The House of Ogiński , feminine form: Ogińska , plural: Ogińscy ( Lithuanian : Oginskiai , Belarusian : Агінскія, Ahinskija ) was a noble family of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland (later, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ), member of the Princely Houses of Poland .
66-577: They were most likely of Rurikid stock, related to Chernihiv Knyaz family, and originated from the Smolensk region, incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in approximately the fourteenth century. The family bears its name from Uogintai ( Polish : Oginty , in present-day Kaišiadorys district of Lithuania ), a major estate of the family in Lithuania that was granted to precursor of
132-584: A Monomakhovychi branch. According to Jaroslaw Pelenski , The 'Riurikide' dynasty and the ruling elite ... attempted to impose on their highly diverse polity the integrative concept of russkaia zemlia ('the Rus' land') and the unifying notion of a ' Rus' people '. ... But 'Kievan Rus' ' was never really a unified polity. It was a loosely bound, ill-defined, and heterogeneous conglomeration of lands and cities inhabited by tribes and population groups whose loyalties were primarily territorial. This caused
198-648: A R(i)urikid dynasty for the purpose of "bolstering the Muscovite dynastic state". Although many later historians would accept the 16th-century Rus' churchmen's dynastic claim that the Danilovichi were descended from Rurik, they did not accept Prus as the ancestor of the Muscovite princes. Because of these issues, various scholars have instead named the dynasty the Volodimerovichi , descendants of grand prince Volodimer I of Kiev . The scholarly consensus
264-781: A connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since "autocrat" was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the tsar'). Similarly, Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed was called "Czar Reed" for his dictatorial control of the House of Representatives in the 1880s and 1890s. In the United States and in the United Kingdom, the title "czar" is a colloquial term for certain high-level civil servants, such as
330-887: A descendant of Prince Konstantin Vasilyevich of Rostov . The three of them are of the Monomakhovichi branch. While the Shakhovskoys claim descent from Mstislav I of Kiev , the Gagarins and the Lobanov-Rostovskys are descendants of Vsevolod III of Vladimir , which makes the Shakhovskoys the most senior. Tsar Philosophers Works Tsar ( / z ɑːr , ( t ) s ɑːr / ; also spelled czar , tzar , or csar ; Bulgarian : цар , romanized : tsar ; Russian : царь , romanized : tsar' ; Serbian : цар , car )
396-559: A descendant of Shuyskiy line of the Rurik dynasty, but he died without issue. The unstable period known as the Time of Troubles followed Feodor's death and lasted until 1613. In that year, Mikhail I ascended the throne, founding the Romanov dynasty that would rule until 1762 and as Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov until the revolutions of 1917 . Tsar Mikhail's father Patriarch Filaret of Moscow
462-537: A higher title than King, and yet they call David Czar , and our kings, Kirrols , probably from Carolus Quintus , whose history they have among them". The title tsar remained in common usage, and also officially as part of various titles signifying rule over various states absorbed by the Russian monarchy (such as the former Tatar khanates and the Georgian Orthodox kingdom). In the 18th century, tsar
528-593: A late Renaissance church. In 1783 the family received the title of Prince from the Holy Roman Emperor . The continued existence of the family is noted among charts of the Princely Houses of Poland . In 1882 the villages Zalavas and Kavarskas were bought by Michał Ogiński, an heir to the Ogiński family that had owned it in the eighteenth century. They also temporarily possessed Siedlce . They were
594-691: A makeshift imperial coronation performed by the Patriarch of Constantinople in 913. After an attempt by the Byzantine Empire to revoke this major diplomatic concession and a decade of intensive warfare, the imperial title of the Bulgarian ruler was recognized by the Byzantine government in 924 and again at the formal conclusion of peace in 927. Since in Byzantine political theory there was place for only two emperors, Eastern and Western (as in
660-561: A population from Central Europe or the Iron Age Eurasian Steppe, and an East Asian component via Siberian geneflow to Northeastern Europe. Rurik and his brothers founded a state that later historians called Kievan Rus′ . By the middle of the twelfth century, Kievan Rus′ had dissolved into independent principalities , each ruled by a different branch of the Rurikid house. The dynasty followed agnatic seniority and
726-636: A precursor state to the Grand Principality of Moscow and thus of the Russian Empire . Vsevolod's son Konstantin of Rostov was Prince of Rostov and the progenitor of various Rostov princely lines. Another son, Ivan Vsevolodich, was Prince of Starodub and progenitor of a number of extant lines, most notably the Gagarin line . Vsevolod's son Yaroslav II of Vladimir was the father of Alexander Nevsky , whose son Daniel of Moscow sired
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#1732787620525792-536: Is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs . The term is derived from the Latin word caesar , which was intended to mean emperor in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor , holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official—but was usually considered by Western Europeans to be equivalent to "king". Tsar and its variants were
858-566: Is that the Rus' people originated in what is currently coastal eastern Sweden around the eighth century and that their name has the same origin as Roslagen in Sweden (with the older name being Roden ). According to the prevalent theory, the name Rus ' , like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden ( *Ruotsi ), is derived from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" ( rods- ) as rowing
924-587: The Primary Chronicle and Novgorod First Chronicle , are tenuous at best; in all other cases, these two chronicles base any particular ruler's legitimacy on the fact that their father or grandfather previously "sat on the throne in Kiev", and never refer back to Rurik. Legitimacy in the Kievan Chronicle is also heavily based on a ruler being descended from his father and grandfather, with
990-450: The izgoi principle. The house underwent a major schism after the death of Yaroslav the Wise in 1054, dividing into three branches on the basis of descent from three successive ruling Grand Princes : Iziaslav (1024–1078), Sviatoslav (1027–1076), and Vsevolod (1030–1093). In addition, a line of Polotsk princes assimilated themselves with the princes of Lithuania . In the 10th century
1056-587: The Council of Liubech made some amendments to a succession rule and divided Ruthenia into several autonomous principalities that had equal rights to obtain the Kievan throne. Vsevolod's line eventually became better known as the Monomakhovichi and was the predominant one. The line of Sviatoslav later became known as Olegovychi and often laid claim to the lands of Chernihiv and Severia . The Izyaslavychi who ruled Turov and Volhynia were eventually replaced by
1122-657: The Kabardinian lands and Armenian territories ; hereditary Ruler and Lord of the Cherkess and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan , Heir of Norway , Duke of Schleswig-Holstein , Stormarn , Dithmarschen , Oldenburg ". Like many lofty titles, such as mogul , tsar or czar has been used in English as a metaphor for positions of high authority since 1866 (referring to U.S. President Andrew Johnson ), with
1188-480: The Primary Chronicle about the specifics of the story, "hence their paradoxical statement 'the people of Novgorod are of Varangian stock, for formerly they were Slovenes. ' " However, archaeological evidence such as " Frankish swords, a sword chape and a tortoiseshell brooch" in the area suggest that there was, in fact, a Scandinavian population during the tenth century at the latest. A genetic study on
1254-545: The Principality of Volhynia were eventually crowned kings of Galicia and Volhynia and ruled until 1323. The Romanovychi displaced the older line of Izyaslavychi from Turov and Volhynia as well as Rostyslavychi from Galicia. The last were two brothers of Romanovychi, Andrew and Lev II , who ruled jointly and were slain trying to repel Mongol incursions. The Polish king, Władysław I the Elbow-high , in his letter to
1320-544: The Rurikid or Riurikid dynasty , as well as simply Rurikids or Riurikids , was a noble lineage allegedly founded by the Varangian prince Rurik , who, according to tradition, established himself at Novgorod in the year 862. The Rurikids were the ruling dynasty of Kievan Rus' and its principalities following its disintegration . The Romanovichi ruled the southwestern territories, which were unified by Roman
1386-522: The " drug czar " for the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (not to be confused with a drug baron ), "terrorism czar" for a presidential advisor on terrorism policy, "cybersecurity czar" for the highest-ranking Department of Homeland Security official on computer security and information security policy, and " war czar " to oversee the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . More specifically,
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#17327876205251452-479: The 1560 Book of Royal Degrees by Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow , according to which the reigning Danilovichi house of the Grand Duchy of Moscow (Muscovy) was part of a "Rurikid dynasty", which not only traced back all the way to the legendary Rurik, but was purportedly descended from a certain Prus, a supposed kinsman of Augustus Caesar . According Ostrowski (2018), the Rus' churchmen developed this concept of
1518-543: The Bulgarian as in the Greek vernacular, the meaning of the title had shifted (although Paisius ' Slavonic-Bulgarian History (1760–1762) had still distinguished between the two concepts). The title of tsar (Serbian car ) was used officially by two monarchs, the previous monarchial title being that of king ( kralj ). In 1345, Stefan Dušan began to style himself "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks" (the Greek renderings read " basileus and autokrator of Serbs and Romans"), and
1584-422: The Bulgarian ruler Kaloyan and Pope Innocent III , Kaloyan—whose self-assumed Latin title was "Imperator Bulgarorum et Blachorum"—claims that the imperial crowns of Simeon I , his son Peter I , and Samuel were somehow derived from the papacy . The pope, however, only speaks of reges (kings) of Bulgaria in his replies, and eventually grants only that lesser title to Kaloyan, who nevertheless proceeds to thank
1650-480: The Byzantine years of the world 6368–6370 (AD 860–862): The tributaries of the Varangians drove them back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves. There was no law among them, but tribe rose against tribe. Discord thus ensued among them, and they began to war one against another. They said to themselves, "Let us seek a prince who may rule over us and judge us according to
1716-579: The Great and his son Daniel , who was in 1253 crowned by Pope Innocent IV as the king of Ruthenia . Galicia–Volhynia was eventually annexed by Poland and Lithuania . The northern and northeastern territories were unified by the Daniilovichi of Moscow ; by the 15th century, Ivan III threw off the control of the Golden Horde and assumed the title of sovereign of all Russia. Ivan IV
1782-600: The Late Roman Empire ), the Bulgarian ruler was crowned basileus as "a spiritual son" of the Byzantine basileus . It has been hypothesized that Simeon's title was also recognized by a papal mission to Bulgaria in or shortly after 925, as a concession in exchange for a settlement in the Bulgarian- Croatian conflict or a possible attempt to return Bulgaria to union with Rome. Thus, in the later diplomatic correspondence conducted in 1199–1204 between
1848-518: The Latin title for the Roman emperors, caesar . The Greek equivalent of the Latin word imperator was the title autokrator . The term basileus was another term for the same position, but it was used differently depending on whether it was in a contemporary political context or in a historical or Biblical context. In 705 Emperor Justinian II named Tervel of Bulgaria "caesar" ( Greek : καῖσαρ ),
1914-754: The Law." They accordingly went overseas to the Varangian Russes: these particular Varangians were known as Russes, just as some are called Swedes, and others Normans, English, and Gotlanders, for they were thus named. The Chuds , the Slavs, the Krivichians , and the Ves' then said to the people of Rus', "Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. Come to rule and reign over us." They thus selected three brothers, with their kinsfolk, who took with them all
1980-617: The Pope wrote with regret: "The two last Ruthenian kings, that had been firm shields for Poland from the Tatars, left this world and after their death Poland is directly under Tatar threat." Losing their leadership role, the Rurikids, however, continued to play a vital role in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the later Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Most notably, the Ostrogski family held
2046-617: The Rurikid house to effectively dissolve into several sub-dynasties ruling smaller states in the 10th and 11th centuries. These were the Olgoviches of Severia who ruled in Chernigov , Yuryeviches who controlled Vladimir-Suzdal , and Romanoviches in Galicia-Volhynia . The Olgoviches descended from Oleg I of Chernigov , a son of Sviatoslav II of Kiev and grandson of Yaroslav the Wise. They continued to rule until
Ogiński family - Misplaced Pages Continue
2112-476: The Rurikids are unclear, as its namesake Rurik , a Varangian prince who allegedly founded the dynasty in 862 through the " Calling of the Varangians ", is considered to be a legendary, mythical and perhaps even entirely fictional character by modern scholars. Nicholas V. Riasanovsky (1947) stated: '...no Kievan sources anterior to the Primary Chronicle (early twelfth century), knew of Riurik. In tracing
2178-625: The Russes and migrated. The oldest, Rurik, located himself in Novgorod ; the second, Sineus , at Beloozero ; and the third, Truvor , in Izborsk . On account of these Varangians, the district of Novgorod became known as the land of Rus'. The present inhabitants of Novgorod are descended from the Varangian race, but aforetime they were Slavs [преже бо бѣша Словѣни]. There is some ambiguity even in
2244-560: The Russian emperor assumed the title "tsar of Poland". Among the indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Muslims of the Volga region , Central Asia and the Caucasus , the autocracy of the Russian Empire often became identified with the image of the "White Tsar" ( Russian : Белый царь ). By 1894, when Nicholas II ascended the throne, the full title of the Russian rulers was "By
2310-399: The ancestry of Kievan princes they usually stopped with Igor .' As an example, Hilarion of Kiev 's Sermon on Law and Grace (1050s), praising Volodimer I of Kiev , only goes back to his father Sviatoslav I and grandfather Igor of Kiev. Even if Rurik did exist, scholars have long doubted or rejected his paternity of Igor. The connections between Rurik, Oleg and Igor, as attested in
2376-512: The beginning of the nineteenth century, it was the largest public building in the city of Vitebsk . On September 18, 1711 Bishop Bogusław Gosiewski sold the town of Maladzyechna to the Ogiński family. Among the owners of the area were Kazimierz Ogiński and Tadeusz Ogiński, the Castellan of Trakai . The Ogiński family made the city one of the main centres of their domain. They erected a new, classicist palace with notable frescoes, as well as
2442-601: The early 14th century when they were torn apart by the emerging Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Grand Duchy of Moscow . The line continued through Oleg's son Vsevolod II of Kiev , grandson Sviatoslav III of Kiev , great-grandson Vsevolod IV of Kiev and great-great-grandson Michael of Chernigov , from whose sons the extant lines of the Olegoviches are descended, including the Massalsky, Gorchakov, Baryatinsky, Volkonsky and Obolensky, including Repnin. Vsevolod I of Kiev
2508-465: The exception of two 5-generation lists. Before the mid-15th century, no historical source claims that Rurik founded a dynasty; the Hypatian Codex of c. 1425 began its list of knyazi of Kiev with "Dir and Askold", then "Oleg", then "Igor", up to 1240, and does not mention Rurik anywhere. It was not until the 16th century that Rus' churchmen developed an explicit tradition, described in
2574-496: The family, Knyaz Dmitry Hlushonok (d. 1510), by Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander in 1486. An important family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the family had produced many important officials of the state, as well as several notable musicians. The political stronghold of the Ogiński clan was the Vitebsk Voivodeship , where a palace was built in the first half of the seventeenth century by Samuel Ogiński . Until
2640-401: The first foreigner to receive this title, but his descendants continued to use Bulgar title " Kanasubigi ". The sainted Boris I is sometimes retrospectively referred to as tsar, because at his time Bulgaria was converted to Christianity . However, the title "tsar" (and its Byzantine Greek equivalent basileus ) was actually adopted and used for the first time by his son Simeon I , following
2706-818: The grace of God Almighty, the Emperor and Supreme Autocrat of all the Russias, Tsar of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir , Novgorod , Kazan , Astrakhan , Poland , Siberia , Tauric Chersonese, and Georgia , Lord of Pskov , Grand Duke of Smolensk , Lithuania , Volhynia , Podolia and Finland , Prince of Estonia , Livonia , Courland and Semigalia , Samogitia , Białystok , Karelia , Tver , Yugra , Perm , Vyatka , Bulgaria , and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of Nizhny Novgorod , Chernigov ; Ruler of Ryazan , Polotsk , Rostov , Yaroslavl , Beloozero , Udoria , Obdoria , Kondia , Vitebsk , Mstislav , and all northern territories ; Ruler of Iveria , Kartalinia , and
Ogiński family - Misplaced Pages Continue
2772-545: The great-grandparents of Andrey and Yuriy, the first Shakhovskoy princes. This is possibly the most senior extant branch of the Rurikids, with many Shakhovskoys living outside of Russia after having fled during the Russian Revolution . The Yuryeviches were founded by Yuriy Dolgorukiy , the founder of Moscow and spread vastly in the north-east. Yuri's son Vsevolod the Big Nest was Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal ,
2838-537: The legacy of the Rurikid dynasty. The Russian view sees the Principality of Moscow ruled by the Rurikid dynasty as the sole heir to the Kievan Rus' civilisation, this view is "resting largely on religious-ecclesiastical and historical claims" because Eastern Russian lands managed to establish themself as independent state that was ruled by the Rurikid dynasty until 16th century. This view started in Moscow as ruled by
2904-646: The official titles in the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018), Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396), the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946), the Serbian Empire (1346–1371), and the Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721). The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria . Simeon II , the last tsar of Bulgaria , is the last person to hold this title. The title tsar is derived from
2970-497: The original Rurikid dynasty between the 1330s and the late 1560s. At the same time Ukrainian view of sole succession is based on continuity from the Kievan Rus and its subsequent Kingdom of Ruthenia , Lithuania-Ruthenia , Cossack Hetmanate . For that it had utilised mainly territorial, ethnodemographic, social, and institutional arguments. The predominant Ukrainian view had gradually changed over time. After decline of Kievan Rus rulers of Galicia-Volhynia claimed sole succession and
3036-433: The origins of Rurikids (Zhur et al. 2023) analysed "for the first time", remains belonging to Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich . The study found that Dmitry Alexandrovich and most of the "medieval and modern Rurikids", starting with Prince Yaroslav the Wise , belong to paternal haplogroup N-M231 (N1a) . The genetic results suggest that the formation of the Rurikid lineage included a population from eastern Scandinavia ( Öland ),
3102-453: The period of Kievan Rus' never styled themselves as tsars. The first Russian ruler to openly break with the khan of the Golden Horde , Mikhail of Tver ( r. 1285–1318 ), assumed the title basileus ton Ros , as well as tsar . Following his assertion of independence from the khan in 1476, Ivan III , the grand prince of Moscow ( r. 1462–1505 ), adopted the title of sovereign of all Russia , and he later also started to use
3168-443: The pope for the "imperial title" conferred upon him. After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs were at first autonomous prince ( knyaz ). With the declaration of full independence, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria adopted the traditional title "tsar" in 1908 and it was used until the abolition of the monarchy in 1946. However, these titles were not generally perceived as equivalents of "emperor" any longer. In
3234-458: The princes of Smolensk and Yaroslavl. The Shakhovskoys were founded by Konstantin "Shakh" Glebovich, Prince of Yaroslavl , and traces its lineage to Rostislav I of Kiev through his son Davyd Rostislavich . This branch also descends cognatically of Ivan I of Moscow , through the latter's daughter Evdokia Ivanovna Moskovskaya (1314–1342), who married Vasili Mikhailovich [ ru ] , Prince of Yaroslavl (died 1345). They were
3300-421: The ruling house of Moscow until the end of the 16th century; the princes of Moscow are often referred to as the Daniilovichi . Beginning with the reign of Ivan the Terrible , the Muscovite branch used the title "Tsar of All Russia" and ruled over the Tsardom of Russia . The death in 1598 of Tsar Feodor I ended the rule of the Rurik dynasty. The dynasty was briefly revived in the person of Vasili IV of Russia ,
3366-421: The sponsors of Eastern Orthodox editions in Ruthenian and Slavonic languages. Orthodox publicists called the clan of Oginski "the bastion of Orthodox faith". The last orthodox magnate , Marcjan Aleksander Ogiński had to choose between Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic Church . The House of Ogiński used the Brama Coat of Arms . Rurikid Princely titles The Rurik dynasty , also known as
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#17327876205253432-504: The succession and claimed the same titles as a dynast in Thessaly. After his death around 1370, he was succeeded in his claims by his son John Uroš , who retired to a monastery in about 1373. The title tsar was used once by church officials of Kievan Rus' in the naming of Yaroslav the Wise , the grand prince of Kiev ( r. 1019–1054 ). This may have related to Yaroslav's war against Byzantium and to his efforts to distance himself from Constantinople . However, other princes during
3498-409: The title of Grand Hetman of Lithuania and strove to preserve the Ruthenian language and Eastern Orthodoxy in this part of Europe. It is thought that the Drutsk and related princely families may also descend from Roman the Great. The Rostislaviches were the line of Rostislav I of Kiev , another son of Mstislav I of Kiev, who was Prince of Smolensk and a progenitor of the lines descending from
3564-467: The title of "tsar" is more honorable for Muscovites than "kaiser" or "king" exactly because it was God and not some earthly potentate who ordained to apply it to David, Solomon, and other kings of Israel. Samuel Collins , a court physician to Tsar Alexis in 1659–66, styled the latter "Great Emperor", commenting that "as for the word Czar , it has so near relation to Cesar ... that it may well be granted to signifie Emperor. The Russians would have it to be
3630-636: The title of ruler of all former Rus lands as was noted in Kievan and then Galician–Volhynian Chronicles . Following downfall of Galicia-Volhynia, monarchs of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia and then Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth claimed sole succession as well, which in turn was supported by Ruthenian population and historians at the time. But that view had shifted by mid 17th century, especially after Pereiaslav Agreement and publication of Kievan Synopsis in 1674 that viewed people of Great Russia , Little Russia and White Russia as single All-Russian nation under leadership of Tsar. Though latter
3696-420: The title of tsar regularly in diplomatic relations with the West. From about 1480, he is designated as imperator in his Latin correspondence, as keyser in his correspondence with the Swedish regent, and as kejser in his correspondence with the Danish king, Teutonic Knights , and the Hanseatic League . Ivan's son Vasily III continued using these titles. Sigismund von Herberstein (1486–1566) observed that
3762-451: The titles of kaiser and imperator were attempts to render the Russian term tsar into German and Latin, respectively. The title-inflation related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox " third Rome ", after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The monarch in Moscow was recognized as an emperor by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I in 1514. However, the first Russian ruler to be formally crowned as tsar of all Russia
3828-466: Was Ivan IV ("the Terrible"), in 1547. Some foreign ambassadors—namely, Herberstein (in 1516 and 1525), Daniel Printz a Buchau (in 1576 and 1578) and Just Juel (in 1709)—indicated that the word "tsar" should not be translated as "emperor", because it is applied by Russians to David , Solomon and other Biblical kings, who are simple reges . On the other hand, Jacques Margeret , a bodyguard of False Demetrius I ( r. 1605–1606 ), argues that
3894-631: Was a modified to "allot equal rights to the Kievan inheritance to the Three Slavic peoples , that is the Russians, the Ukrainians, and the Belorussians ", but later elevated the Russian nation as the elder brother to give the others "needed guidance in revolutionary struggles and socialist construction." There are currently various extant branches of the Rurikids, for instance: the Houses of Shakhovskoy , Gagarin, and Lobanov-Rostovsky . Their representatives include Prince Dmitriy Mikhailovich Shakhovskoy (born 1934); Prince Dmitri Andreevich Gagarin (born 1934); and Prince Nikita Lobanov-Rostovsky (born 1935),
3960-567: Was challenged, but eventually became predominantly accepted until History of Ruthenians was written at the break of the 18th and 19th centuries underlying foundation for separate Ukrainian historiography with later monolineal and exclusivist Ukrainian national theory being advanced by national historiography between the 1840s and the end of the 1930s. It was summarised most clearly by Mykhailo Hrushevsky in his History of Ukraine-Rusʹ laying foundation for current sole succession view. During Soviet times by 1930s prior All-Russian nation ideology
4026-409: Was crowned as such in Skopje on Easter (April 16) 1346 by the newly elevated Serbian patriarch, alongside the Bulgarian patriarch and archbishop of Ohrid. On the same occasion, he had his wife Helena of Bulgaria crowned as empress and his son associated in power as king. When Dušan died in 1355, his son Stefan Uroš V became the next emperor. The new emperor's uncle Simeon Uroš (Siniša) contested
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#17327876205254092-551: Was crowned as the tsar of all Russia, where the Rurik line ruled until 1598, following which they were eventually succeeded by the House of Romanov . As a ruling house, the Rurikids held their own for a total of 21 generations in male-line succession, from Rurik ( d. 879 ) to Feodor I of Russia ( d. 1598 ), a period of more than 700 years. Numerous princely families have claimed to trace their lineage to Rurik. They are one of Europe's oldest royal houses, with numerous existing cadet branches . The origins of
4158-419: Was descended from the Rurik dynasty through the female line. His mother, Evdokiya Gorbataya-Shuyskaya, was a Rurikid princess from the Shuysky branch, daughter of Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky . Tsar Mikhail's first wife Maria Dolgorukova was of Rurikid stock but their marriage produced no children. Volodimerovichi , grand princes of Kiev Russian and Ukrainian historians have debated for many years about
4224-415: Was increasingly viewed as inferior to "emperor" or as highlighting the oriental side of the rank. Upon annexing Crimea in 1783, Catherine the Great adopted the hellenicized title "tsaritsa of Tauric Chersonesos ", rather than "tsaritsa of the Crimea". By 1815, when Russia annexed a large part of Poland, the title had clearly come to be interpreted in Russia as the equivalent of Polish król ("king"), and
4290-432: Was the father of Vladimir II Monomakh , giving rise to the name Monomakh for his progeny. Two of Vladimir II's sons were Mstislav I of Kiev and Yuri Dolgorukiy . The Romanoviches (Izyaslavichi of Volhynia) were the line of Roman the Great , descended from Mstislav I of Kiev through his son Iziaslav II of Kiev and his grandson Mstislav II of Kiev , father of Roman the Great. The older Monomakhovychi line that ruled
4356-426: Was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen ( Rus-law ) or Roden , as it was known in earlier times. The name Rus ' would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: Ruotsi and Rootsi . The Primary Chronicle gives the following account the " Calling of the Varangians ", dating it to
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