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66-565: The Open Knowledge Repository features books, reports, serials, technical papers, working papers, and work studies. Among its contents are World Bank Group Annual Reports and Independent Evaluation Studies , books published by the World Bank Group , World Development Reports , and articles published in the journals World Bank Economic Review and World Bank Research Observer . The repository also receives articles by World Bank researchers published by third-party publishers as part of

132-477: A board of governors meeting once a year. Each member country appoints a governor, generally its minister of finance. Daily, the World Bank Group is run by a board of 25 executive directors to whom the governors have delegated certain powers. Each director represents either one country (for the largest countries), or a group of countries. Executive directors are appointed by their respective governments or

198-456: A call for a world where 'essential rights are unreservable' with the relatively hollow call for 'some rights reserved. ' " He also argued that Creative Commons enables license proliferation , by providing multiple licenses that are incompatible . The Creative Commons website states, "Since each of the six CC licenses functions differently, resources placed under different licenses may not necessarily be combined with one another without violating

264-406: A database of all works registered with it, but absence of registration does not imply absence of copyright, and CC licensed works can be registered on the same terms as unlicensed works or works licensed under any other licences. Although Creative Commons offers multiple licenses for different uses, some critics suggested that the licenses still do not address the differences among the media or among

330-490: A fee, and many other practices in contemporary media distribution. Creative Commons has not sought to resolve the confusion, in part because of high consumer demand for the noncommercial license as is with its ambiguity. In 2007, Virgin Mobile Australia launched a bus stop advertising campaign which promoted its mobile phone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to

396-574: A final report, "Striking a Better Balance". The report concluded that fossil fuel and mining projects do not alleviate poverty, and recommended that World Bank involvement with these sectors be phased out by 2008 to be replaced by investment in renewable energy and clean energy . The World Bank published its Management Response to the EIR in September 2004 after extensive discussions with the board of directors. The Management Response did not accept many of

462-601: A loan the bank made to the palm oil company Dinant after the 2009 Honduran coup d'état . There have been numerous killings of Campesinos in the region where Dinant was operating. Other controversial investments include loans to the Chixoy Hydroelectric Dam in Guatemala while it was under military dictatorship, and to Goldcorp (then Glamis Gold) for the construction of the Marlin Mine . In 2019,

528-410: A magic marker." Critics also worried that the lack of rewards for content producers would dissuade artists from publishing their work, and questioned whether Creative Commons would enable the commons that it aimed to create. Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig countered that copyright laws have not always offered the strong and seemingly indefinite protection that today's law provides. Rather,

594-608: A new responsive web design , enabling better access on mobile devices . The relaunch also enhanced the site's search capabilities, recommendations for related titles, and author profiles. The Open Knowledge Repository was honored as a SPARC Innovator in June 2012 by the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) and named one of the Best Free Reference Web Sites for 2013 by

660-646: A photo at her church's fund-raising carwash, with the superimposed, mocking slogan "Dump Your Pen Friend". Chang sued Virgin Mobile and Creative Commons. The photo was taken by Chang's church youth counsellor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr under the Creative Commons license. The case hinges on privacy, the right of people not to have their likeness used in an ad without permission. So, while Mr. Wong may have given away his rights as

726-480: A photographer, he did not, and could not, give away Alison's rights . In the lawsuit, which Mr. Wong is also a party to, there is an argument that Virgin did not honor all the terms of the nonrestrictive license. On November 27, 2007, Chang voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit against Creative Commons, focusing the lawsuit only against Virgin Mobile. The case was thrown out of court due to lack of jurisdiction and subsequently Virgin Mobile did not incur any damages towards

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792-502: A project of Korea Association for Infomedia Law (KAFIL). The major Korean portal sites, including Daum and Naver, have been participating in the use of Creative Commons licences. In January 2009, the Creative Commons Korea Association was consequently founded as a non-profit incorporated association. Since then, CC Korea has been actively promoting the liberal and open culture of creation as well as leading

858-418: A range of licenses tailored to meet the different protection interests of authors of creative works, rather than forcing a single forced standard as a "base level of freedom" that all Creative Commons licenses must meet, and with which all licensors and users must comply. "By failing to take any firm ethical position and draw any line in the sand, CC is a missed opportunity. ...CC has replaced what could have been

924-1000: A role in the early stages of Creative Commons, as did Matthew Haughey . As of 2019 , there were "nearly 2 billion" works licensed under the various Creative Commons licenses. Misplaced Pages and its sister projects use one of these licenses. According to a 2017 report, Flickr alone hosted over 415 million cc-licensed photos, along with around 49 million works in YouTube , 40 million works in DeviantArt and 37 million works in Wikimedia Commons . The licenses are also used by Stack Exchange , MDN , Internet Archive , Khan Academy , LibreTexts , OpenStax , MIT OpenCourseWare , WikiHow , TED , OpenStreetMap , GeoGebra , Doubtnut , Fandom , Arduino , ccmixter.org , Ninjam , etc., and formerly by Unsplash , Pixabay , and Socratic . Creative Commons has been an early participant in

990-517: Is an accepted version of this page Creative Commons ( CC ) is an American non-profit organization and international network devoted to educational access and expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright licenses , known as Creative Commons licenses , free of charge to the public. These licenses allow authors of creative works to communicate which rights they reserve and which rights they waive for

1056-625: Is headquartered in Washington, D.C. , in the United States . It provided around $ 98.83 billion in loans and assistance to "developing" and transition countries in the 2021 fiscal year. The bank's stated mission is to achieve the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and building shared prosperity. Total lending as of 2015 for the last 10 years through Development Policy Financing was approximately $ 117 billion. Its five organizations are: The first two are sometimes collectively referred to as

1122-636: Is known today included Molly Shaffer Van Houweling , Glenn Otis Brown, Neeru Paharia, and Ben Adida. In 2002, Creative Commons was selected as the successor of the Open Content Project, a 1998 precursor project by David A. Wiley . Wiley subsequently joined Creative Commons as its director. The licenses published by the Open Content Project, the Open Content License and Open Publication License , were soon deprecated in favour of Creative Commons licenses. Aaron Swartz played

1188-522: Is only a service provider for standardized license text, not a party in any agreement. No central database of Creative Commons works is controlling all licensed works and the responsibility of the Creative Commons system rests entirely with those using the licences. This situation is, however, not specific to Creative Commons. All copyright owners must individually defend their rights and no central database of copyrighted works or existing license agreements exists. The United States Copyright Office does keep

1254-685: Is part of the World Bank Group. The group's headquarters are in Washington, D.C. It is an international organization owned by member governments; although it makes profits, they are used to support continued efforts in poverty reduction. Technically the World Bank is part of the United Nations system, but its governance structure is different: each institution in the World Bank Group is owned by its member governments, which subscribe to its basic share capital, with votes proportional to shareholding. Membership gives certain voting rights that are

1320-629: Is recognized as a leading funder of climate investments in developing countries. The WBG came into formal existence on 27 December 1946 following international ratification of the Bretton Woods agreements, which emerged from the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (1–22 July 1944). It also provided the foundation of the Osiander Committee in 1951, responsible for the preparation and evaluation of

1386-486: Is to counter the dominant and increasingly restrictive permission culture that limits artistic creation to existing or powerful creators. Lessig maintains that modern culture is dominated by traditional content distributors in order to maintain and strengthen their monopolies on cultural products such as popular music and popular cinema, and that Creative Commons can provide alternatives to these restrictions. In mid‑December 2020, Creative Commons released its strategy for

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1452-661: The American Library Association . Creative Commons called the OKR "one of the most important hubs for economic scholarship in the world". World Bank Group The World Bank Group ( WBG ) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries . It is the largest and best-known development bank in the world and an observer at the United Nations Development Group . The bank

1518-569: The Congressional-Executive Commission on China questioned the World Bank about a loan in Xinjiang, China , that was used to buy high-end security gear, including surveillance equipment. The bank launched an internal investigation in response to the allegation. In August 2020, U.S. lawmakers questioned the continued disbursement of the loan. [REDACTED]   World Bank Group Creative Commons This

1584-502: The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) due to the license's anti- DRM provisions (which might, due to ambiguity, be covering more than DRM) and its requirement that downstream users remove an author's credit upon request from the author. Version 3.0 of the Creative Commons licenses addressed these concerns and, except for the non commercial and no-derivative variants, are considered to be compatible with

1650-711: The Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Most content on the Open Knowledge Repository is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. The repository's user interface is available in English, French, and Spanish. English was initially the only language offered, but French and Spanish were added in 2016. In January 2014, the repository's website was relaunched with

1716-714: The World Bank . The activities of the World Bank (the IBRD and IDA) focus on developing countries , in fields such as human development (e.g. education, health), agriculture and rural development (e.g. irrigation and rural services), environmental protection (e.g. pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing regulations), infrastructure (e.g. roads, urban regeneration, and electricity), large industrial construction projects, and governance (e.g. anti-corruption, legal institutions development). The IBRD and IDA provide loans at preferential rates to member countries, as well as grants to

1782-529: The World Development Report . Commencing operations on 25 June 1946, it approved its first loan on 9 May 1947 (USD 250M to France for postwar reconstruction, in real terms the largest loan the bank has issued to date). All of the 188 UN members and Kosovo that are WBG members participate at a minimum in the IBRD. As of May 2016, all of them also participate in some of the other four organizations (IDA, IFC, MIGA, and ICSID). WBG members by

1848-551: The copyleft movement, which seeks to provide alternative solutions to copyright , and has been dubbed "some rights reserved". Creative Commons has been credited with contributing to a re-thinking of the role of the " commons " in the Information Age . Their frameworks help individuals and groups distribute content more freely while still protecting themselves and their intellectual property rights legally. According to its founder Lawrence Lessig , Creative Commons' goal

1914-513: The CC0 Public Domain Dedication tool) require attribution (attributing the authors of the original creative works), which can be inconvenient for works based on multiple other works. Critics feared that Creative Commons could erode the copyright system over time, or allow "some of our most precious resources – the creativity of individuals – to be simply tossed into the commons to be exploited by whomever has spare time and

1980-504: The DFSG. Kent Anderson, writing for The Scholarly Kitchen , a blog of the Society for Scholarly Publishing , criticized CC as being grounded on copyright principles and not really departing from it, and as being more complex and complicating than the latter – thus the public does not scrutinize CC, reflexively accepting it as one would a software license – while at the same time weakening

2046-619: The EIR process, the World Bank issued a revised Policy on Indigenous Peoples. The World Bank has long been criticized by a range of non-governmental organizations and academics, notably including its former chief economist Joseph Stiglitz , who is equally critical of the International Monetary Fund , the US Treasury Department , and the US and other developed country trade negotiators. Critics argue that

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2112-570: The EIR report's conclusions, but the EIR served to alter the World Bank's policies on oil, gas, and mining in important ways, as the World Bank documented in a recent follow-up report. One area of particular controversy concerned the rights of indigenous peoples. Critics point out that the Management Response weakened a key recommendation that indigenous peoples and affected communities should have to provide 'consent for projects to proceed; instead, there would be 'consultation'. Following

2178-428: The IBRD and IDA, whereas the term "World Bank Group" or "WBG" is used to refer to all five institutions collectively. The World Bank Institute is the capacity development branch of the World Bank, providing learning and other capacity-building programs to member countries. The IBRD has 189 member governments, and the other institutions have between 153 and 184. The institutions of the World Bank Group are all run by

2244-623: The Open Knowledge Repository has determined that, as of April 2015, its content had been used over 42,000 times in policy documents, by the press, in blogs and on social media, and on Misplaced Pages . The Open Knowledge Repository is built on the open-source platform DSpace . It complies with Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) standards and its metadata is exposed by the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). In

2310-435: The Open Knowledge Repository is to support innovation and allow anyone to turn the intellectual output of the World Bank "into solutions to development problems that will help improve the lives of poor people around the world". World Bank Group senior publishing officer José De Buerba described it as endeavoring "to be the world’s most complete research and knowledge repository related to international development". The repository

2376-593: The Sanctions System; and the Conflict Resolution and Internal Justice System. The present managing director, Shaolin Yang, assumed the office after Sri Mulyani resigned to become finance minister of Indonesia . The managing director and World Bank Group chief financial officer is Anshula Kant since 7 October 2019. After longstanding criticisms from civil society of the bank's involvement in

2442-644: The WBG until April 16, 1980, when the People's Republic of China replaced the ROC. Since then, it uses the name " Taiwan, China ". Excluded from the list are the following de facto states: Abkhazia , Artsakh , Northern Cyprus , the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , Somaliland , South Ossetia , and Transnistria . Together with four affiliated agencies created between 1957 and 1988, the IBRD

2508-457: The World Bank's Open Access Policy, which allows such articles to be embargoed but discourages publishers from the practice. The Open Knowledge Repository is regularly updated. At its launch in April 2012, it held over 2,000 documents. By August 2013, the repository held over 12,000 publications, mostly in English. As of October 2021, the repository contains over 32,000 publications. The goal of

2574-630: The World Bank, they mostly rely on private-sector clients to monitor their implementation and miss an independent monitoring institution in this context. This is why an extensive review of the institutions' implementation strategy of social and environmental standards is demanded. The World Bank's Integrity Vice Presidency (INT) is charged with the investigation of internal fraud and corruption, including complaint intake, investigation, and investigation reports. The World Bank Group has also been criticized for investing in projects with human rights issues. The Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman (CAO) criticized

2640-530: The bank's Charter require an 85% supermajority, the U.S. can block any major change in the bank's governing structure. Because the U.S. exerts formal and informal influence over the bank as a result of its vote share, control over the presidency, and the bank's headquarters location in Washington, D.C., friends and allies of the U.S. receive more projects with more lenient terms. The World Bank Group consists of The term " World Bank " generally refers to just

2706-435: The bank's largest shareholder. The nominee is subject to confirmation by the executive directors, to serve a five-year, renewable term. Ajay Banga is the current and 14th President of the World Bank Group . The managing director of the World Bank is responsible for organizational strategy; budget and strategic planning; information technology; shared services; Corporate Procurement; General Services and Corporate Security;

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2772-492: The benefit of recipients or other creators. An easy-to-understand one-page explanation of rights, with associated visual symbols, explains the specifics of each Creative Commons license. Content owners still maintain their copyright, but Creative Commons licenses give standard releases that replace the individual negotiations for specific rights between copyright owner (licensor) and licensee , that are necessary under an " all rights reserved " copyright management. The organization

2838-518: The constituencies. The agencies of the World Bank are each governed by their Articles of Agreement that serves as the legal and institutional foundation for all their work. The activities of the IFC and MIGA include investment in the private sector and providing insurance, respectively. Traditionally, the bank president has been a U.S. citizen nominated by the president of the United States,

2904-773: The diffusion of Creative Common in the country. Bassel Khartabil was a Palestinian Syrian open source software developer who served as a project lead and public affiliate for Creative Commons Syria. On March 15, 2012, he was detained by the Syrian government in Damascus at Adra Prison for no crime. On October 17, 2015, the Creative Commons Board of Directors passed a resolution calling for Bassel Khartabil's release. In 2017, Bassel's wife received confirmation that Bassel had been killed shortly after she lost contact with him in 2015. All current CC licenses (except

2970-500: The duration of copyright used to be limited to much shorter terms of years, and some works never gained protection because they did not follow the now-abandoned compulsory format. The maintainers of Debian , a Linux distribution known for its strict adherence to a particular definition of software freedom , rejected the Creative Commons Attribution License prior to version 3 as incompatible with

3036-585: The first through third rounds of CCJP. In February 2007, the ICC x ClipLife 15 second CM competition was held. In June, iSummit 07 was held. In July, the fourth CCJP was held. On July 25, Tokyo approved Nobuhiro Nakayama ( 中山信弘 ) to become the NGO chairman of CCJP. In 2008, Taipie ACIA joined CCJP. The main theme music which was chosen by CCJP was announced. In 2009, INTO INFINITY shown in Tokyo and Sapporo . iPhone held

3102-409: The international financial institutions as 'illegal and illegitimate and a cog of coercive American diplomacy in carrying out financial terrorism. Defenders of the World Bank contend that no country is forced to borrow its money. The bank provides both loans and grants. Even the loans are concessional since they are given to countries that have no access to international capital markets . Furthermore,

3168-626: The license terms." Works licensed under incompatible licenses may not be recombined in a derivative work without obtaining permission from the copyright owner. Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation stated in 2005 that he could not support Creative Commons as an activity because "it adopted some additional licenses which do not give everyone that minimum freedom", that freedom being "the freedom to share, noncommercially, any published work". Those licenses have since been retired by Creative Commons. Creative Commons

3234-512: The loans, both to poor and middle-income countries, are below market-value interest rates . The World Bank argues that it can help development more through loans than grants because money repaid on the loans can then be lent for other projects. Criticism was also expressed towards the IFC and MIGA and their way of evaluating the social and environmental impact of their projects. Critics state that even though IFC and MIGA have more of these standards than

3300-584: The multitude of rights that can be passed on to subsequent creators. Various commentators have reported confusion in understanding what "noncommercial" use means. Creative Commons issued a report in 2009, "Defining noncommercial", which presented research and various perspectives. The report claimed that noncommercial to many people means "no exchange of money or any commerce". Beyond that simple statement, many people disagree on whether noncommercial use permits publishing on websites supported with advertising, sharing noncommercial media through nonprofit publishing for

3366-542: The number of organizations in which they participate: Non-members are Andorra , Cuba , Liechtenstein , Monaco , Palestine , the Holy See ( Vatican City ), Taiwan, and North Korea , of which Andorra is the only IMF member state did not join WBG. The Republic of China joined the World Bank on December 27, 1945. After the Chinese Civil War , the government fled to Taiwan and continued its membership in

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3432-623: The oil, gas, and mining sectors, the World Bank in July 2001 launched an independent review called the Extractive Industries Review (EIR—not to be confused with Environmental Impact Report ). The review was headed by an "Eminent Person", Emil Salim (former Environment Minister of Indonesia). Salim held consultations with a wide range of stakeholders in 2002 and 2003. The EIR recommendations were published in January 2004 in

3498-456: The photo-sharing site Flickr using a Creative Commons by Attribution license. Users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation being required. Virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a URL, leading to the photographer's Flickr page, on each of their ads. However, one picture depicted 15-year-old Alison Chang posing for

3564-409: The poorest countries. Loans or grants for specific projects are often linked to wider policy changes in the sector or the country's economy as a whole. For example, a loan to improve coastal environmental management may be linked to the development of new environmental institutions at national and local levels and the implementation of new regulations to limit pollution. Furthermore, the World Bank Group

3630-477: The rights provided by copyright. Anderson ends up concluding that this is the point, and that "Creative Commons receives significant funding from large information companies like Google , Nature Publishing Group , and RedHat ", and that Google money is especially linked to CC's history; for him, CC is "an organization designed to promulgate the interests of technology companies and Silicon Valley generally". According to Mako Hill , Creative Commons has established

3696-467: The same for all countries but there are also additional votes that depend on financial contributions to the organization. The president of the World Bank is nominated by the president of the United States and elected by the bank's Board of Governors. As of 15 November 2009, the United States held 16.4% of total votes, Japan 7.9%, Germany 4.5%, the United Kingdom 4.3%, and France 4.3%. As changes to

3762-704: The shows with Audio Visual Mixer for INTO INFINITY. ( Apple joint research and development with CCJP) In 2012, the 10th anniversary ceremony was held in Japan. In 2015, Creative Commons 4.0 and Creative Commons 0 were released in Japanese language. Creative Commons Korea ( CC Korea ) is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in South Korea. In March 2005, CC Korea was initiated by Jongsoo Yoon (in Korean : 윤종수), former Presiding Judge of Incheon District Court, as

3828-435: The so-called free market reform policies—which the bank advocates in many cases—in practice are often harmful to economic development if implemented badly, too quickly (" shock therapy "), in the wrong sequence, or in very weak, uncompetitive economies. World Bank loan agreements can also force procurements of goods and services at uncompetitive, non-free-market, prices. Other critical writers, such as John Perkins , label

3894-416: The time, China , India , and Vietnam were three of the top five countries by number of downloads, while 12 of the top 20 countries by downloads were developing countries. By April 2015, there had been over 6.3 million cumulative downloads, over 50% of which originated in the developing world. As of October 2021, over 70 million files had been downloaded from the repository. Through its use of Altmetrics ,

3960-563: The upcoming five years, which will focus more on three core of goals including advocacy, infrastructure innovation, and capacity building. Until April 2018, Creative Commons had over 100 affiliates working in over 75 jurisdictions to support and promote CC activities around the world. In 2018 this affiliate network has been restructured into a network organisation. The network no longer relies on affiliate organisation but on individual membership organised in Chapter. Creative Commons Hungary

4026-470: The various concerns that different authors have. Lessig wrote that the point of Creative Commons is to provide a middle ground between two extreme views of copyright protection – one demanding that all rights be controlled, and the other arguing that none should be controlled. Creative Commons provides a third option that allows authors to pick and choose which rights they want to control and which they want to grant to others. The multitude of licenses reflects

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4092-583: The words of Diane Peters, the repository's adherence to DCMI and OAI-PMH demonstrate it was "built with an eye toward maximizing interoperability, discoverability, and reusability". Among its features are publicly available usage statistics, custom OAI metadata fields, author profiles, citation information for every work, and links to citations on Google Scholar and Scopus . The repository is also fully interoperable with other major repositories, such as Economists Online, Research Papers in Economics (RePEc), and

4158-414: Was designed to serve a wide variety of users, including governments, civil society organizations , students, and the general public. In its first two months of its existence, the Open Knowledge Repository accumulated 325,000 page views and 50,000 downloads. Between its launch in 2012 and August 2013, there were over 1.8 million downloads from the repository, 45% of which were from developing countries . At

4224-614: Was founded in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig , Hal Abelson , and Eric Eldred with the support of Center for the Public Domain . The first article in a general interest publication about Creative Commons, written by Hal Plotkin , was published in February 2002. The first set of copyright licenses was released in December 2002. The founding management team that developed the licenses and built the Creative Commons infrastructure as it

4290-563: Was launched by GLOCOM University. CC Japan is the world's second CC affiliated network (the first is in America). In March 2006, CC Japan become the NPO and be in motion. In the same month, the CC founder Lawrence Lessig came to Japan to be one of the main holders of the open ceremony. Within the same year, between May and June, different international events were held in Japan, including iSummit 06 and

4356-663: Was the affiliated network of Creative Commons in Hungary. The non-profit organization was founded in Budapest, Hungary in 2008 and was deleted from the official registry on 6 February 2017. Creative Commons Japan (CC Japan/CCJP) is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in Japan. In 2003, the International University GLOCOM held a meeting for the CC Japan preparation. In March 2004, CC Japan

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