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80-519: The Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka ( 櫻花 , Ōka , " cherry blossom "; 桜花 in modern orthography ) is a purpose-built, rocket-powered human-guided kamikaze attack-aircraft deployed by Japan against Allied ships in the Pacific Ocean theater towards the end of World War II . Although extremely fast, the Ohka had a very short range, so it had to be carried into action as a parasite aircraft by

160-523: A 1992 paper by Hideaki Ohba of the University of Tokyo, classification in the genus Cerasus became more common. This means that (for example) the scientific name Cerasus incisa is now used in Japan instead of Prunus incisa . A culture of plum blossom viewing has existed in mainland China since ancient times, and although cherry trees have many wild species, most of them had small flowers, and

240-564: A fairly large area of the country and were close to people's living areas. The development of cherry blossom viewing, and the production of cultivars, is therefore considered to have taken place primarily in Japan. Because cherry trees have mutable traits, many cultivars have been created for cherry blossom viewing, especially in Japan. Since the Heian period , the Japanese have produced cultivars by selecting superior or mutant trees from among

320-459: A few days to two weeks after Yoshino cherry does. The flowering time of cherry trees is thought to be affected by global warming and the heat island effect of urbanization . According to the record of full bloom dates of Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura) in Kyoto , Japan, which has been recorded for about 1200 years, the time of full bloom was relatively stable from 812 to the 1800s. After that,

400-505: A few decades ago. Similarly, data from Kyoto, Japan, and Washington, D.C., United States, also indicated that blooming periods are occurring earlier in those locations as well. Although precise forecasting is generally challenging, AI predictions from Japan Meteorological Agency , have suggested that without substantial efforts to rein in climate change, the Somei-Yoshino cherry tree variety could face significant challenges and even

480-467: A greenhouse), 'Nishina haruka' (larger flowers), and 'Nishina komachi' ('lantern-like' flowers that remain partially closed) in the same way. All wild cherry trees produce small, unpalatable fruit or edible cherries , however, some cultivars have structural modifications to render the plant unable to naturally reproduce. For example, ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Hisakura' (Ichiyo) and ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Albo-rosea' Makino (Fugenzo) , which originated from

560-499: A larger Prunus genus. Cerasus was later converted into a section and then a subgenus , this system becoming widely accepted, but some botanists resurrected it as a genus instead. In China and Russia, where there are many more wild cherry species than in Europe, Cerasus continues to be used as a genus. In Japan, ornamental cherry trees were traditionally classified in the genus Prunus , as in Europe and North America, but after

640-560: A level speed of only 276 mph at 13,125 feet but extending the range to 81 miles. This engine was successfully tested, and 50 Model 22 Ohka s were built at Yokosuka to accept this engine. The Model 22 was to be launched by the more agile Yokosuka P1Y3 Ginga "Frances" bomber, necessitating a shorter wing span and much smaller 600-kilogram (1,300 lb) warhead. The first flight of a Model 22 Ohka took place in June 1945; none appear to have been used operationally, and only approximately 20 of

720-463: A much larger bomber, which was itself vulnerable to carrier-borne fighters . In action during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945, Ohkas succeeded in sinking or damaging some escort-vessels and transport ships, but never sank any major warships. The Japanese developed improved versions in an attempt to overcome the aircraft's shortcomings, but they came too late for deployment. Allied personnel referred to

800-497: A notable variety of which is the Himalayan wild cherry tree Prunus cerasoides . The wild Himalayan cherry, Prunus cerasoides , is native to the Himalayan region of Asia, and is common in countries such as Nepal , India , Bhutan , and Myanmar , where it is also cultivated. In 1975, three Japanese researchers proposed a theory that cherry trees originated in the Himalayan region and spread eastwards to reach Japan at

880-811: A strong fragrance. Due to these favorable characteristics, the Oshima cherry has been used as a base for many Sakura cultivars (called the Sato-zakura Group ). Two such cultivars are the Yoshino cherry and Kanzan ; Yoshino cherries are actively planted in Asian countries, and Kanzan is actively planted in Western countries. "Hanami" is the many centuries-old practice of holding feasts or parties under blooming sakura ( 桜 or 櫻 ; さくら or サクラ ) or ume ( 梅 ; うめ ) trees. During

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960-491: A time before human civilisation, when the Japanese archipelago was connected to the Eurasian continent, and that cherry species differentiation was actively promoted in Japan. According to Masataka Somego, a professor at Tokyo University of Agriculture , cherry trees originated 10 million years ago in what is now Nepal and later differentiated in the Japanese archipelago, giving rise to species unique to Japan. According to

1040-608: A time or in unison, and fly the missile towards the ship that he intended to destroy. The design was conceived by Ensign Mitsuo Ohta of the 405th Kōkūtai , aided by students of the Aeronautical Research Institute at the University of Tokyo . Ohta submitted his plans to the Yokosuka research facility. While Ohta had started work on the design in 1943 the authorities would not take an interest until

1120-667: Is also a common name for Prunus serrulata . ) The cultivation of ornamental cherry trees began to spread in Europe and the United States in the early 20th century, particularly after Japan presented trees to the United States as a token of friendship in 1912. British plant collector Collingwood Ingram conducted important studies of Japanese cherry trees after the First World War . Classifying cherry trees

1200-592: Is around 2,000 years old, Usuzumi-zakura , which is around 1,500 years old, and Daigo-zakura , which is around 1,000 years old, are famous for their age. In the Edo period, various double-flowered cultivars were produced and planted on the banks of rivers, in Buddhist temples, in Shinto shrines, and in daimyo gardens in urban areas such as Edo ; the common people living in urban areas could enjoy them. Books from

1280-466: Is associated with the influence of Shinto , embodied in the concept of mono no aware ( 物の哀れ ) (the pathos of things). The connection between cherry blossoms and mono no aware dates back to 18th-century scholar Motoori Norinaga . The transience of the blossoms, their beauty, and their volatility have often been associated with mortality and the graceful and ready acceptance of destiny and karma. The Sakurakai , or Cherry Blossom Society,

1360-399: Is at least one popular folk song , originally meant for the shakuhachi (bamboo flute), titled " Sakura ", in addition to several later pop songs bearing the name. The flower is also used on all manner of historical and contemporary consumer goods, including kimonos , stationery, and dishware . The traditional symbolism of cherry blossoms as a metaphor for the ephemeral nature of life

1440-598: Is in late August. There's an escalating concern of climate change as it poses a threat to sakura cultivars, given that they are highly susceptible to shifts in temperature and weather fluctuations. The changes, driven by climate change including warmer temperatures and earlier starts to springtime, may disrupt the timing of their blooms and potentially lead to reduced flowering and cultural significance. In 2023, it has been observed in China that cherry blossoms have reached their peak bloom weeks earlier than they previously had

1520-572: Is needed. Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry) , which is endemic to Japan, produces many large flowers, is fragrant, easily mutates into double flowers and grows rapidly. As a result, various cultivars, known as the Cerasus Sato-zakura Group, have been produced since the 14th century and continue to contribute greatly to the development of hanami (flower viewing) culture. From the modern period, cultivars are mainly propagated by grafting , which quickly produces cherry trees with

1600-404: Is often confusing, since they are relatively prone to mutation and have diverse flowers and characteristics, and many varieties (a sub-classification of species), hybrids between species, and cultivars exist. Researchers have assigned different scientific names to the same type of cherry tree throughout different periods. In Europe and North America, ornamental cherry trees are classified under

1680-473: Is the flower of trees in Prunus subgenus Cerasus . Sakura usually refers to flowers of ornamental cherry trees, such as cultivars of Prunus serrulata , not trees grown for their fruit (although these also have blossoms ). Cherry blossoms have been described as having a vanilla -like smell, which is mainly attributed to coumarin . Wild species of cherry tree are widely distributed, mainly in

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1760-497: Is the cherry blossom, the best man is a warrior") was evoked in the Imperial Japanese Army as a motivation during the war. Even before the war, cherry blossoms were used in propaganda to inspire the "Japanese spirit", as in the "Song of Young Japan", exulting in "warriors" who were "ready like the myriad cherry blossoms to scatter". In 1894, Sasaki Nobutsuna composed a poem, Shina seibatsu no uta (The Song of

1840-523: Is the root of the Japanese cherry tree, and the ancestor of the cherry tree is estimated to be a plant belonging to the Prunus grayana . According to HuffPost , it is a widely held consensus that the origin of the first cherry blossoms happened somewhere in the Himalayas, Eurasia but scholars posit that the blossoms may have reached Japan around several thousand years ago. In Japan, centuries of hybridization have brought about more than 300 varieties of

1920-575: Is thought that 'Kawazu-zakura' blooms earlier because Prunus campanulata from Okinawa , which did not originally grow naturally in Honshu , was crossed with the Oshima cherry. In wild species, flowering before spring is a disadvantageous feature of selection; in cultivars such as 'Kawazu-zakura', early flowering and flower characteristics are preferred, and they are propagated by grafting. Cherry trees are generally classified by species and cultivar, but in Japan they are also classified using names based on

2000-612: Is unclear whether any of these were Ohkas from the other G4Ms. None of the G4Ms returned. The U.S. military quickly realized the danger and concentrated on extending their "defensive rings" outward to intercept the G4M/ Ohka combination aircraft before the suicide mission could be launched. On 12 April 1945 nine G4Ms attacked the U.S. fleet off Okinawa. The destroyer Mannert L. Abele was hit, broke in two, and sank. Jeffers destroyed an Ohka with AA fire 45 m (50 yd) from

2080-633: The sakura zensen (" cherry blossom front ") as it moves northward up the archipelago with the approach of warmer weather, via nightly forecasts following the weather segment of news programs. Since 2009, tracking of the sakura zensen has been largely taken over by private forecasting companies, with the JMA switching to focus only on data collection that than forecasting. The blossoming begins in Okinawa in January and typically reaches Kyoto and Tokyo at

2160-689: The Arakawa River bank. In Kyoto, Sano Toemon XIV, a gardener, collected various cultivars and propagated them. After World War II, these cultivars were inherited by the National Institute of Genetics , Tama Forest Science Garden and the Flower Association of Japan, and from the 1960s onwards were again used for hanami. Every year, the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the public track

2240-530: The Edo period or earlier, although such depictions are anachronisms. ''Prunus'' × ''kanzakura'' 'Kawazu-zakura' is a representative cultivar that blooms before the arrival of spring. It is a natural hybrid between the Oshima cherry and Prunus campanulata and is characterized by deep pink petals. Wild cherry trees usually do not bloom in cold seasons because they cannot produce offspring if they bloom before spring, when pollinating insects become active. However, it

2320-606: The Imperial Japanese Army . The company was renamed Nakajima Aircraft Company in 1919. The company's manufacturing facilities were: After Japan's defeat in World War II , the company was forced to close, as the production and research of aircraft was prohibited by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers . This had a severe impact on Nakajima as one of the two largest aircraft manufacturers in Japan;

2400-603: The Kasumigaura Naval Air Arsenal. The final approach was difficult for a defender to stop because the aircraft gained high speed (650 km/h (400 mph) in level flight and 930 km/h (580 mph) or even 1,000 km/h (620 mph) in a dive. Later versions were designed to be launched from coastal air bases and caves, and even from submarines equipped with aircraft catapults , although none were actually used in this way. The Allen M. Sumner -class destroyer USS  Mannert L. Abele

2480-520: The Muromachi period . Prunus itosakura (syn. Prunus subhirtella , Edo higan) is a wild species that grows slowly. However, it has the longest life span among cherry trees and is easy to grow into large trees. For this reason, there are many large, old specimens of this species in Japan. They are often regarded as sacred and have become landmarks that symbolize Shinto shrines , Buddhist temples, and local areas. For example, Jindai-zakura , which

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2560-468: The Nara period (710–794), when the custom is said to have begun, it was ume blossoms that people admired. By the Heian period (794–1185), however, cherry blossoms were attracting more attention, and 'hanami' was synonymous with 'sakura' . From then on, in both waka and haiku , "flowers" ( 花 , hana ) meant "cherry blossoms," as implied by one of Izumi Shikibu 's poems. The custom

2640-697: The 300 Ohka available for the Okinawa campaign, 74 actually undertook operations, of which 56 were either destroyed with their parent aircraft or in making attacks. The Allied nickname for the aircraft was " Baka ", a Japanese word meaning "foolish" or "idiotic". Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War General characteristics Performance Armament 1,200 kg (2,600 lb) Ammonal warhead Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Cherry blossom The cherry blossom , or sakura ,

2720-684: The Conquest of the Chinese) to coincide with the First Sino-Japanese War . The poem compares falling cherry blossoms to the sacrifice of Japanese soldiers who fall in battles for their country and emperor. In 1932, Akiko Yosano 's poetry urged Japanese soldiers to endure suffering in China and compared the dead soldiers to cherry blossoms. Arguments that the plans for the Battle of Leyte Gulf , involving all Japanese ships, would expose Japan to danger if they failed were countered with

2800-452: The Edo period of Japan. In 2007, Riken produced a new cultivar named 'Nishina zao' by irradiating cherry trees with a heavy-ion beam . This cultivar is a mutation of the green-petaled ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Gioiko' (Gyoiko) ; it is characterized by its pale yellow-green-white flowers when it blooms and pale yellow-pink flowers when they fall. Riken produced the cultivars 'Nishina otome' (blooms in both spring and autumn, or year-round in

2880-793: The Kamakura Ohka Monument at Kenchō-ji Zen temple in Kamakura , Kanagawa, and the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo. The only operational Ohka was the Model 11. Essentially a 1,200-kilogram (2,600 lb) bomb with wooden wings, powered by three Type 4 Model 1 Mark 20 solid-fuel rocket motors, the Model 11 achieved great speed, but with limited range. This was problematic, as it required the slow, heavily laden mother aircraft to approach within 37 km (20 nmi; 23 mi) of

2960-553: The Kazusa DNA Research Institute, detailed DNA research has shown that the Prunus itosakura and the Prunus speciosa , which is endemic to Japan, differentiated into independent species 5.52 million years ago. On the other hand, according to Ko Shimamoto, a professor at Nara Institute of Science and Technology , modern theories based on detailed DNA research reject the theory that the Himalayan cherry tree

3040-413: The Model 43B, a catapult/rocket-assisted version, also with folding wings so that it could be hidden in caves. A trainer version was also under development for this version, the two-seat Model 43 K-1 Kai Wakazakura (Young Cherry), fitted with a single rocket motor. In place of the warhead, a second seat was installed for the student pilot. Two of this version were built. Finally, the Model 53 would also use

3120-504: The Ne-20 turbojet, but was to be towed like a glider and released near its target. The Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka was used mostly against U.S. ships invading Okinawa, and if launched from its mothership, could be effective because of its high speed in the dive. In the first two attempts to transport the Ohkas to Leyte Gulf using aircraft carriers, the carriers Shinano and Unryu were sunk by

3200-593: The Northern Hemisphere. They are common in East Asia, especially in Japan , where they have been cultivated, producing many varieties. Most of the ornamental cherry trees planted in parks and other places for viewing are cultivars developed for ornamental purposes from various wild species . In order to create a cultivar suitable for viewing, a wild species with characteristics suitable for viewing

3280-481: The Northern Hemisphere. Wild cherry trees, even if they are the same species, differ genetically from one individual to another. Even if they are planted in the same area, there is some variation in the time when they reach full bloom. In contrast, cultivars are clones propagated by grafting or cutting, so each tree of the same cultivar planted in the same area will come into full bloom all at once due to their genetic similarity. Some wild species, such as Edo higan and

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3360-502: The Oshima cherry, have a modified pistil that develops into a leaf-like structure, and can only be propagated by artificial methods such as grafting and cutting. Cherry trees grown for their fruit are generally cultivars of the related species Prunus avium , Prunus cerasus , and Prunus fruticosa . In the present day, ornamental cherry blossom trees are distributed and cultivated worldwide. While flowering cherry trees were historically present in Europe, North America, and China,

3440-414: The U.S. fleet off Okinawa. One Ohka hit the bridge of a destroyer, Shea , causing extensive damage and casualties. Gayety was also damaged by an Ohka ' s near miss. One G4M returned. On 11 May 1945 four G4Ms attacked the U.S. fleet off Okinawa. The destroyer Hugh W. Hadley was hit and suffered extensive damage and flooding. The vessel was judged beyond repair. On 25 May 1945 11 G4Ms attacked

3520-571: The U.S. submarines Archerfish and Redfish . Attacks intensified in April 1945. On 1 April 1945 six G4Ms attacked the U.S. fleet off Okinawa. At least one made a successful attack; its Ohka was thought to have hit one of the 406 mm (16 in) turrets on the battleship West Virginia , causing moderate damage. Postwar analysis indicated that no hits were recorded and that a near-miss took place. The transports Alpine , Achernar , and Tyrrell were also hit by kamikaze aircraft, but it

3600-431: The aircraft as "Baka Bombs" ( baka being a Japanese pejorative term meaning "fool" or "idiot"). The MXY-7 Navy Suicide Attacker Ohka was a manned flying bomb that was usually carried underneath a Mitsubishi G4M 2e Model 24J "Betty" bomber to within range of its target. On release, the pilot would first glide towards the target and when close enough he would fire the Ohka ' s three solid-fuel rockets , one at

3680-455: The beginning of April, though recent years have trended towards earlier flowerings near the end of March. It proceeds northward and into areas of higher altitude, arriving in Hokkaido a few weeks later. Japanese locals, in addition to overseas tourists, pay close attention to these forecasts. Most Japanese schools and public buildings have cherry blossom trees planted outside of them. Since

3760-682: The bloom date was April 5 in 1921, but it was March 31 in 2021. These records are consistent with the history of rapid increases in global mean temperature since the mid-1800s. Japanese cherry trees grown in the Southern Hemisphere will bloom at a different time of the year. For example, in Australia, while the trees in the Cowra Japanese Garden bloom in late September to mid-October, the Sydney cherry blossom festival

3840-422: The characteristics of the flowers and trees. Cherry trees with more petals than the ordinary five are classified as yae-zakura ( double-flowered sakura), and those with drooping branches are classified as shidare-zakura , or weeping cherry. Most yae-zakura and shidare-zakura are cultivars. Famous shidare-zakura cultivars include ' Shidare-zakura ', ' Beni-shidare ', and ' Yae-beni-shidare ', all derived from

3920-592: The cherry blossom. Cherry blossoms and leaves are edible, and both are used as food ingredients in Japan: Nakajima Aircraft Company The Nakajima Aircraft company was Japan's first aircraft manufacturer, and was founded in 1918 by Chikuhei Nakajima , a naval engineer, and Seibei Kawanishi , a textile manufacturer, as Nihon Hikoki (Nippon Aircraft) . In 1919, the two founders split and Nakajima bought out Nihon Aircraft's factory with tacit help from

4000-498: The combat aircraft, it was also fitted with flaps and a landing skid. The water ballast was dumped before landing but it remained a challenging aircraft to fly, with a landing speed of 130 mph (210 km/h). Forty-five were built by Dai-Ichi Kaigun Koku Gijitsusho. The Model 22 was designed to overcome the short standoff distance problem by using a Campini -type motorjet engine, the Ishikawajima Tsu-11 , giving

4080-541: The cultivars developed from them, are in full bloom before the leaves open. Yoshino cherry became popular for cherry-blossom viewing because of these characteristics of simultaneous flowering and blooming before the leaves open; it also bears many flowers and grows into a large tree. Many cultivars of the Sato-zakura group , which were developed from complex interspecific hybrids based on Oshima cherry, are often used for ornamental purposes. They generally reach full bloom

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4160-537: The cultivars with pendulous branches, Prunus itosakura 'Pendula' (Sidare-zakura) is considered the oldest cultivar in Japan. In the Kamakura period , when the population increased in the southern Kantō region , the Oshima cherry, which originated in Izu Oshima Island, was brought to Honshu and cultivated there; it then made its way to the capital, Kyoto . The Sato-zakura Group first appeared during

4240-453: The distribution of wild cherry trees with large flowers suitable for cherry blossom viewing was limited. In Europe and North America, there were few cherry species with characteristics suitable for cherry blossom viewing. In Japan, on the other hand, the Prunus speciosa (Oshima cherry) and Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura) , which have large flowers suitable for cherry blossom viewing and tend to grow into large trees, were distributed over

4320-585: The experimental Tsu-11 engines are known to have been produced. The Model 33 was a larger version of the Model 22 powered by an Ishikawajima Ne-20 turbojet with an 800-kilogram (1,800 lb) warhead. The mothership was to be the Nakajima G8N Renzan . The Model 33 was cancelled due to the likelihood that the Renzan would not be available. Other unbuilt planned variants were the Model 43A with folding wings , to be launched from submarines, and

4400-625: The fiscal and school years both begin in April, in many parts of Honshu the first day of work or school coincides with the cherry blossom season. However, while most cherry blossom trees bloom in the spring, there are also lesser-known winter cherry blossoms ( fuyuzakura in Japanese) that bloom between October and December. The Japan Cherry Blossom Association has published a list of Japan's Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots ( 日本さくら名所100選 ), with at least one location in every prefecture. Many cherry species and cultivars bloom between March and April in

4480-415: The fleet off Okinawa. Bad weather forced most of the aircraft to turn back, and none of the others hit targets. On 22 June 1945 six G4Ms attacked the fleet. Two returned, but no hits were recorded. Postwar analysis concluded that the Ohka ' s impact was negligible, since no U.S. Navy capital ships had been hit during the attacks because of the effective defensive tactics that were employed. In total, of

4560-591: The following year. The Imperial Japanese Navy decided the idea had merit and Yokosuka engineers of the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal (Dai-Ichi Kaigun Koku Gijitsusho, or in short Kugisho ) created formal blueprints for what was to be the MXY-7. The only variant which saw service was the Model 11, and it was powered by three Type 4 Mark 1 Model 20 rockets. 155 Ohka Model 11s were built at Yokosuka, and another 600 were built at

4640-426: The main object of hanami. Various other cultivars were cut down one after another during changes related to the rapid modernization of cities, such as the reclamation of waterways and the demolition of daimyo gardens. The gardener Takagi Magoemon and the village mayor of Kohoku Village, Shimizu Kengo, were concerned about this situation and preserved a few by planting a row of cherry trees, of various cultivars, along

4720-461: The natural crossings of wild cherry trees. They were also produced by crossing trees artificially and then breeding them by grafting and cutting . Oshima, Yamazakura, Prunus pendula f. ascendens (syn, Prunus itosakura , Edo higan) , and other varieties which grow naturally in Japan, mutate easily. The Oshima cherry, which is an endemic species in Japan, tends to mutate into a double-flowered tree, grows quickly, has many large flowers, and has

4800-494: The period record more than 200 varieties of cherry blossoms and mention many varieties that are currently known, such as 'Kanzan' . However, this situation was limited to urban areas, and the main objects of hanami across the country were still wild species such as Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura) and Oshima cherry. Since Japan was modernized in the Meiji period , the Yoshino cherry has spread throughout Japan, and it has become

4880-516: The plea that the Navy be permitted to "bloom as flowers of death". The last message of the forces on Peleliu was "Sakura, Sakura". Japanese pilots would paint sakura flowers on the sides of their planes before embarking on a suicide mission, or even take branches of the trees with them on their missions. A cherry blossom painted on the side of a bomber symbolized the intensity and ephemerality of life; in this way, falling cherry petals came to represent

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4960-488: The practice of cultivating ornamental cherry trees was centered in Japan, and many of the cultivars planted worldwide, such as that of Prunus × yedoensis , have been developed from Japanese hybrids. The global distribution of ornamental cherry trees, along with flower viewing festivals or hanami , largely started in the early 20th century, often as gifts from Japan. However, some regions have historically cultivated their own native species of flowering cherry trees,

5040-410: The representative cultivar is Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan' . The following species, hybrids, and varieties are used for Sakura cultivars: The most popular cherry blossom cultivar in Japan is 'Somei-yoshino' (Yoshino cherry) . Its flowers are nearly pure white, tinged with the palest pink, especially near the stem. They bloom and usually fall within a week before the leaves come out. Therefore,

5120-406: The results of DNA analysis of 215 cultivars carried out by Japan's Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute in 2014, many of the cultivars that have spread around the world are hybrids produced by crossing Oshima cherry and Prunus jamasakura (Yamazakura) with various wild species. Among these cultivars, the Sato-zakura Group and many other cultivars have a large number of petals, and

5200-656: The risk of disappearing entirely from certain parts of Japan, including Miyazaki, Nagasaki, and Kagoshima prefectures in the Kyushu region by 2100. Cherry blossoms are a frequent topic in waka composition, where they commonly symbolize impermanence. Due to their characteristic of blooming en masse , cherry blossoms and are considered an enduring metaphor for the ephemeral nature of life. Cherry blossoms frequently appear in Japanese art , manga , anime , and film, as well as stage set designs for musical performances. There

5280-438: The sacrifice of youth in suicide missions to honor the emperor. The first kamikaze unit had a subunit called Yamazakura , or wild cherry blossom. The Japanese government encouraged the people to believe that the souls of downed warriors were reincarnated in the blossoms. Cherry blossoms have been used symbolically in Japanese sports; the Japan national rugby union team has used the flower as an emblem on its uniforms since

5360-454: The same genetic characteristics as the original individuals, and which are excellent to look at. The Japanese word sakura ( 桜 or 櫻 ; さくら or サクラ ) can mean either the tree or its flowers (see 桜 ). The cherry blossom is considered the national flower of Japan, and is central to the custom of hanami. Sakura trees are often called Japanese cherry in English. (This

5440-577: The sea, knocking off the Stanly ' s ensign in the process. One Betty returned. On 14 April 1945 seven G4Ms attacked the U.S. fleet off Okinawa. None returned. None of the Ohka s appeared to have been launched. Two days later, six G4Ms attacked the U.S. fleet off Okinawa. Two returned, but no Ohka s had hit their targets. Later, on 28 April 1945, four G4Ms attacked the U.S. fleet off Okinawa at night. One returned. No hits were recorded. May 1945 saw another series of attacks. On 4 May 1945 seven G4Ms attacked

5520-403: The second was Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI). Unlike MHI, Nakajima did not diversify into shipbuilding and general machinery, and so was forced to dissolve into a number of spin-off companies set up by its former managers, engineers, and workers. As a result, leading aeronautical engineers from the company, such as Ryoichi Nakagawa , helped transform Japan's automobile industry. The company

5600-477: The ship, but the resulting explosion was still powerful enough to cause extensive damage, forcing Jeffers to withdraw. The destroyer Stanly was attacked by two Ohka s. One struck above the waterline just behind the ship's bow , its charge passing completely through the hull and splashing into the sea, where it detonated underwater, causing little damage to the ship. The other Ohka narrowly missed (its pilot probably killed by anti-aircraft fire) and crashed into

5680-437: The subgenus Cerasus ("true cherries"), within the genus Prunus . Cerasus consists of about 100 species of cherry tree, but does not include bush cherries , bird cherries , or cherry laurels (other non- Cerasus species in Prunus are plums , peaches , apricots , and almonds ). Cerasus was originally named as a genus in 1700 by de Tournefort . In 1753, Linnaeus combined it with several other groupings to form

5760-415: The target, making it very vulnerable to defending fighters . There was one experimental variant of the Model 11, the Model 21, which had thin steel wings manufactured by Nakajima . It had the engine of the Model 11 and the airframe of the Model 22. The Ohka K-1 was an unpowered trainer version with water ballast instead of warhead and engines, that was used to provide pilots with handling experience. Unlike

5840-692: The team's first international matches in the 1930s, depicted as a "bud, half-open and full-bloomed". The team is known as the "Brave Blossoms" ( ブレイブ・ブロッサムズ ), and has had their current logo since 1952. The cherry blossom is also seen in the logo of the Japan Cricket Association and the Japan national American football team . Cherry blossoms are a prevalent symbol in irezumi , the traditional art of Japanese tattoos. In this art form, cherry blossoms are often combined with other classic Japanese symbols like koi fish , dragons , or tigers . The cherry blossom remains symbolic today. It

5920-575: The time of full color rapidly became earlier, and in 2021, the earliest full bloom date in 1200 years was recorded. The average peak bloom day in the 1850s was around April 17, but by the 2020s, it was April 5; the average temperature rose by about 3.4 °C (6.1 °F) during this time. According to the record of full bloom dates of the Yoshino cherry in the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C. ,

6000-418: The trees look nearly white from top to bottom. The cultivar takes its name from the village of Somei, which is now part of Toshima in Tokyo. It was developed in the mid- to late-19th century, at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period . The 'Somei-yoshino' is so widely associated with cherry blossoms that jidaigeki and other works of fiction often show the trees being cultivated in

6080-411: The wild species Prunus itosakura (syn, Prunus subhirtella or Edo higan) . The color of cherry blossoms is generally a gradation between white and red, but there are cultivars with unusual colors such as yellow and green. The representative cultivars of these colors are ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Grandiflora' A. Wagner (Ukon) and ''Prunus serrulata'' 'Gioiko' Koidz (Gyoiko) , which were developed in

6160-534: Was originally limited to the elite of the Imperial Court but soon spread to samurai society and, by the Edo period , to the common people as well. Tokugawa Yoshimune planted areas of cherry blossom trees to encourage this. Under the sakura trees, people held cheerful feasts where they ate, and drank sake . Since a book written in the Heian period mentions "weeping cherry" ( しだり櫻; 糸櫻 ) , one of

6240-677: Was the first Allied ship to be sunk by Ohka aircraft, near Okinawa on 12 April 1945. Over the course of the war, Ohka s sank or damaged beyond repair three ships and significantly damaged three more ships, with a total of seven U.S. ships damaged or sunk by Ohka s. The Ohka pilots, members of the Jinrai Butai (Thunder Gods Corps), are honored in Japan at Ohka Park in Kashima City, the Ohka Monument in Kanoya City,

6320-506: Was the name chosen by young officers within the Imperial Japanese Army in September 1930 for their secret society established to reorganize the state along totalitarian militaristic lines, via a military coup d'état if necessary. During World War II , cherry blossoms were used as a symbol to motivate the Japanese people and stoke nationalism and militarism. The Japanese proverb hana wa sakuragi, hito wa bushi ("the best blossom

6400-634: Was used for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics mascot, Someity . It is also a common way to indicate the start of spring, such as in the Animal Crossing series of video games, where many of the game's trees are flowering cherries. Japan has a wide diversity of cherry trees, including hundreds of cultivars . By one classification method, there are more than 600 cultivars in Japan, while the Tokyo Shimbun claims that there are 800. According to

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