Stanford University has many centers and institutes dedicated to the study of various specific topics. These centers and institutes may be within a department, within a school but across departments, an independent laboratory, institute or center reporting directly to the dean of research and outside any school, or semi-independent of the university itself.
101-564: The Open Worldwide Application Security Project ( OWASP ) is an online community that produces freely available articles, methodologies, documentation, tools, and technologies in the fields of IoT , system software and web application security . The OWASP provides free and open resources. It is led by a non-profit called The OWASP Foundation. The OWASP Top 10 - 2021 is the published result of recent research based on comprehensive data compiled from over 40 partner organizations. Mark Curphey started OWASP on September 9, 2001. Jeff Williams served as
202-662: A QR code or NFC tag is affixed on a product or its packaging. The tag itself is passive, however, it contains a unique identifier (typically a URL ) which enables a user to access digital content about the product via a smartphone. Strictly speaking, such passive items are not part of the Internet of things, but they can be seen as enablers of digital interactions. The term "Internet of Packaging" has been coined to describe applications in which unique identifiers are used, to automate supply chains, and are scanned on large scale by consumers to access digital content. Authentication of
303-550: A misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet ; they only need to be connected to a network and be individually addressable. The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies , including ubiquitous computing , commodity sensors , and increasingly powerful embedded systems , as well as machine learning . Older fields of embedded systems , wireless sensor networks , control systems, automation (including home and building automation ), independently and collectively enable
404-504: A OWASP Foundation Global Board of Directors officer, on Twitter that the board had voted for renaming from the Open Web Application Security Project to its current name, replacing Web with Worldwide. They have several certification schemes to certify the knowledge of students in particular areas of security. Baseline set of security standards applicable across technology stacks teaching learners about
505-756: A computer terminal ( Teletype Model 33 KSR ), on credit. Products included, at least, beer, yogurt, and milk. It was called the Prancing Pony , after the name of the room, named after an inn in Tolkien's Lord of the Rings , as each room at SAIL was named after a place in Middle Earth . A successor version still operates in the Computer Science Department at Stanford, with both hardware and software having been updated. Alumni of
606-948: A department in one of the schools. These include Bio-X and Spectrum in the area of Biological and Life Sciences; Precourt Institute for Energy and Woods Institute for the Environment in the Environmental Sciences area; the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (CASBS), the Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) (see below), Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI) (see below), Human-Sciences and Technologies Advance Research Institute (H-STAR), Stanford Center on Longevity (SCL), Stanford Humanities Center (see below), and
707-519: A deployment in the U.S. It subsequently announced it would set up a total of 4000 base stations to cover a total of 30 cities in the U.S. by the end of 2016, making it the largest IoT network coverage provider in the country thus far. Cisco also participates in smart cities projects. Cisco has deployed technologies for Smart Wi-Fi, Smart Safety & Security, Smart Lighting , Smart Parking, Smart Transports, Smart Bus Stops, Smart Kiosks, Remote Expert for Government Services (REGS) and Smart Education in
808-456: A fundamental role in managing chronic diseases and in disease prevention and control. Remote monitoring is made possible through the connection of powerful wireless solutions. The connectivity enables health practitioners to capture patient's data and apply complex algorithms in health data analysis. The IoT can assist in the integration of communications, control, and information processing across various transportation systems . Application of
909-950: A higher quality of life. The term "Enterprise IoT" refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. The Internet of Medical Things ( IoMT ) is an application of the IoT for medical and health-related purposes, data collection and analysis for research, and monitoring. The IoMT has been referenced as "Smart Healthcare", as the technology for creating a digitized healthcare system, connecting available medical resources and healthcare services. IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification systems . These health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants, such as pacemakers, Fitbit electronic wristbands, or advanced hearing aids. Some hospitals have begun implementing "smart beds" that can detect when they are occupied and when
1010-438: A humanities department. In residence for an academic year, Hume fellows contribute to the collegial life of the center and receive intellectual guidance and mentoring from staff and fellows. The Distinguished Careers Institute (DCI), established in 2014, is a year-long residential fellowship for approximately 20 individuals who have already established leadership careers. Fellows are selected based on "how their participation in
1111-405: A learning agent can sense the environment's state (e.g., sensing home temperature), perform actions (e.g., turn HVAC on or off) and learn through the maximizing accumulated rewards it receives in long term. Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory These report directly to the vice-provost and dean of research and are outside any school though any faculty involved in them must belong to
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#17327907016801212-698: A mix of musicians and engineers including Julius Smith , Jonathan Berger , Max Mathews (emeritus), Ge Wang , Takako Fujioka, Tom Rossing, Jonathan Abel, Marina Bosi , David Berners, Patricia Alessandrini, Jay Kadis, and Fernando Lopez-Lezcano. Emeritus professor Max Mathews died in 2011. Widely used digital sound synthesis techniques like FM synthesis and digital waveguide synthesis were developed at CCRMA and licensed to industry partners. The FM synthesis patent brought Stanford $ 20 million before it expired, making it (in 1994) "the second most lucrative licensing agreement in Stanford's history". Stanford CCRMA
1313-542: A nationwide public network for low- bandwidth data transmissions using the same unlicensed 2.4 gigahertz spectrum as Wi-Fi. Ingenu's "Machine Network" covers more than a third of the US population across 35 major cities including San Diego and Dallas. French company, Sigfox , commenced building an Ultra Narrowband wireless data network in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2014, the first business to achieve such
1414-887: A part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented at the World Economic Forum at Davos in 1999. The concept of the "Internet of things" and the term itself, first appeared in a speech by Peter T. Lewis, to the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 15th Annual Legislative Weekend in Washington, D.C. , published in September 1985. According to Lewis, "The Internet of Things, or IoT, is the integration of people, processes and technology with connectable devices and sensors to enable remote monitoring, status, manipulation and evaluation of trends of such devices." The term "Internet of things"
1515-593: A part of the larger concept of home automation , which can include lighting, heating and air conditioning, media and security systems and camera systems. Long-term benefits could include energy savings by automatically ensuring lights and electronics are turned off or by making the residents in the home aware of usage. A smart home or automated home could be based on a platform or hubs that control smart devices and appliances. For instance, using Apple 's HomeKit , manufacturers can have their home products and accessories controlled by an application in iOS devices such as
1616-504: A patient is attempting to get up. It can also adjust itself to ensure appropriate pressure and support are applied to the patient without the manual interaction of nurses. A 2015 Goldman Sachs report indicated that healthcare IoT devices "can save the United States more than $ 300 billion in annual healthcare expenditures by increasing revenue and decreasing cost." Moreover, the use of mobile devices to support medical follow-up led to
1717-600: A possibility with the IoT. End-to-end health monitoring IoT platforms are also available for antenatal and chronic patients, helping one manage health vitals and recurring medication requirements. Advances in plastic and fabric electronics fabrication methods have enabled ultra-low cost, use-and-throw IoMT sensors. These sensors, along with the required RFID electronics, can be fabricated on paper or e-textiles for wireless powered disposable sensing devices. Applications have been established for point-of-care medical diagnostics , where portability and low system-complexity
1818-655: A range of academic backgrounds and perspectives, including medicine, law, engineering, history, political science, economics, and sociology. The faculty's research and teaching focus on a variety of issues, including governance, domestic and international health policy, migration, development, and security. Their work often examines regional dynamics in areas such as Asia, Europe, Africa and Latin America. FSI faculty conduct research, lead interdisciplinary research programs, educate graduate and undergraduate students, and organize policy outreach that engages Stanford in addressing some of
1919-458: Is a DARPA -led program designed to establish an Internet of things across large ocean areas for the purposes of collecting, monitoring, and analyzing environmental and vessel activity data. The project entails the deployment of about 50,000 floats that house a passive sensor suite that autonomously detect and track military and commercial vessels as part of a cloud-based network. There are several applications of smart or active packaging in which
2020-564: Is a project initiated and executed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) that focuses on the basic science related to the IoT that enhance the capabilities of Army soldiers. In 2017, ARL launched the Internet of Battlefield Things Collaborative Research Alliance (IoBT-CRA) , establishing a working collaboration between industry, university, and Army researchers to advance the theoretical foundations of IoT technologies and their applications to Army operations. The Ocean of Things project
2121-434: Is a research center, studying areas of audio and technology including composition , computer music , physical modeling , audio signal processing , sound recording and reproduction , psychoacoustics , acoustics , music information retrieval , audio networking, and spatial sound . The center houses academic courses for Stanford students as well as seminars, small interest group meetings, summer workshops and colloquia for
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#17327907016802222-533: Is affiliated with the Center for Computer Assisted Research in the Humanities (CCARH), also located at Stanford. CCARH conducts research on constructing computer databases for music and on creating programs that allow researchers to access, analyze, print, and electronically perform the music. The Stanford Institute for Creativity and the Arts ( SiCa ), established in 2006, serves as the core programmatic hub for
2323-576: Is also used for processes in the industrialization of construction. There are numerous IoT applications in farming such as collecting data on temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, pest infestation, and soil content. This data can be used to automate farming techniques, take informed decisions to improve quality and quantity, minimize risk and waste, and reduce the effort required to manage crops. For example, farmers can now monitor soil temperature and moisture from afar and even apply IoT-acquired data to precision fertilization programs. The overall goal
2424-495: Is also used in healthcare systems . There are a number of concerns about the risks in the growth of IoT technologies and products, especially in the areas of privacy and security , and consequently there have been industry and government moves to address these concerns, including the development of international and local standards, guidelines, and regulatory frameworks. Because of their interconnected nature, IoT devices are vulnerable to security breaches and privacy concerns. At
2525-833: Is connected to 10,000 sensors that enable services like parking search, and environmental monitoring. City context information is used in this deployment so as to benefit merchants through a spark deals mechanism based on city behavior that aims at maximizing the impact of each notification. Other examples of large-scale deployments underway include the Sino-Singapore Guangzhou Knowledge City; work on improving air and water quality, reducing noise pollution, and increasing transportation efficiency in San Jose, California; and smart traffic management in western Singapore. Using its RPMA (Random Phase Multiple Access) technology, San Diego–based Ingenu has built
2626-409: Is essential. As of 2018 IoMT was not only being applied in the clinical laboratory industry, but also in the healthcare and health insurance industries. IoMT in the healthcare industry is now permitting doctors, patients, and others, such as guardians of patients, nurses, families, and similar, to be part of a system, where patient records are saved in a database, allowing doctors and the rest of
2727-500: Is gradually being built , with approximately 70 percent of the business district completed as of June 2018 . Much of the city is planned to be wired and automated, with little or no human intervention. In 2014 another application was undergoing a project in Santander , Spain. For this deployment, two approaches have been adopted. This city of 180,000 inhabitants has already seen 18,000 downloads of its city smartphone app. The app
2828-455: Is likely to improve incident management and emergency response coordination, and quality of service , up-times and reduce costs of operation in all infrastructure-related areas. Even areas such as waste management can benefit. There are several planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of the IoT, to enable better management of cities and systems. For example, Songdo , South Korea, the first of its kind fully equipped and wired smart city ,
2929-485: Is that data from sensors, coupled with the farmer's knowledge and intuition about his or her farm, can help increase farm productivity, and also help reduce costs. In August 2018, Toyota Tsusho began a partnership with Microsoft to create fish farming tools using the Microsoft Azure application suite for IoT technologies related to water management. Developed in part by researchers from Kindai University ,
3030-433: Is the application of IoT technologies in the military domain for the purposes of reconnaissance, surveillance, and other combat-related objectives. It is heavily influenced by the future prospects of warfare in an urban environment and involves the use of sensors, munitions , vehicles, robots, human-wearable biometrics, and other smart technology that is relevant on the battlefield. One of the examples of IOT devices used in
3131-676: Is the first step to autonomous driving and connected road infrastructure. IoT devices can be used to monitor and control the mechanical, electrical and electronic systems used in various types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or residential) in home automation and building automation systems. In this context, three main areas are being covered in literature: Also known as IIoT, industrial IoT devices acquire and analyze data from connected equipment, operational technology (OT), locations, and people. Combined with operational technology (OT) monitoring devices, IIoT helps regulate and monitor industrial systems. Also,
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3232-859: The Amazon Echo , Google Home , Apple's HomePod , and Samsung's SmartThings Hub . In addition to the commercial systems, there are many non-proprietary, open source ecosystems, including Home Assistant, OpenHAB and Domoticz. One key application of a smart home is to assist the elderly and disabled . These home systems use assistive technology to accommodate an owner's specific disabilities. Voice control can assist users with sight and mobility limitations while alert systems can be connected directly to cochlear implants worn by hearing-impaired users. They can also be equipped with additional safety features, including sensors that monitor for medical emergencies such as falls or seizures . Smart home technology applied in this way can provide users with more freedom and
3333-643: The Loma Prieta earthquake , the Knoll nonetheless housed CCRMA in its damaged condition until a complete internal reconstruction between 2004 and 2005. The reopening of the facility was celebrated in the Spring of 2005 with the CCRMA: newStage Festival. This unique building now comprises several state-of-the-art music studios and top-notch research facilities, hosting a variety of students, artists and scientists. CCRMA
3434-474: The Michelle R. Clayman Institute for Gender Research at Stanford University is one of the nation's oldest research organizations focused on the study of gender . The Clayman Institute designs basic interdisciplinary research, creates knowledge, networks people and ideas at Stanford, nationally, and internationally to effect change and promote gender equality . The Clayman Institute plays an integral role in
3535-675: The National Performance of Dams Program , a national database of structural and operational data related to dam systems in the U.S. Begun in 1994, this program provides data to the dam engineering and safety community about the in-service performance of dam systems. The analysis of this data covering both successful operations and incidents, including failures, is intended to lead to improvements in design and requirements, engineering processes and standards, operational procedures and guidelines, and public policy development. Founded in 1974, and named after economist Michelle R. Clayman ,
3636-615: The National Security Council under National Security Advisor Anthony Lake during the Clinton administration ; David Holloway; Walter Falcon; and Stanford President Emeritus Richard Lyman . FSI appoints faculty and research staff, funds research and scholarly initiatives, directs research projects, and sponsors lectures, policy seminars and conferences. By tradition, FSI undertakes joint faculty appointments with Stanford's seven schools and draws faculty together from
3737-731: The PDP-6 , then the KA10 and KL10 . WAITS also ran on Foonly systems at CCRMA and LLL . The SAIL system was shut down in 1991. SAIL, the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Language , was developed by Dan Swinehart and Bob Sproull of the Stanford AI Lab in 1970. Around 1972, for its remote site use, people at SAIL developed a computer controlled vending machine, adapted from a machine rented from Canteen Vending , which sold for cash or, though
3838-523: The Stanford Arts Initiative , leading the development of new undergraduate arts programs, hosting artists in residence, awarding grants for multidisciplinary arts research and teaching, incubating collaborative performances and exhibitions with campus partners and other institutions, and providing centralized communication for arts events and programs at Stanford University . The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering maintains
3939-732: The Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) in the area of Humanities and Social Sciences; and, for Physical Sciences, the Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, the Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology , Photon Ultrafast Laser Science and Engineering (PULSE) , Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES), and W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory (HEPL). The Center for
4040-509: The iPhone and the Apple Watch . This could be a dedicated app or iOS native applications such as Siri . This can be demonstrated in the case of Lenovo's Smart Home Essentials, which is a line of smart home devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app or Siri without the need for a Wi-Fi bridge. There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone platforms to connect different smart home products. These include
4141-518: The movements of wildlife and their habitats . Development of resource-constrained devices connected to the Internet also means that other applications like earthquake or tsunami early-warning systems can also be used by emergency services to provide more effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically span a large geographic area and can also be mobile. It has been argued that the standardization that IoT brings to wireless sensing will revolutionize this area. Another example of integrating
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4242-781: The CMU campus, it became the first ARPANET -connected appliance, Mark Weiser 's 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing , "The Computer of the 21st Century", as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and PerCom produced the contemporary vision of the IoT. In 1994, Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to entire factories". Between 1993 and 1997, several companies proposed solutions like Microsoft 's at Work or Novell 's NEST . The field gained momentum when Bill Joy envisioned device-to-device communication as
4343-650: The Hudson River, East River, and Upper New York Bay. With the wireless network in place, NY Waterway is able to take control of its fleet and passengers in a way that was not previously possible. New applications can include security, energy and fleet management, digital signage, public Wi-Fi, paperless ticketing and others. Significant numbers of energy-consuming devices (e.g. lamps, household appliances, motors, pumps, etc.) already integrate Internet connectivity, which can allow them to communicate with utilities not only to balance power generation but also helps optimize
4444-858: The Inter-University Center for Japanese Language Studies, the Program on Energy & Sustainable Development , the Rural Education Action Program, the Stanford Center at Peking University , and the Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education . Founded in 1980, the Stanford Humanities Center is a multidisciplinary research institute dedicated to advancing knowledge about culture, philosophy, history, and
4545-407: The Internet of things. In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with " smart home " products, including devices and appliances ( lighting fixtures , thermostats , home security systems , cameras , and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers . IoT
4646-662: The IoT extends to all aspects of transportation systems (i.e., the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user). Dynamic interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter- and intra-vehicular communication, smart traffic control , smart parking, electronic toll collection systems , logistics and fleet management , vehicle control , safety, and road assistance. In vehicular communication systems , vehicle-to-everything communication (V2X), consists of three main components: vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure communication (V2I) and vehicle to pedestrian communications (V2P). V2X
4747-579: The IoT is Living Lab which integrates and combines research and innovation processes, establishing within a public-private-people-partnership. Between 2006 and January 2024, there were over 440 Living Labs (though not all are currently active) that use the IoT to collaborate and share knowledge between stakeholders to co-create innovative and technological products. For companies to implement and develop IoT services for smart cities, they need to have incentives. The governments play key roles in smart city projects as changes in policies will help cities to implement
4848-492: The IoT which provides effectiveness, efficiency, and accuracy of the resources that are being used. For instance, the government provides tax incentives and cheap rent, improves public transports, and offers an environment where start-up companies, creative industries, and multinationals may co-create, share a common infrastructure and labor markets, and take advantage of locally embedded technologies, production process, and transaction costs. The Internet of Military Things (IoMT)
4949-606: The OWASP top ten vulnerabilities. The OWASP organization received the 2014 Haymarket Media Group SC Magazine Editor's Choice award. Internet of things Internet of things ( IoT ) describes devices with sensors , processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communication networks. The Internet of things encompasses electronics , communication , and computer science engineering. "Internet of things" has been considered
5050-556: The Stanford community by bringing together local, national and international scholars and thought leaders from across disciplines to create knowledge and effect change. The place where the Clayman Institute is located was renamed the Carolyn Lewis Attneave House in 2019. It was formerly named Serra House after Junípero Serra . In 1972 faculty and graduate students in the feminist movement were
5151-452: The Stanford community with a lively exchange of ideas. Speakers have included Isabel Allende , Roger Chartier , Stephen Jay Gould , Douglas Hofstadter , Gayatri Spivak , Marilynne Robinson , David Adjaye , David Eggers , and other well-known scholars. The Humanities Center, with the Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA), is expanding the possibilities of humanities research and teaching at Stanford by creating opportunities for
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#17327907016805252-408: The Study of Language and Information ( CSLI ) is an independent research center at Stanford University. Founded in 1983 by philosophers, computer scientists, linguists, and psychologists from Stanford, SRI International , and Xerox PARC , it strives to study all forms of information and improve how humans and computers acquire and process it. CSLI was initially funded by a US$ 15 million grant from
5353-856: The System Development Foundation (SDF) for the Situated Language Project, the name of which reflects the strong influence of the work on situation semantics by philosophers John Perry and Jon Barwise , two of the initial leaders of CSLI. This funding supported operations for the first few years as well as the construction of Cordura Hall. Subsequent funding has come from research grants and from an industrial affiliates program. CSLI's publications branch, founded and still headed by Dikran Karagueuzian, has grown into an important publisher of work in linguistics and related fields. Researchers associated with CSLI include Ronald Kaplan , Patrick Suppes , Edward N. Zalta ,
5454-496: The arts. Since its founding in 1980, the Stanford Humanities Center has been sponsoring advanced research into the historical, philosophical, literary, artistic, and cultural dimensions of the human experience. The Humanities Center's annual fellows, international visitors, research workshops, digital humanities laboratory, and roughly fifty annual public events strengthen the intellectual and creative life of
5555-496: The broader community. Concerts of computer and experimental music are presented regularly throughout year. Almost 100 years ago, this Spanish Gothic residence, known as the Knoll, was originally designed by Louis Christian Mullgardt , and built as a residence for the university's president. In 1946, the building became home to the Music Department, and then in 1986, CCRMA took over residency. Damaged in 1989 during
5656-498: The concepts of the IoT and autonomous control, with initial outcomes towards this direction considering objects as the driving force for autonomous IoT. An approach in this context is deep reinforcement learning where most of IoT systems provide a dynamic and interactive environment. Training an agent (i.e., IoT device) to behave smartly in such an environment cannot be addressed by conventional machine learning algorithms such as supervised learning . By reinforcement learning approach,
5757-640: The construction industry by cost-saving, time reduction, better quality workday, paperless workflow and increase in productivity. It can help in taking faster decisions and saving money in Real-Time Data Analytics . It can also be used for scheduling repair and maintenance activities efficiently, by coordinating tasks between different service providers and users of these facilities. IoT devices can also be used to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. The usage of IoT devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure
5858-517: The conventions of academic life. Assembling a team of faculty experts from Stanford and other universities, the Manuscript Review workshops provide critical feedback to junior faculty preparing monographs or other academic manuscripts of similar scope for submission for publication. The center brings eminent scholars, public intellectuals, and renowned critics to the Stanford campus for lectures and interdisciplinary conferences that enrich
5959-673: The creation of 'm-health', used analyzed health statistics." Specialized sensors can also be equipped within living spaces to monitor the health and general well-being of senior citizens, while also ensuring that proper treatment is being administered and assisting people to regain lost mobility via therapy as well. These sensors create a network of intelligent sensors that are able to collect, process, transfer, and analyze valuable information in different environments, such as connecting in-home monitoring devices to hospital-based systems. Other consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as connected scales or wearable heart monitors , are also
6060-611: The creation of knowledge through its Fellowships and interdisciplinary programs. Recent reports/ publications include: The Clayman Institute runs two fellowship programs. The Faculty Research Fellowships seek to drive intellectual and social innovation through interdisciplinary gender studies. They include residential fellowships for tenured, tenure-track, and postdoctoral scholars from Stanford University, and U.S. and foreign universities. The Clayman Institute also offers Graduate Dissertation Fellowships for Stanford University doctoral students. Fellowships are awarded to students who are in
6161-471: The discovery and dissemination of new knowledge. Humanities Center scholars are on the forefront of innovation with access to new digital tools to interpret the human experience. The center's short-term visitorships draw distinguished international scholars to Stanford to share their research in lectures and seminars with Stanford faculty and students. The Humanities Center awards Hume Humanities Honors Fellowships to Stanford seniors writing an honors thesis in
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#17327907016806262-501: The efficiency of the production and distribution of electricity. Using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) Internet-connected devices, electric utilities not only collect data from end-users, but also manage distribution automation devices like transformers. Environmental monitoring applications of the IoT typically use sensors to assist in environmental protection by monitoring air or water quality , atmospheric or soil conditions , and can even include areas like monitoring
6363-408: The energy consumption as a whole. These devices allow for remote control by users, or central management via a cloud -based interface, and enable functions like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on or off heating systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting conditions etc.). The smart grid is a utility-side IoT application; systems gather and act on energy and power-related information to improve
6464-482: The engine rooms, bilge, and batteries to be constantly monitored and reported to connected Android & Apple applications for example. Monitoring and controlling operations of sustainable urban and rural infrastructures like bridges, railway tracks and on- and offshore wind farms is a key application of the IoT. The IoT infrastructure can be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can compromise safety and increase risk. The IoT can benefit
6565-772: The establishment of the Qualia Global Scholars Program. The Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (also known as the Stanford AI Lab , or SAIL ) is the artificial intelligence (AI) research laboratory of Stanford University . The current director is Professor Christopher D. Manning . SAIL was started in 1963 by John McCarthy , after he moved from Massachusetts Institute of Technology to Stanford. Lester D. "Les" Earnest , also previously of MIT, served as executive officer (self-deprecatingly, "Chief Bureaucrat") at SAIL from 1965 to 1980. During almost all of this period (1966–1979), SAIL
6666-423: The extent that they will far exceed the number of networked computers and workstations." Peterson believed that medical devices and industrial controls would become dominant applications of the technology. Defining the Internet of things as "simply the point in time when more 'things or objects' were connected to the Internet than people", Cisco Systems estimated that the IoT was "born" between 2008 and 2009, with
6767-484: The five km area in the city of Vijaywada, India. Another example of a large deployment is the one completed by New York Waterways in New York City to connect all the city's vessels and be able to monitor them live 24/7. The network was designed and engineered by Fluidmesh Networks , a Chicago-based company developing wireless networks for critical applications. The NYWW network is currently providing coverage on
6868-622: The former Stanley Morrison Professor of Law at Stanford Law School, a former official in the Obama and Clinton presidential administrations, and current justice of the California Supreme Court. Previous directors include Stanford President Emeritus Gerhard Casper ; Coit D. Blacker , who served as Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and Senior Director for Russian, Ukrainian and Eurasian Affairs at
6969-472: The help of matching funds from the Hewlett Foundation and strong support from the institute's Advisory Council, Schiebinger spearheaded a fundraising drive to create an endowment for the institute. IRWG was renamed in honor of Michelle R. Clayman, the major donor in the campaign, who serves as the chair of the institute's Advisory Council. The Clayman Institute designs basic research and supports
7070-530: The impetus behind the formation of the institute. In 1974, the Center for Research on Women ( CROW ) was the first interdisciplinary center or institute of its kind and quickly built a strong reputation under the direction of Myra Strober , the founding Director . The reputation of CIGR grew outside Stanford, and the University of Chicago Press chose Stanford as the base of the second five-year rotation of its new interdisciplinary journal, Signs . In 1983
7171-525: The institute was renamed the Institute for Research on Women and Gender ( IRWG ) and continued to expand the gender conversation with the “Difficult Dialogues ” program, which ran in the 1990s through 2004. In 2004, the new director, Professor Londa Schiebinger , a historian of science , formed a plan to create a series of research initiatives on gender issues, backed by a research fellowship program, that would attract scholars from Stanford and abroad. With
7272-805: The mathematicians Keith Devlin , and Solomon Feferman , the linguists Ivan Sag and Joan Bresnan , Annie Zaenen , Lauri Karttunen , and psychologists Herb Clark , B. J. Fogg and Clifford Nass . CSLI houses the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . It also housed the Reuters Digital Vision Program . The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is a university-wide research and teaching institution at Stanford devoted to understanding international problems, policies, and institutions. The institute produces interdisciplinary scholarly research, engages in outreach to policymakers and public institutions throughout
7373-408: The medical staff to have access to patient information. IoMT in the insurance industry provides access to better and new types of dynamic information. This includes sensor-based solutions such as biosensors, wearables, connected health devices, and mobile apps to track customer behavior. This can lead to more accurate underwriting and new pricing models. The application of the IoT in healthcare plays
7474-425: The military is Xaver 1000 system. The Xaver 1000 was developed by Israel's Camero Tech, which is the latest in the company's line of "through wall imaging systems". The Xaver line uses millimeter wave (MMW) radar, or radar in the range of 30-300 gigahertz. It is equipped with an AI-based life target tracking system as well as its own 3D 'sense-through-the-wall' technology. The Internet of Battlefield Things ( IoBT )
7575-1014: The new SAIL is the Stanley self-driving car that won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. Knowledge Systems Laboratory (KSL) was an artificial intelligence research laboratory within the Department of Computer Science at Stanford University until 2007, located in the Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford. The Center for Entrepreneurial Studies ( CES ) at Stanford University is a multidisciplinary business oriented program targeted to both undergraduate and graduate students. It incorporates courses from Stanford University School of Engineering and Stanford Graduate School of Business . It also incorporates Stanford Mayfield Scholars Program that seeks to give select undergraduate students an opportunity to take business related coursework and to intern in high tech startups . CES
7676-407: The opportunity to pursue their research in a supportive intellectual community. Each year, Stanford faculty and graduate students create fifteen diverse research workshops to ask new intellectual questions that often challenge disciplinary boundaries. In addition to providing a space for incubating new ideas in a collegial setting, the workshops professionalize graduate students by introducing them to
7777-439: The original SAIL include Raj Reddy , Hans Moravec , Alan Kay , Victor Scheinman , Larry Tesler , Don Knuth , and Edward Feigenbaum . In 1979, SAIL's activities were merged into the university's Computer Science Department and it moved into Margaret Jacks Hall on the main Stanford campus. After operating for more than 15 Years under the name Robotics Lab , we just re-inaugurated the new Stanford AI Lab. (April 2004) SAIL
7878-455: The original SAIL played a major role in many Silicon Valley firms, becoming founders of now-large firms such as Cisco Systems and Sun Microsystems as well as smaller companies such as Vicarm Inc. (acquired by Unimation ), Foonly , Elxsi , Imagen, Xidex , Valid Logic Systems , and D.E. Shaw & Co . Research accomplishments at SAIL were many, including in the fields of speech recognition and robotics . Notable people that worked at
7979-611: The place, this remote setting led to a certain isolation. Some people who worked there reported feeling as if they were already in the future. The building was demolished in 1986; as of 2003, the site is home to Portola Pastures (an equestrian center adjacent to the Arastradero Open Space Preserve ). SAIL created the WAITS operating system on a computer called SAIL. WAITS ran on various models of Digital Equipment Corporation PDP computers, starting with
8080-510: The program will shape their future life journeys" as well as "what future Fellows will contribute to the program and the broader global community." The collaboration among Stanford University's office for Digital Education, the Department of Computer Science, and the Graduate School of Education established Stanford's first dual-enrollment program for high school students from underrepresented backgrounds, which served as an impetus for
8181-502: The purview of the IIoT . IoT can also be applied to asset management via predictive maintenance , statistical evaluation , and measurements to maximize reliability. Industrial management systems can be integrated with smart grids , enabling energy optimization. Measurements, automated controls, plant optimization, health and safety management, and other functions are provided by networked sensors. In addition to general manufacturing, IoT
8282-423: The same firm projected there would be 30 billion devices connected by 2025. As of October, 2024, there are around 17 billion. Ambient intelligence and autonomous control are not part of the original concept of the Internet of things. Ambient intelligence and autonomous control do not necessarily require Internet structures, either. However, there is a shift in research (by companies such as Intel ) to integrate
8383-922: The same implementation can be carried out for automated record updates of asset placement in industrial storage units as the size of the assets can vary from a small screw to the whole motor spare part, and misplacement of such assets can cause a loss of manpower time and money. The IoT can connect various manufacturing devices equipped with sensing, identification, processing, communication, actuation, and networking capabilities. Network control and management of manufacturing equipment , asset and situation management, or manufacturing process control allow IoT to be used for industrial applications and smart manufacturing. IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing and optimization of new products and rapid response to product demands. Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service information systems to optimize plant safety and security are within
8484-491: The same time, the way these devices communicate wirelessly creates regulatory ambiguities, complicating jurisdictional boundaries of the data transfer. Around 1972, for its remote site use, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory developed a computer controlled vending machine, adapted from a machine rented from Canteen Vending , which sold for cash or, though a computer terminal ( Teletype Model 33 KSR ), on credit. Products included, at least, beer, yogurt, and milk. It
8585-405: The specifics can be very different from one device to the next but there are basic characteristics shared by most. The IoT creates opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, resulting in efficiency improvements, economic benefits, and reduced human exertions. IoT Analytics reported there were 16.6 billion IoT devices connected in 2023. In 2020,
8686-430: The things/people ratio growing from 0.08 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010. The extensive set of applications for IoT devices is often divided into consumer, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure spaces. A growing portion of IoT devices is created for consumer use, including connected vehicles, home automation , wearable technology , connected health, and appliances with remote monitoring capabilities. IoT devices are
8787-403: The unique identifiers, and thereby of the product itself, is possible via a copy-sensitive digital watermark or copy detection pattern for scanning when scanning a QR code, while NFC tags can encrypt communication. The IoT's major significant trend in recent years is the growth of devices connected and controlled via the Internet. The wide range of applications for IoT technology mean that
8888-563: The university's academic departments and schools to conduct interdisciplinary research on international issues that transcend academic boundaries. The institute is home to 40 billeted faculty members – most with joint appointments – and 115 affiliated faculty members with a wide range of academic perspectives. In addition to its six centers, the institute sponsors the Ford Dorsey Master's in International Policy ,
8989-432: The university, foster innovative and interdisciplinary scholarship and teaching, and enrich our understanding of our common humanity. The humanities support democratic culture by nurturing an informed citizenry and seeking solutions to society's most formidable challenges. The center offers approximately twenty-five year-long residential fellowships to Stanford and non-Stanford scholars at different career stages, giving them
9090-516: The volunteer Chair of OWASP from late 2003 until September 2011. As of 2015, Matt Konda chaired the Board. The OWASP Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the US established in 2004, supports the OWASP infrastructure and projects. Since 2011, OWASP is also registered as a non-profit organization in Belgium under the name of OWASP Europe VZW. In February 2023, it was reported by Bil Corry,
9191-805: The water pump mechanisms use artificial intelligence to count the number of fish on a conveyor belt , analyze the number of fish, and deduce the effectiveness of water flow from the data the fish provide. The FarmBeats project from Microsoft Research that uses TV white space to connect farms is also a part of the Azure Marketplace now. IoT devices are in use to monitor the environments and systems of boats and yachts. Many pleasure boats are left unattended for days in summer, and months in winter so such devices provide valuable early alerts of boat flooding, fire, and deep discharge of batteries. The use of global internet data networks such as Sigfox , combined with long-life batteries, and microelectronics allows
9292-487: The world's most pressing problems. The institute is composed of 12 centers and programs, including six major research centers: The institute was founded in 1987 following a faculty committee review that concluded Stanford "should be leading the way in International Studies as we do in science and technology", encompassing interdisciplinary teaching, research, public service and administrative functions. It
9393-558: The world, and trains scholars and future leaders on international issues. Its teaching programs include the graduate-level Master of International Policy as well as honors programs in international security and in democracy, development, and the rule of law. The school is a full member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA), a group of schools of public policy, public administration, and international studies. FSI's core and affiliated faculty represent
9494-537: Was built as an internet interface for sensors installed in the Carnegie Mellon University Computer Science Department' s departmental Coca-Cola vending machine , supplied by graduate student volunteers, provided a temperature model and an inventory status, inspired by the computer controlled vending machine in the Prancing Pony room at Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory . First accessible only on
9595-424: Was called the Prancing Pony , after the name of the room, named after an inn in Tolkien's Lord of the Rings , as each room at Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory was named after a place in Middle Earth . A successor version still operates in the Computer Science Department at Stanford, with both hardware and software having been updated. In 1982, an early concept of a network connected smart device
9696-841: Was coined independently by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble , later of MIT 's Auto-ID Center , in 1999, though he prefers the phrase "Internet for things". At that point, he viewed radio-frequency identification (RFID) as essential to the Internet of things, which would allow computers to manage all individual things. The main theme of the Internet of things is to embed short-range mobile transceivers in various gadgets and daily necessities to enable new forms of communication between people and things, and between things themselves. In 2004 Cornelius "Pete" Peterson, CEO of NetSilicon, predicted that, "The next era of information technology will be dominated by [IoT] devices, and networked devices will ultimately gain in popularity and significance to
9797-484: Was first called the institute for International Studies, and was created under the direction of former Stanford president Richard Wall Lyman . The institute was renamed the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies in 2005 following a $ 50 million gift made by Stanford alumni Bradford M. Freeman and Ronald P. Spogli . The immediate past director of FSI was Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar ,
9898-454: Was founded by Tom Byers and Charles A. Holloway . The Stanford University Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics ( CCRMA ), founded by John Chowning , is a multi-discipline facility where composers and researchers work together using computer-based technology both as an artistic medium and as a research tool. CCRMA's director is Chris Chafe . CCRMA's current faculty includes
9999-419: Was housed in the D.C. Power building, named not for " Direct Current " but rather for Donald Clinton Power , who held the positions of president, C.E.O. and chairman of General Telephone & Electronics Corporation (later GTE Corporation ) between 1951 and 1971. GT&E donated the unfinished building to Stanford University after abandoning plans to establish a research center there. During this period SAIL
10100-497: Was one of the leading centers for AI research and an early ARPANET site. D.C. Power was on a hill overlooking Felt Lake in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains behind Stanford. It was about 5 miles (8 km) from the main campus, at 1600 Arastradero Road, midway between Page Mill Road and Alpine Road. This area was, and remains, quite rural in nature. Combined with the rather extreme 1960s architecture of
10201-744: Was reopened in 2004, now in the Gates Computer Science Building , with Sebastian Thrun becoming its new director. SAIL's 21st century mission is to "change the way we understand the world"; its researchers contribute to fields such as bioinformatics , cognition , computational geometry , computer vision , decision theory , distributed systems , game theory , general game playing , image processing , information retrieval , knowledge systems , logic , machine learning , multi-agent systems , natural language , neural networks , planning , probabilistic inference , sensor networks , and robotics . The best-known achievement of
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