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80-625: The Oltramarini were primarily filled from local people from the Venetian possessions on the eastern Adriatic coast, i.e. the Slavic (as well as Latin) catholic population from Dalmatia , the so-called Schiavoni , and later, to a lesser extent, members of other nations who came to these units were also recruited, i.e. Christian refugees and exiles from Venetian Albania and Greek countries under Venetian administration ( Ionian duchy , Negroponte, Morea, Aegean duchy, Candia and Cyprus). The command

160-750: A cavallo , with the support of the local irregular units ; cernide and orthodox morlachs , successfully liberated Sinj and Knin . During the Second Morean War, the oltramarini fought in Dalmatia, and in the defence of Corfu. In Dalmatia in 1715 they participated in heroic defense of Sinj , where 4 companies from the Corponese regiment together with local militia (cernide) and professional Italian units fought off Turkish assaults. Larger formations participated in final liberation of Dalmatia under provveditore Emo. These victories marked

240-462: A court in Zadar, a splendid bodyguard and a suit resembling a doge. The power of the provveditore was unlimited, and he was also the last instance for the court, finances, army, even for the church. Venetian Dalmatia was divided into districts (distretto), headed by a prince (conte) appointed by the provveditore. The prince is flanked by two officials, the chancellor (chancelliere) for judicial affairs and

320-484: A large Venetian army under the command of Don Stipan Sorić, consisting of 3,000 oltramarini , 2,000 Swiss , 600 cavalry , 200 dragoons and about 1,000 cernide (under the leadership of Vuk Mandušić ) liberated Drniš and Klis . Venetian victories in Dalmatia will be her only successes of this war. After 22 years of siege, the Republic loses the city of Kandia , the capital and last stronghold on Crete . During

400-692: A month-long siege of the fortress of Šibenik by the Ottomans in August and September failed. During the next few years, military operations stalled because of an outbreak of famine and plague amongst the Venetians at Zadar, while both sides focused their resources in the Aegean area. As other fronts took priority for the Ottomans, no further operations occurred in the Dalmatian theater. Peace in 1669 found

480-540: A newspaper for Dalmatia was made by Napoleon himself, under the initially determined name Dalmata Veneto . The Provveditore generale (Governor-general) was the official name of Venetian state officials supervising Dalmatia. The Governors of Dalmatia were based in Zadar, while they were under direct supervision of the Provveditore Generale da Mar , who was based in Corfu and was directly controlled by

560-673: A third did not return. During the Candian War, the Oltramarini will fight on three fronts; in the defense of Dalmatia, in the defense of Crete and as naval infantry in naval battles. At the beginning of the war in 1645, oltramarini from Zadar successfully repelled the first Turkish attack on Split, when together with the Split cernide defeated the Turkish army of about 2,000 soldiers. In 1647, contingents of oltramarini took part in

640-600: Is a masterpiece by Radovan , and the most significant work of the Romanesque-Gothic style in Croatia. The Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition states on page 774 " Antiquities " that: "... from Italy (and Venice) came the Romanesque. The belfry of S. Maria, at Zara, erected in 1105, is first in a long list of Romanesque buildings. At Arbe there is a beautiful Romanesque campanile which also belongs to

720-556: Is combined with Venetian Gothic, while the graceful balconies and ogee windows of the Prijeki closely follow their Venetian models. In 1441 Giorgio Orsini of Zara, summoned from Venice to design the cathedral of Sebenico, brought with him the influence of the Italian Renaissance. The new forms which he introduced were eagerly imitated and developed by other architects, until the period of decadence - which virtually concludes

800-586: Is no uniqueness in Dalmatia. Likewise, weights and measures differed from place to place. The municipal administration was shared by nobles and citizens, who gathered for assemblies, where municipal affairs were discussed. In some municipalities, only the nobles met for assemblies, and in some the citizens also had their own assemblies. Civil and criminal affairs were handled by the city (municipal) prince, and police affairs were carried out by grand and petty judges. Peasants met in brotherhoods in gatherings, where they discussed their needs. Otherwise, in every village there

880-468: Is the best-preserved Romanesque- Gothic complex not only in the Adriatic, but in all of Central Europe . Trogir's medieval core, surrounded by walls, comprises a venetian well-preserved castle and tower ( Kamerlengo Castle ) and a series of dwellings and palaces from the Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque periods. Trogir's grandest building is the church of St. Lawrence , whose main west portal

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960-485: Is today called Croatian language . Romance population created Dalmatian city-states in the early Middle Ages. They had already become a minority in the Middle Ages after the year 1000 AD, living mostly in the coastal areas and with smaller pockets in the hinterland. Merchants and soldiers from Venice settled the Dalmatian cities over the following centuries, mixing with the already present Romance population. During

1040-724: The Adriatic Sea and the Venetian Ionian Islands in western Greece . Its possessions in Dalmatia stretched from the Istria peninsula to what is today coastal Montenegro : they included all the Dalmatian islands and the mainland territories from the central Velebit mountains to the northern borders of the Republic of Ragusa . With the 1718 Treaty of Passarowitz , Venice enlarged its possessions in Dalmatia to their greatest extent: it made some small advances, taking

1120-608: The Battle of Lepanto more than 9000 Dalmatians served on Venetian fleet, in the 1680s 3000 oltramarini formed the core of admiral Francesco Morosini invasion force during the Morean war , and finally during the last days of the Republic it was the Dalmatian contingent of around 11,000 soldiers and sailors that stood against Napoleons armies. The Uskok War was fought by the Austrians, Slovenes, Croats, and Spanish on one side and

1200-717: The Dalmatian city-states and "Traù" in Venetian) was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List . "The orthogonal street plan of this island...was embellished by successive rulers with many fine public and domestic buildings and fortifications. Its beautiful Romanesque churches are complemented by the outstanding Renaissance and Baroque buildings from the Venetian period", says the UNESCO report. Trogir

1280-685: The Great Illyrian Revolt began the integration of Dalmatia which in turn led to the romanization of the region by the early Middle Ages . The languages spoken by the Illyrian tribes are extinct. Dalmatian language evolved from the vulgar Latin of the Illyro-Romans . After the fall of the western Roman Empire Slavic-speaking people arrived in Dalmatia, circa 640 AD. The Slavic Croatian population spoke Chakavian and Shtokavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian language which

1360-706: The Janissary positions on Fort Scarpone. After 6 hours of fighting, the Venetians emerged victorious, 1,200 janissaries lost their lives, as did half of the Venetians. After this loss and the arrival of new Venetian reinforcements, on August 21, the Turks stop their attacks and on August 25, they withdraw from Corfu. In fear of the French occupation , the Venetian government introduced a complete mobilization, all eleven Dalmatian regiments were deployed in Terraferma , with

1440-517: The Republic of Venice with significant gains in Dalmatia, its territory tripled, and its control of the Adriatic thus secured. In October 1683, the population of Venetian Dalmatia, principally Uskoks of Ravni Kotari , took arms and together with the rayah (lower class) of the Ottoman frontier regions rose up, taking Skradin , Karin, Vrana , Benkovac and Obrovac . In the Morean War,

1520-624: The Signoria of Venice . Main and most famous Venetian "Provveditori generali" (Governors-general) of Dalmatia: Cernida The cernide or cernida (also known as the cranide in Dalmatia ) were territorial armies of the Veneto and Istria that annually received some military training. The name cernida derives from the fact that the one or two young men were chosen (cf. Italian : cernere 'to choose, select') for every ten from among

1600-585: The fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797 to the Napoleon Armies , the Dalmatia was incorporated briefly (1805-1809) in the " Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy ". In those years the scholastic system was expanded to all the population (following the ideals of the French Revolution ) and the Italian language was instituted as the official language in the schools of Dalmatia. In the 19th century,

1680-485: The 12th century; but the finest example in this style is the cathedral of Trau. The 14th century Dominican and Franciscan convents in Ragusa are also noteworthy. Romanesque lingered on in Dalmatia until it was displaced by Venetian Gothic in the early years of the 15th century. The influence of Venice was then at its height. Even in the relatively hostile Republic of Ragusa the Romanesque of the custom-house and Rectors' palace

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1760-468: The 15th century, massively joined the units of the Venetian navy, including the naval infantry corps. The naval infantry of the Venetian navy or Fanti da Mar were organized as far back as 1202 during the Fourth Crusade when they were the key to the conquest of Zadar and later Constantinople. The Slavic population of Dalmatia soon outnumbered members of Latin/Venetian origin, so that at the end of

1840-471: The Dalmatian hinterland - it did not occupy the Venetian cities, but it took the Croatian possessions between Skradin and Obrovac (forming Croatian vilayet and then Sanjak of Klis ), eliminating them as a buffer zone between the Ottoman and Venetian territory. Venetians still perceived this inner hinterland as once part of Croatia calling it as "Banadego" (lands of Ban i.e. Banate ). The economy of

1920-727: The Dalmatian/Croatian population in Venice, and which is still active today. In 1675, officers of the Oltramarini and Cappelletti (Croatian cavalry regiments) in Zadar founded the brotherhood of St. Jeronimo in Zadar. They were led by local commanders. Officers were partly trained at military colleges throughout the Venetian Terraferma, and since 1740, officers have been trained at the Military College (Militar Collegio) in Zadar. The command language in

2000-476: The Fourth Crusade continued its campaign, which led to the siege of Constantinople . Hungarian king Louis the Great launched a large campaign in 1356–1358 and forced Venice to withdraw from Dalmatia. Zadar Peace Treaty was signed on 18 February 1358 and Venice lost influence over whole coast from eastern Istria to southern Dalmatia. In 1409, during the 20-year Hungarian civil war between King Sigismund and

2080-617: The French garrison, the event will be remembered as the Veronese Easter - Pasque Veronesi , i.e. as Le Massacre de Verona in French sources. After nine days of fighting, under siege by another 15,000 French soldiers, Verona falls on April 25., French lost more than 500 men. As the last proof of loyalty to the Venetian Republic, thousands of Dalmatian oltramarini and sailors were the last armed force willing to fight to

2160-548: The Neapolitan House of Anjou , the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples , sold his rights on Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic for a meager sum of 100,000 ducats . Sigismund tried to recover the territory but Venice defeated his troops in the Battle of Motta (1412) . Croatian Littoral and eastern Istria remained parts of Croatia, where Croats , together with their allies, rejected Venetian efforts to subject them. The more centralized merchant republic took control of

2240-399: The Ottomans, it was too far away and relatively insignificant, while the Venetians operated near their own bases of supply and had undisputed control of the sea, being thus able to easily reinforce their coastal strongholds. The Ottomans launched a large-scale attack in 1646, and made some significant gains, including the capture of the islands of Krk , Pag and Cres , and most importantly,

2320-642: The Preliminary Treaty of Paris and the Treaty of Madrid ) resolved that pirates would be driven from the maritime areas of the House of Habsburg . The Venetians returned to Austrians all the places occupied by them in Istria and Friuli . The Dalmatian front was a separate theater of operations, which was involved in the early phase of the war. The conditions there were almost reverse to those in Crete : for

2400-713: The Republic of Venice besieged Sinj in October 1684 and then again March and April 1685, but both times without success. In the 1685 attempt, the Venetian armies were aided by the local militia of the Republic of Poljica , who thereby rebelled against their nominal Ottoman suzerainty that had existed since 1513. In an effort to retaliate to Poljica, in June 1685, the Ottomans attacked Zadvarje , and in July 1686 Dolac and Srijane , but were pushed back, and suffered major casualties. With

2480-573: The Venetian and Greek troops, a contingent of naval infantry from Dalmatia. Oltramarini will share a tragic fate with the other defenders of Cyprus during the Siege of Famagusta . They joined the battle on January 26, 1571, under the command of Captain Gianantonio Querini and formed a contingent of foot soldiers who broke through the Ottoman blockade on Venetian galleys and arrived in besieged Famagusta . The heroic defense would last until

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2560-508: The Venetian cities in Dalmatia, severely impacted by the Turkish occupation of the hinterland in the previous war, recovered and held steady even throughout this war. During the entire duration of Venetian rule, Dalmatians served in Venetian military as professional soldiers ( naval personnel , oltramarini infantry and cappelletti cavalry) and conscripts ( galliots and cernida militia ). They fought on all fronts, from Cyprus to Terraferma and were led by local military elite. During

2640-633: The Venetian rule in Dalmatia Venetian language became the " lingua franca " of all Dalmatia, assimilating the Dalmatian language of the Romanised Illyrians and influencing partially both Croatian and Albanian language. During Ottoman rule in the Ottoman Dalmatia hinterlands Orthodox and Catholic Slavic-speaking people started arriving as martolos in Ottoman service (also called as " Vlachs / Morlachs " which then

2720-674: The Venetians, Dutch, and English on the other. It is named for the Uskoks , soldiers from Croatia used by the Austrians for irregular warfare . Since the Uskoks were checked on land and were rarely paid their annual salary , they resorted to piracy . In addition to attacking Turkish ships, they attacked Venetian merchantmen . The conflict began in January 1616 in the Gorizia Hills and lasted until 1617. The Treaty of Peace (now known as

2800-586: The area, and the Narentine pirates were suppressed permanently. On this occasion Doge Orseolo named himself "Duke of Dalmatia", starting the colonial empire of Venice. He was also responsible of the establishment of the famous " Marriage of the Sea " ceremony. At this time Venice had a firm control over the Adriatic Sea, strengthened by the expedition of Pietro's son Ottone in 1017. From the 1030s however, after

2880-436: The areas of Sinj , Imotski and Vrgorac in the Dalmatian hinterland. Conflicts between Venetians and Croats, as well as other Slavic nations or tribes on the Adriatic coast, including Narentines , began very early, in the 7th and 8th century, because the Venetians demanded free passage for their merchant galleys and did not want to pay taxes . By the mid-9th century was formed Byzantine theme of Dalmatia limited to

2960-501: The camerlingo for financial affairs. The small number of Venetian officials was poorly paid, so they were forced to take from collected taxes and other public duties to the detriment of the Venetian Republic. However, the taxes were not too high, because the Republic wanted to spread discontent in the hard-won Dalmatia. They were paid only by peasants, because nobles and citizens were exempted not only from all taxes, but also from all duties. Each city municipality had its own statute, so there

3040-508: The centuries-old military cry "viva san marco" with shots in the air as they boarded the ships that were supposed to take them to their homeland. On May 12, 1797, the ultramarine troops left Venice for the last time from the Rive degli Schiavoni . The oltramarines were formed in eleven regiments /reggimenti which took the name of their colonel/ kolunel ( colonnello ) who, by order of the provveditore , would collect volunteers for service, and

3120-479: The century, the fanti da mar were exclusively recruited from Dalmatia, and the name schiavoni became a synonym for naval infantry. It will have its first notable role in the failed defense of Negroponte in 1470 during the First Venetian-Ottoman War, when the entire Venetian crew was killed after a frantic defense. The Bailo of Negroponte, Paolo Erizzo, had under his command, in addition to

3200-572: The coastal cities by 1420 (with the exception of the Republic of Ragusa ); they were to remain under Venetian rule for a period of 377 years (1420–1797). The southernmost area of Dalmatia (now part of coastal Montenegro ) was called Venetian Albania during that time. In the period between the start of the Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503) and the end of Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–40) , the Ottoman Empire made significant advances in

3280-555: The command of Admiral (Capitàn da mar) Francesco Morosini , it set out to conquer Ottoman possessions in Greece. The first operation of the war for the oltramarini was the successful conquest of the fortress of Preveza , which fell in September after a short siege, and would serve as a great psychological victory for the entire armada due to its reputation as an impregnable fortress. In December 1684, Dalmatian oltramarini joined

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3360-597: The conquest of Dalmatia and reached its greatest nominal extent at the conclusion of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, with the declaration of the acquisition of three octaves of the Byzantine Empire. Venice with the help of crusaders captured Zadar in 1202. In 1203, Pope Innocent III excommunicated the entire crusading army, along with the Venetians, for taking part in the attack. After wintering in Zadar ,

3440-647: The cultural influence from Venice and the Italian peninsula originated the editing in Zadar of the first Dalmatian newspaper, in Italian and Croatian : Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin ("The Royal Dalmatian"), founded and published by the Italian Bartolomeo Benincasa in 1806 AD. Furthermore, this Kraglski Dalmatin was stamped in the typography of Antonio Luigi Battara and was the first fully done in Croatian. The decision to launch

3520-526: The defense of Šibenik under the command of the German condottiere baron Christoph Martin von Degenfeld , they form a professional contingent of 2,500 infantrymen. With about 3,000 cernide from Šibenik, they resisted the attacks of about 25,000 Otoman soldiers. On September 11, after 25 days of fighting, the Provveditore of Dalmatia Leonardo Foscolo sailed into the harbor with reinforcements. After

3600-520: The defense of Šibenik, about 2,000 oltramarini took part in the liberation of the Dalmatian fortresses of Novigrad , Karin , Obrovac and Vrana . Zuanne Radoš from Trogir especially stood out in these battles as one of the commanders (superintendents) of the oltramarini , who will be awarded the Order of the Knights of St. Mark for his bravery in these battles.In 1648, on the southern battlefield,

3680-500: The doge of "Venice, Dalmatia and Croatia" (later only of "Dalmatia"), but did not have nominal power over Dalmatia and Croatia. In October 1075 was crowned Demetrius Zvonimir as the king of "Croatia and Dalmatia" by the Holy See and his power was felt even on the islands of Krk and Cres. His death in 1089 caused succession crisis in Croatia and Dalmatia, but although doge Vitale I Michiel made with Coloman, King of Hungary agreement of 1098—the so-called Conventio Amicitiae —determined

3760-399: The end for Venice. Oltramarini officers demanded that the city be prepared for a siege and defended. The main supporter of that idea was the Doge 's consigliere Francesco Pesaro, who until the last day begged the Doge not to hand over power to the Jacobins and to retreat to Zadar, then a strong center of Venetian Dalmatia , he also counted on the intact fleet anchored in Corfu . Despite

3840-412: The express order to avoid conflicts with the French at all costs. The "peaceful" French occupation of the Venetian cities did not go smoothly, and soon anti- Jacobin rebellions began, the most significant of which was in Verona . In order to calm the situation in the city, the senate sends Medin regiment of the oltramarini , but the exact opposite happens. Citizens join the Dalmatian troops in expelling

3920-427: The fall of Doge Otto Orseolo , Croatian kings Stjepan I and his son Petar Krešimir IV succeeded in taking almost the whole coast back, so the latter carried the title King od Croatia and Dalmatia . During the 1074 invasion of the Normans died Petar Krešimir IV, and in February 1075 the Venetians banished the Normans and secured the Dalmatian cities for themselves. The doge Domenico Selvo self-titled himself as

4000-443: The fall of the Republic, during the national movements of the 19th century, had mostly adopted an Italian national identity . Dalmatian administration was in the hands of a few Venetian officials, who were headed by a governor ( Provveditore generale), who changed every three years. The Venetian nobility competed for this service, because it was honorable and lucrative. The provveditore generale ruled like an independent ruler, having

4080-431: The final border between Dalmatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina that stands today. The Ottomans would besiege Sinj again in the Second Morean War , but would be repelled. On 26 November 1690, Venice took Vrgorac , which opened the route towards Imotski and Mostar . In 1694 they managed to take areas north of the Republic of Ragusa , namely Čitluk , Gabela , Zažablje , Trebinje , Popovo , Klobuk and Metković . In

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4160-425: The final peace treaty, Venice did relinquish the areas of Popovo polje as well as Klek and Sutorina , to maintain the pre-existing demarcation near Ragusa. The "Linea Mocenigo" in 1718 Dalmatia was named after Sebastiano Mocenigo , one of the last famous Doges of Venice. Indeed, in Dalmatia -after the Treaty of Passarowitz - he obtained some small advances for Venice, taking the areas of Sinj and Imotski in

4240-444: The forts at the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth , Rio and Antirio , fell. The Peloponnese was under complete Venetian control. The news of the great victory was greeted in Venice with great joy and celebration. Morosini was given the title of Peloponnesiacus . War was also fought in Dalmatia , Herzegovina and Boka . As the professional army of Venice in Dalmatia, regiments of oltramarini and their cavalry counterparts croati

4320-489: The future border of Dalmatia towards Bosnia (the Dinara mountain ). In 1716. during the defense of Corfu , 2 regiments of oltramarini under the command of colonel Antono Kumbat broke the Turkish blockade and served as relief force for the besieged Venetian - German contingent under command of Prussian general Matthias von der Schulenburg . On August 19, 800 Dalmatians reinforced by company of elite Venetian grenadiers under personal command of colonel Kumbat charged

4400-414: The great Venetian army on Corfu with three reinforced regiments. In the summer of 1685, Admiral Morosini's forces set out to liberate the Peloponnese . The first fortress to fall was the former Venetian castle of Koroni , which was taken by amphibious landing of the Venetian forces on August 11. The city of Kalamata fell on September 14 after the Dalmatian-German forces under Colonel von Degenfeld defeat

4480-484: The help of the local population of Poljica as well as the Morlachs , the fortress of Sinj finally fell to the Venetian army on 30 September 1686. On 1 September 1687 the siege of Herceg Novi started, and ended with a Venetian victory on 30 September. Knin was taken after a twelve-day siege on 11 September 1688. The capture of the Knin Fortress marked the end of the successful Venetian campaign to expand their territory in inland Dalmatia, and it also determined much of

4560-460: The hinterland. That was the last enlargement of Venetian Dalmatia (that partially enjoyed the " Age of Enlightment " experienced by Venice) until the Napoleonic conquest in 1797. However, Venetians lost Čitluk and Gabela to Ottomans according to this treaty. In 1797 AD, during the Napoleonic Wars , the Republic of Venice was dissolved . Venetian Dalmatia was included in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy from 1805 to 1809 AD (the Republic of Ragusa

4640-414: The history of Dalmatian art - set in during the latter half of the 17th century. Special mention must be made of the carved woodwork, embroideries and plate preserved in many churches. The silver statuette and the reliquary of St. Biagio at Ragusa, and the silver ark of St. Simeon at Zara, are fine specimens of Italian jewelers' work, ranging in date from the 11th or 12th to the 17th century ...". After

4720-439: The huge Ottoman fleet occupied, to gather and organize. The Holy League set sail from the port of Messina with a force of 206 galleys and 6 galleass (galeazza). The Republic of Venice participated with 109 galleys and six galleys. Sailors and soldiers from Dalmatia and Istria fill as many as twenty galleys of the Venetian fleet, including the Capitana , the Venetian command ship of Admiral (Capitàn da mar) Sebastian Venier ,

4800-554: The islands and coastal cities of the Dalmatian city-states , hence, the medieval region of Dalmatia was a wide and long sea area of Eastern Adriatic, but with a very narrow coastline land area. Nearby the coastline and in its hinterland the control and influence was in the hands of Slavs, mostly Croatian dukes and kings who had royal courts at Klis , Bijaći near Trogir , Knin , Nin , and Biograd na Moru among others. Beginning with Doge Pietro II Orseolo , who ruled Venice from 991 AD, Venetian attention towards mainland Veneto

4880-405: The most western-oriented civilized area of the Balkans, mostly in the cities. Some architectural works from that period of Dalmatia are of European importance, and would contribute to further development of the Renaissance: the Cathedral of St James in Šibenik and the Chapel of Blessed John in Trogir . Indeed, the Croatian renaissance, strongly influenced by Venetian and Italian literature ,

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4960-405: The oltramarines was Dalmatian (lingua illirica). The soldiers called each other " brate " (brother in dalmatian/Croatian). Due to constant Ottoman incursions after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the flare-up of the war between the Ottoman Empire and Venice, the Slavic Catholic population of Dalmatia , where the Venetian power with its center in Zadar was consolidated at the beginning of

5040-436: The rule of the Republic of Venice , mainly from the 15th to the 18th centuries. Dalmatia was first sold to Venice in 1409 but Venetian Dalmatia was not fully consolidated until 1420. It lasted until 1797, when the Republic of Venice fell to the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte and Habsburg Austria . The Republic of Venice had possessions in the Balkans and in the eastern Mediterranean Sea , including Venetian Albania in

5120-403: The siege, 70,000 Turks, 38,000 Cretan serfs, as well as 29,088 Christian defenders of the city, including sailors and soldiers from Dalmatia and Istria , died from disease and fighting. More than 17,000 men from Dalmatia were recruited during this war. Venice took advantage of the Ottoman defeats at Vienna in the first years of the Great Turkish War , and in 1684, at the persuasion and under

5200-525: The spheres of interest of each party by allotting the coastal regions of Croatia to Hungary and Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice, Coloman in 1105 successfully conquered coastal cities of Dalmatia. During the 12th century, after Croatia entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary , kings Coloman and Béla II managed to return a considerable territory of Dalmatia and Croatian Littoral to their kingdom, but occasional conflicts almost never ceased. The creation of Venice's overseas empire began with

5280-433: The strong garrison of the Ottoman general Kapudan Pasha. In the summer of 1686, Morosini and his fleet attacked Modon , which fell after two weeks of bombardment and a fierce oltramarini infantry attack. Dalmatian troops also distinguished themselves in the lightning-fast conquest of the fortress of Arkadia (today Kiparisija ). In the spring of 1687, the last major Ottoman forts in the Peloponnese, city of Patras and

5360-436: The summer when, after a full 11 months, the defense commander Marco Antonio Bragadin decided to ask for a truce and surrender. The surviving defenders were promised safe passage, but on August 4, the Ottomans broke their promise and massacred the civilians and the remaining five hundred surviving defenders, and brutally tortured and killed Bragadin. The heroic resistance of Famagusta gave the Christian forces enough time, keeping

5440-417: The supposedly impregnable fortress of Novigrad , which surrendered on 4 July, after only two days of bombardment. The Turks were now able to threaten the two main Venetian strongholds in Dalmatia, Zadar and Split . In the next year however, the tide turned, as the Venetian commander Leonardo Foscolo seized several forts, retook Novigrad, temporarily captured the fortress of Knin and took Klis , while

5520-483: The supreme commander of all Venetian forces. After four hours of fierce fighting, the fleet of the Holy League was victorious. The Battle of Lepanto was a heavy defeat for the Ottoman fleet, 25,000 to 30,000 men were died. The Holy League fleet lost about 15 galleys; 7,500 to 10,000 people died and 15,000 were wounded. After that battle, Ottoman naval supremacy in the Mediterranean ended. The losses of Dalmatia and Istria were enormous, of about 9,000 sailors and soldiers,

5600-408: The territorial units of the Cernide or Paesani units would be added to the companies, on the example of the Medin regiment, during Napoleon's invasion of Terraferma, number of soldiers per company increased from about 50 to as many as 120 soldiers, half of whom were Cernide . In peace, the corps numbered about 6,000 soldiers, and two cavalry regiments, about 600 horsemen ( cappelletti ) , during

5680-472: The war, the number rose to 9,000 to 10,000 soldiers. In addition to regiments, larger units were also organized, specifically two regiments under the command of a more experienced colonel/colonel were called brigades/ brigata , they were used during the Morean War . During the Candian War , the oltramarini corps numbered as many as 17,000 soldiers. Venetian Dalmatia Venetian Dalmatia ( Latin : Dalmatia Veneta ) refers to parts of Dalmatia under

5760-504: The will of the Venetian and Dalmatian officers to preserve the Republic, fearing the destruction of the city, Doge Manin and most of the nobility did not comply with the wishes of the Dalmatians to fight, and on May 12, 1797 , they handed over power to Napoleon , thus the thousand-year-old republic fell. When 4,000 French soldiers entered the city, the oltramarini refused to hand over their weapons and regimental flags and shouted

5840-431: Was a leader called harambaša, who was in charge of civil and military affairs. During peacetime, the peasants formed some companies, and they were called cops. Their duty was to keep an eye on the movement of border Bosnian Turks, and to watch over security at home. At that time, each district had its own colonel, with serdars and serdars as lower officers. The islanders served only in the Venetian navy . The Italian language

5920-835: Was an umbrella term regardless of ethnic origin), and after the Venetian takeover of most of the hinterland during the Great Turkish War the Croat population in the hinterlands was greatly reinforced by new Croat settlers fleeing from Ottoman Bosnia . Over time the Croats assimilated the Catholic Vlachs, while the Serbs assimilated the Orthodox ones. The Romance-speakers in the coastal areas were more resilient to assimilation (in great part due to their prestige status) and after

6000-663: Was definitely overshadowed by a strong push towards the control of the Adriatic Sea. Inner strife was pacified, and trade with the Byzantine Empire boosted by the favourable treaty ( Grisobolus or Golden Bull ) with Emperor Basil II . The imperial edict granted Venetian traders freedom from the Kommerkion tax paid by other foreigners and the Byzantines themselves. In 1000 AD an expedition of Venetian ships in coastal Istria and Dalmatia secured Venetian suzerainty in

6080-648: Was in Zara/Zadar , while in Venice on the Riva degli Schiavoni there was a recruitment center for the new generations, after which the waterfront itself got its name. In Venice, together with Dalmatian merchants and sailors, in 1451 they founded the Dalmatian Brotherhood or the Brotherhood of St. George and Tripuna ( Scuola di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni ) , which was the primary gathering place of

6160-677: Was included in 1808 AD), and later in the Illyrian Provinces from 1809 AD. After the final defeat of Napoleon , the entire territory was granted to the Austrian Empire by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, constituted as the Kingdom of Dalmatia . Dalmatia was inhabited by autochthonous Dalmatae Illyrians . The Roman–Dalmatae Wars lasted until 33 BC when Octavian installed Roman hegemony in Dalmatia . The defeat of

6240-431: Was of their origin, e.g. Reggimento Bubich or Reggimento Medin. The regiment consisted of a large number of companies / kumpanije ( compagnia ), seven to nine, but never less than five. Each compagnia numbered an average of fifty to seventy soldiers and officers. Quite often, companies were organized ad hoc as separate units, and not as part of a larger regiment of several companies. During the war, selected banderies of

6320-480: Was spoken mainly in the cities, while Croatian was used in other areas. The legacy of Venice in Dalmatia is huge and very important, mainly in the cultural and artistic area. Venice was one of the centers of the Italian Renaissance and Venetian Dalmatia enjoyed the benefits of this fact. From Giorgio da Sebenico to the influence on the early contemporary Croatian literature, Venice made its Dalmatia

6400-549: Was thoroughly developed on the coastal parts of Croatia . The beginning of the Croatian 16th-century literal activity was marked by a Dalmatian humanist Marko Marulić and his epic book Judita , which was written by incorporating peculiar motives and events from the classical Bible, and adapting them to the contemporary literature in Europe. In 1997 the historical city-island of Trogir (called "Tragurium" in Latin when one of

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