics, sculptures, inscriptions, arts and crafts that indicate the prosperity of their ancient civilisation. The culture of Scythian tribes inhabiting the Black Sea littoral steppes in the first millennium B.C. has left artefacts in settlements and burial grounds, including weapons, bronze cauldrons, other utensils, and adornments. By

3440-412: The Greek tales about the Amazons." The Sarmatians were part of the Iranian steppe peoples, among whom were also Scythians and Saka . These also are grouped together as "East Iranians." Archaeology has established the connection 'between the Iranian-speaking Scythians, Sarmatians, and Saka and the earlier Timber-grave and Andronovo cultures '. Based on building construction, these three peoples were

3526-467: The Khokhlach barrow in Novocherkassk in 1864. Chronologically it belongs to the first and second centuries AD. Numerous weapons, armour, helmets were already found in the excavations of the Early Sarmatian Filippovka kurgan (c. 450-300 BCE): Many Chinese mirrors can be found in graves of the Middle-Sarmatian to Late-Sarmatian periods. Sarmatians emerged primarily from the Bronze and Iron Age Western Steppe Herders (Steppe_MLBA), associated with

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3612-488: The NKVD of 1937. In 1937 the Central Executive Committee of the USSR split off the eastern portions of the Odesa Oblast to form the Mykolaiv Oblast . During World War II Axis forces conquered the area and Romania occupied the oblast and administered it as part of the Transnistria Governorate (1941–1944). After the war the Soviet administration reestablished the oblast with its pre-war borders. Odesa Oblast expanded in 1954 to absorb Izmail Oblast (also known as

3698-447: The Odesa Oblast occupies an area of around 33,314 square kilometres (12,863 sq mi). It is characterised by largely flat steppes – part of the Black Sea Lowland – divided by the estuary of the Dniester river, and bordered to the south by the Danube . Its Black Sea coast has numerous sandy beaches, estuaries and lagoons. The region's soils (especially chernozems ) have a reputation for fertility, and intensive agriculture

3784-400: The Pontic Steppe around 200 AD. In 375 AD, the Huns conquered most of the Alans living to the east of the Don river, massacred a significant number of them, and absorbed them into their tribal polity, while the Alans to the west of the Don remained free from Hunnish domination. As part of the Hunnic state, the Alans participated in the Huns' defeat and conquest of the kingdom of the Ostrogoths on

3870-433: The Pontic Steppe. Some free Alans fled into the mountains of the Caucasus, where they participated in the ethnogenesis of populations including the Ossetians and the Kabardians , and other Alan groupings survived in Crimea. Others migrated into Central and then Western Europe, from where some of them went to Britannia and Hispania , and some joined the Germanic Vandals into crossing the Strait of Gibraltar and creating

3956-407: The Prokhorovka culture, which moved from the southern Urals to the Lower Volga and then to the northern Pontic steppe , in the fourth–third centuries BC. During the migration, the Sarmatian population seems to have grown and they divided themselves into several groups, such as the Alans , Aorsi , Roxolani , and Iazyges . By 200 BC, the Sarmatians replaced the Scythians as the dominant people of

4042-420: The Russian revolution and in 1922 it was transformed into the independent and autonomous Odesa State Medical Institute. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it became Odesa State Medical University in an independent Ukrainian Republic. The Odesa National Medical University consists of 58 faculties and has a student population of over six thousand, including foreign students from very diverse countries. Tuition

4128-424: The Sarmatians became the dominant political power in the northern Pontic Steppe, where Sarmatian graves first started appearing in the 2nd century BC. Meanwhile, the populations which still identified as Scythians proper became reduced to Crimea and the Dobruja region, and at one point the Crimean Scythians were the vassals of the Sarmatian queen Amage . Sarmatian power in the Pontic Steppes was also directed against

4214-565: The Sarmatians spoke a North-Eastern Iranian dialect ancestral to Alanian- Ossetian . However, Harmatta (1970) argued that "the language of the Sarmatians or that of the Alans as a whole cannot be simply regarded as being Old Ossetian." The Roxolani, who were one of the earlier Sarmatian tribes to have migrated into Europe and therefore were among the more geographically western Sarmatians, used helmets and corselets made of raw ox hide, and wicker shields, as well as spears, bows, and swords. The Roxolani adopted these forms of armour and weaponry from

4300-522: The Sarmatians, known as the Alans, survived in the North Caucasus into the Early Middle Ages , ultimately giving rise to the modern Ossetic ethnic group. The Polish nobility claimed to stem from the Sarmatians. Genomic studies suggest that this group may have been genetically similar to the eastern Yamnaya Bronze Age group. The Greek name Sarmatai ( Σαρμαται ) is derived from the Old Iranic Sarmatian endonym *Sarmata or *Sarumata , of which another variant, *Saᵘrumata , gave rise to

4386-444: The Scythians against Diophantus , a general of Mithradates VI Eupator, before allying with Mithradates against the Romans and fighting for him in both Europe and Asia, demonstrating the Sarmatians' complete involvement in the affairs of the Pontic and Danubian regions. During the early part of the century, the Alans had migrated to the area to the northeast of the Lake Maeotis . Meanwhile, the Iazyges moved westwards until they reached

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4472-424: The Siraces and their king Zorsines allied with Mithridates III against his half-brother Cotys I , who was allied with Rome and the Aorsi. With the defeat of Mithridates, the Siraces were also routed and lost rulership over most of their lands. Between 50 and 60 CE, the Alans had appeared in the foothills of the Caucasus, from where they attacked the Caucasus and Transcaucasus areas and the Parthian Empire . During

4558-448: The Slavs' neighbours during different times. Archeological evidence of the period of the 9th–14th centuries survives in materials from the settlements and cities of Kievan Rus' : Belgorod, Caffa- Theodosia , and Berezan Island . The Mongols took over the Black Sea littoral in the 13th century. From about 1290 parts of the region were territories of the Republic of Genoa , becoming a center of Genoese commercial activity until at least

4644-482: The ancient Greek name Sauromatai ( Σαυρομαται ). The form *Sarmata or *Sarumata was the main form of the name, and initially coexisted with the form *Saᵘrumata until the late 4th to early 3rd centuries BC, when *Sarmata / *Sarumata became the only variant of the name in use. This name meant "armed with throwing darts and arrows," and is cognate with the Indic Sanskrit term śárumant ( शरुमन्त् ), which makes it semantically similar to

4730-410: The beginning of the 1st millennium A.D. the Sarmatians displaced the Scythians . In the 3rd–4th centuries A.D. a tribal alliance, represented by the items of Chernyakhov culture , developed. From the middle of the first millennium the formation of the Slavic people began. In the 9th century the eastern Slavs united into a state with Kyiv as its centre. The Khazars , Polovtsy and Pechenegs were

4816-402: The conflict on the Bosporan Chersonesus, and by 69 AD they were close enough to the lower Danube that they were able to attack across the river when it was frozen in winter, and soon later they and the Alans were living on the coast of the Black Sea, and they later moved further west and were living in the areas corresponding to modern-day Moldavia and western Ukraine . The Sarmatian tribe of

4902-524: The earlier Yamnaya culture and to the Poltavka culture . A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of twelve Sarmatians buried between 400 BC and 400 AD. The five samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup R1a1 , I2b , R (two samples), and R1 . The eleven samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to C4a1a , U4a2 (two samples), C4b1 , I1 , A , U2e1h (two samples), U4b1a4 , H28 , and U5a1 . A genetic study published in Science Advances in October 2018 examined

4988-458: The east across the Transylvanian Plateau and the Carpathian Mountains during seasonal movements or for trade. By the 2nd century AD, the Alans had conquered the steppes of the north Caucasus and of the north Black Sea area and created a powerful confederation of tribes under their rule. Under the hegemony of the Alans a trade route connected the Pontic Steppe, the southern Urals, and the region presently known as Western Turkestan . One group of

5074-403: The east and taking advantage of the decline of Scythian power, the Sarmatians began crossing the Don river and invaded Scythia and also migrated south into the North Caucasus . The first wave of westward Sarmatian migration happened during the 2nd century BC, and involved the Royal Sarmatians, or Saioi (from Scytho-Sarmatian *xšaya , meaning "kings"), who moved into the Pontic Steppe, and

5160-400: The end of the 18th century, whereas the northern outskirts were annexed by Russia in the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. Russian historiography refers to the annexed area from 1791 as the Ochakov Oblast. After the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia the area became part of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1918), but soon succumbed first to the Russian Volunteer Army (part of

5246-451: The endonym of the Scythians, *Skuδatā , meaning "archers." The later, Middle Iranic , form of *Saᵘrumata was *Sōrmata or *Sōrumata , of which the later form, *Sūrmata or *Sūrumata , was recorded in ancient Greek as Syrmatai ( Συρμαται ; Latin : Syrmatae ). The territory inhabited by the Sarmatians, which was known as Sarmatia ( / s ɑːr ˈ m eɪ ʃ i ə / ) to Greco-Roman ethnographers, covered

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5332-409: The fourth and third centuries BC, coming to dominate the closely related Scythians by 200 BC. At their greatest reported extent, around 100 BC, these tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga , bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian seas as well as the Caucasus to the south. In the first century AD, the Sarmatians began encroaching upon

5418-524: The fourth to sixth century AD belonged to Y-DNA haplogroups G2a-P15 and R1a-Z94, while two of the three Sarmatian samples from the second to third century AD found to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup J1-M267, and one belonged to R1a. Three Saltovo-Mayaki samples from the eighth to ninth century AD turned out to have Y-DNA corresponding to haplogroups G, J2a-M410 and R1a-z94. A genetic study published in Nature Communications in March 2017 examined several Sarmatian individuals buried in Pokrovka, Russia (southwest of

5504-507: The likely descendants of those earlier archaeological cultures. The Sarmatians and Saka used the same stone construction methods as the earlier Andronovo culture. The Timber grave ( Srubnaya culture ) and Andronovo house building traditions were further developed by these three peoples. Andronovo pottery was continued by the Saka and Sarmatians. Archaeologists describe the Andronovo culture people as exhibiting pronounced Caucasoid features. The first Sarmatians are mostly identified with

5590-399: The middle of the 14th century . The Grand Duchy of Lithuania acquired the area at the beginning of the 15th century. In 1593 the Ottoman Empire set up in the area what became known as its Dnieper Province ( Özü Eyalet ), unofficially known as the Khanate of Ukraine . The northern outskirts of the current oblast, forming part of Podolia , remained within Lithuania, and then passed to

5676-426: The mtDNA haplogroups C5, H, 2x H1, H5, H7, H40, H59, HV0 I1, J1, 2x K1a, T1a, 2x T2b, U2. The Early Sarmatians from the Filippovka kurgans (4th century BC) combined Western ( Timber Grave and Andronovo ) and Eastern characteristics. Compared with classical Sauromatians , Early Sarmatians, such as those of Filippovka, generally display an increased incidence of eastern Asiatic features. They most closely resembled

5762-497: The nine samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroup W , W3a , T1a1 , U5a2 , U5b2a1a2 , T1a1d , C1e , U5b2a1a1 , U5b2c , and U5b2c . A archaeogenetic study published in Cell in 2022, analyzed 17 Late Sarmatian samples from 4-5th century AD from the Pannonian Basin in Hungary. The nine extraced Y-DNA belonged to a diverse set of haplogroups, 2x I2a1b1a2b1-CTS4348, 2x I1a2a1a1a-Z141, I1a-DF29, G2a1-FGC725, E1b1b-L142.1, R1a1a1b2a2a1-Z2123 and R1b1a1b1a1a2b-PF6570, while

5848-402: The oblast government – ( Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi , Chornomorsk , Izmail , Pivdenne , Podilsk , Teplodar and the administrative centre of the oblast, Odesa ). On 18 July 2020, the number of districts ( raions ) was reduced to seven, now also incorporating the formerly independent cities. (see map). They are now divided into 91 municipalities ( hromadas ). One of the most famous Odesits

5934-424: The oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 91.5% did not support the idea, and the rest were undecided or did not respond. A poll reported by Alexei Navalny and conducted in September 2014 found similar results. On 4-5 July 2022 during international Ukraine Recovery Conference (URC 2022) in Lugano Switzerland pledged to support the rebuilding of Odesa region. Ukraine's largest oblast by area,

6020-472: The political upheavals of that era. However, a people related to the Sarmatians, known as the Alans , survived in the North Caucasus into the Early Middle Ages , ultimately giving rise to the modern Ossetic ethnic group. In 1947, Soviet archaeologist Boris Grakov defined a culture flourishing from the 6th century BC to the 4th century AD, apparent in late kurgan graves (buried within earthwork mounds), sometimes reusing part of much older kurgans. It

6106-685: The population in the salient of Budjak , within Odesa Oblast. Native language in Odesa Oblast (2022) According to the 2001 Ukrainian census , Ukrainian was the mother tongue of 46.3% of the population, 42.0% for Russian , 4.9% for Bulgarian , and 3.8% Romanian . According to a sociological survey conducted by the Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation  [ uk ] from 21 to 27 October 2022, 57.8% of respondents in Odesa Oblast named Ukrainian as their native language, 28.8% — Russian, 5.4% — another language, 7.9% said they found it difficult to say which language they considered their native language or refused to answer. According to

6192-413: The population. Another 8% declares to be non-religious and 6% are unaffiliated generic Christians . Adherents of Catholicism and Protestantism make up 0.5% of the population respectively. The Orthodox community of Odesa Oblast is divided as follows: Until 2020, the Odesa Oblast was administratively subdivided into 26 raions ( districts ) and 7 municipalities which were directly subordinate to

6278-655: The power of the Royal Sarmatians and the Iazyges, with the Aorsi being able to extend their rule over a large region stretching from the Caucasus across the Terek–Kuma Lowland and Kalmykia in the west up to the Aral Sea region in the east. Yet another new Sarmatian group, the Alans , originated in Central Asia out of the merger of some old tribal groups with the Massagetae . Related to the Asii who invaded Bactria in

6364-454: The question "Do you think it is acceptable to perform songs in Russian in the public space of your village/city, for example, performances by street musicians, listening to such songs in cafes/restaurants or supermarkets, etc.?" 30% answered "No", 37% — "Yes", 20% — "I don't care", 12% — "I find it difficult to answer". Religion in Odesa Oblast (2015) The dominant religion in Odesa Oblast is Eastern Orthodox Christianity , professed by 84% of

6450-635: The remains of five Sarmatians buried between 55 AD and 320 AD. The three samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup R1a1a and R1b1a2a2 (two samples), while the five samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroup H2a1 , T1a1 , U5b2b (two samples), and D4q . A genetic study published in Current Biology in July 2019 examined the remains of nine Sarmatians from the southern Ural Mountains between 7th–2nd century BC. The five samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup Q1c-L332 , R1a1e-CTS1123 , R1a-Z645 (two samples), and E1b1b-PF6746 , while

6536-536: The similarity between the names Sarmatian and Sauromatian, modern authors distinguish between the two, since Sarmatian culture did not directly develop from the Sauromatian culture and the core of the Sarmatian culture was composed of these newly arrived migrants. A typical transitional site between these two periods is found in the Filippovka kurgans , which are Late Sauromatian -Early Sarmatian, and dated to

6622-635: The southern Ural Mountains . These nomads conquered the Sauromatians, resulting in an increased incidence of eastern Asiatic features in the Early Sarmatians, similar to those of the Sakas . The name "Sarmatians" eventually came to be applied to the whole of the new people formed out of these migrations, whose constituent tribes were the Aorsi , Roxolani , Alans , and the Iazyges . Despite

6708-765: The southern Urals. Peter the Great particularly cherished his Demidov Gift, a Sarmatian gold collection, now exhibited in the Gold Chamber at the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg . The Novocherkassk Treasure with the famous Sarmatian Diadem adorned with the Tree of Life can also be seen in the Hermitage Gold Room. It is a Sarmatian hoard of gold, silver and bronze articles and jewellery discovered in

6794-558: The steppes. The Sarmatians and Scythians had fought on the Pontic steppe to the north of the Black Sea . The Sarmatians, described as a large confederation, were to dominate these territories over the next five centuries. According to Brzezinski and Mielczarek, the Sarmatians were formed between the Don River and the Ural Mountains . Pliny the Elder wrote that they ranged from the Vistula River (in present-day Poland ) to

6880-574: The territory of Lustdorf at the Black Sea coast. There also exists the center of students' creative work which is called "VITA" at the university . Thirty creative groups of different genres function actively in this center (the vocal studio "Harmony", the band of modern and variety dancing "Exprompt", the band of folk singing and dancing, etc.) and unite about 250 students. 2,500 students live in 5 hostels. Odesa Oblast Odesa Oblast ( Ukrainian : Одеська область , romanized :  Odeska oblast ), also referred to as Odeshchyna (Одещина),

6966-405: The university sport complex: for sports games, table tennis, aerobics and rhythmic gymnastics, shaping-up, gym and track-and-field hall. There are several sport groups: athletics, basketball, handball, tennis, power-lifting, weight sports, swimming, fencing, indoor soccer, judo, sambo, chess. Hostels provide students with sports grounds and gyms. The students' sports and fitness complex is situated on

7052-470: The western part of greater Scythia , and corresponded to today's Central Ukraine , South-Eastern Ukraine, Southern Russia , Russian Volga , and South-Ural regions , and to a smaller extent the northeastern Balkans and around Moldova . The ethnogenesis of the Sarmatians occurred during the 4th to 3rd centuries BC, when nomads from Central Asia migrated into the territory of the Sauromatians in

7138-466: The whole fund of books and journals (over 700 thousand titles) as well as an electronic fund of the course books have been created at the university library. Online access to electronic resources has been provided. A Center of Distance Education has been created for effective and uninterrupted professional development of doctors and pharmaceutics. The university has created all the conditions necessary for active students' leisure. There are six sports halls at

7224-480: Was radiocarbon dated to cal 126-228 CE. Archaeological evidence suggests that Scythian-Sarmatian cultures may have given rise to the Greek legends of Amazons . Graves of armed women have been found in southern Ukraine and Russia. David Anthony noted that approximately 20% of Scythian-Sarmatian "warrior graves" on the lower Don and lower Volga contained women dressed for battle as warriors and he asserts that encountering that cultural phenomenon "probably inspired

7310-568: Was a nomadic steppe culture ranging from the Black Sea eastward to beyond the Volga that is especially evident at two of the major sites at Kardaielova and Chernaya in the trans-Uralic steppe. The four phases – distinguished by grave construction, burial customs , grave goods , and geographical spread – are: While "Sarmatian" and "Sauromatian" are synonymous as ethnonyms, by convention they are given different meanings as archaeological technical terms. The term "Prokhorovka culture" derives from

7396-752: Was demonstrating his piloting skills in front of some 50,000 people, among which was a future creator of helicopters Igor Sikorsky . A number of other notable people were born in Odesa, including the poet Anna Akhmatova , former NASA scientist Nicholas E. Golovin who worked with the Apollo program , composer Tamara Maliukova Sidorenko , and the founder of jazz in the Soviet Union Leonid Utyosov . Sarmatians The Sarmatians ( / s ɑːr ˈ m eɪ ʃ i ə n z / ; Ancient Greek : Σαρμάται , romanized :  Sarmatai ; Latin : Sarmatae [ˈsarmatae̯] ) were

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