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105-574: Operativo Independencia ("Operation Independence") was a 1975 Argentine military operation in Tucumán Province to crush the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), a Guevarist guerrilla group which tried to create a Vietnam-style war front in the northwestern province. It was the first large-scale military operation of the Dirty War . After the return of Juan Perón to Argentina, marked by

210-500: A natural disaster are the responsibility of the state, until that state declares a State of Emergency where access to the Federal Emergency Fund becomes available to help respond to and recover from natural disasters. A State of Emergency does not apply to the whole state, but rather districts or shires , where essential services may have been disrupted. On 18 March 2020, a nationwide human biosecurity emergency

315-564: A bomb was planted at the Tucumán air base airstrip by Montoneros , in a support action for their comrades in the ERP. The blast destroyed an Air Force C-130 transport carrying 114 anti-guerrilla Gendarmerie commandos heading for home leave, killing six and wounding 29. The following day saw the derailment of a train carrying troops back from the guerrilla front about 64 kilometers south of the city of Tucumán, this time without any casualties. Most of

420-557: A column of heavy vehicles to the very gates of the headquarters of the 5th Mountain Brigade and force their way in with the aim of seizing and killing the brigade commander and his key officers.In the face of heavy army reinforcements, the guerrillas ceased contact and escaped to their operating base located in El Tiro via three routes, leaving two of their own dead, Domingo Villalobos Campos, a Chilean nation and Juan Carlos Irurtia.By July,

525-637: A factor contributing to the accidental loss of the Argentine submarine San Juan in 2017. The result has been a steady erosion of Argentine military capabilities, with some arguing that Argentina had, by the end of the 2010s, ceased to be a capable military power. The small-scale capability modernization that Argentina has attempted has been actively opposed by the United Kingdom. In 2019 the Argentine Air Force and government selected

630-573: A further seven days, and again on 2 January 2020. In NSW, the 2019–2020 bushfire season resulted in 26 deaths, destroyed 2,448 homes, and burnt 5.5 million hectares (14 million acres). In Victoria , the Victorian Premier can declare a state of emergency under the Public Safety Preservation Act 1958 if there is a threat to employment, safety or public order. A declared state of emergency allows

735-602: A major operation conducted against the ERP underground network in the province of Córdoba, the 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade took into custody and forcibly disappeared some 300 activists. On 26 April, inspector general Juan Sirnio of the Tucumán Police was shot dead in his car by unknown perpetrators. The same day, the Montoneros guerrillas also killed a retired colonel outside his home in Tucumán. On 5 May, during an armed reconnaissance mission, an army UH-1H crashed on

840-426: A major success on 13 February when the 14th Airborne Infantry Regiment killed "el Hippie" and ambushed his elite Montoneros company. Two soldiers and some 10 guerrillas were killed in this action. On 30 March, a police officer was gunned down while patrolling in downtown Tucumán. On 10 April, a private was killed in a guerrilla ambush and a policeman was gunned down while standing guard at a hospital. In mid-April, in

945-407: A maximum of one-year imprisonment or a fine of HK$ 25,000 (US$ 3,200). The High Court of Hong Kong denied an application for a judicial injunction of the anti-mask law, on the same night shortly before the new regulation took effect. A subsequent attempt by pro-democrats to halt the new regulation also failed, however, the court recommended a judicial review at a later date. On 18 November 2019,

1050-588: A nationally significant scale". This gives the Minister sweeping powers, including imposing restrictions or preventing the movement of people and goods between specified places, and evacuations . The Biosecurity (Human Biosecurity Emergency) (Human Coronavirus with Pandemic Potential) Declaration 2020 was declared by the Governor-General, David Hurley , under Section 475 of the Act. In New South Wales ,

1155-541: A remote-controlled bomb blast near the town of Caspinchango. In 2013, journalist Marcos Taire who appeared in the El Azúcar y la Sangre 2007 documentary praising the leftist militants in Tucumán, wrote that the Argentine military campaign in the province was a hoax and that the ambulance was blown up on purpose in an Argentine Army false-flag incident. On 19 October, the Compañía de Monte's commander, Lionel MacDonald,

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1260-681: A result of the Dirty War. Argentine military Traditionally, Argentina maintains close defense cooperation and military-supply relationships with the United States and to a lesser extent, with Israel, Canada, Germany, France, Spain, Belarus, Italy, and Russia. As of 2024, the current Chief of the General Staff is the Air Force Brigadier General Xavier Isaac. The oldest forces of

1365-476: A selection of legal definitions for specific states of emergency, when the constitution of the State is partially in abeyance depending on the nature of the perceived threat to the general public . In order of severity these may include: The state of emergency can be abused by being invoked. An example would be to allow a state to suppress internal opposition without having to respect human rights . An example

1470-471: A short interim suspension order so that the respondents may have an opportunity to apply to the Court of Appeal, if so advised, for such interim relief as may be appropriate. Accordingly, we shall grant an interim temporary suspension order to postpone the coming into operation of the declarations of invalidity for a period of 7 days up to the end of 29 November 2019, with liberty to apply. On 26 November 2019,

1575-541: A state emergency in New Caledonia. The Weimar Constitution (1919–1933) allowed states of emergency under Article 48 to deal with rebellions. Article 48 was often invoked during the 14-year life of the Weimar Republic , sometimes for no reason other than to allow the government to act when it was unable to obtain a parliamentary majority . After 27 February 1933, Reichstag fire , an attack blamed on

1680-483: A state of emergency (literally estado de sitio , "state of siege"), to be declared if the constitution or the authorities it creates are endangered by internal unrest or foreign attack. This provision was much abused during dictatorships, with long-lasting states of siege giving the government a free hand to suppress opposition. The American Convention on Human Rights (Pacto de San José de Costa Rica), adopted in 1969 but ratified by Argentina only in 1984 immediately after

1785-496: A state of emergency can also be declared by provincial, territorial, and municipal governments. In addition Canada's federal government and any of its provincial governments can suspend, for five years at a time, Charter rights to fundamental freedoms in section 2, to legal rights in sections 7 through 14, and to equality rights in section 15 by legislation which invokes the notwithstanding clause, section 33 , and therefore emergency powers can effectively be created even without using

1890-468: A state of emergency, depending on the severity of the emergency and a government's policies. Democracies use states of emergency to manage a range of situations from extreme weather events to public order situations. Dictatorial regimes often declare a state of emergency that is prolonged indefinitely for the life of the regime, or for extended periods of time so that derogations can be used to override human rights of their citizens usually protected by

1995-421: Is a situation in which a government is empowered to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state before, during, or after a natural disaster , civil unrest , armed conflict , medical pandemic or epidemic or other biosecurity risk. Under international law , rights and freedoms may be suspended during

2100-511: Is necessary in furthering its intended goals. On 22 November 2019, the High Court made the following remark: Nevertheless, we recognize that our Judgment is only a judgment at first instance, and will soon be subject to an appeal to the Court of Appeal. In view of the great public importance of the issues raised in this case, and the highly exceptional circumstances that Hong Kong is currently facing, we consider it right that we should grant

2205-608: Is permitted to the International Labour Conventions . Some, such as political theorist and Nazi Party member Carl Schmitt , have argued that the power to decide the initiation of the state of emergency defines sovereignty itself. In State of Exception (2005) , Giorgio Agamben criticized this idea, arguing that the mechanism of the state of emergency deprives certain people of their civil and political rights , producing his interpretation of homo sacer . In many democratic states there are

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2310-481: Is the state of defense ( estado de defesa , in Portuguese), while a more severe form is the state of siege ( estado de sítio ). In a state of defense , the federal government can occupy and use any public building or demand any service as it sees fit. It may suppress secrecy of correspondence and freedom of assembly as necessary, as long as it specifies a defined region and time period. If president finds

2415-782: The Central People's Government can selectively implement national laws not normally allowed in Hong Kong. Deployment of troops from the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison under the "Law of the People's Republic of China on Garrisoning the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" can happen. The Chief Executive of Hong Kong along with the Executive Council can prohibit public gatherings, issue curfew orders, prohibit

2520-753: The Emergencies Act to invoke a state of emergency. A national state of emergency automatically expires after 90 days, unless extended by the Governor-in-Council . There are different levels of emergencies: Public Welfare Emergency, Public Order Emergency, International Emergency, and War Emergency. The Emergencies Act replaced the War Measures Act in 1988. The War Measures Act was invoked three times in Canadian history, most controversially by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau during

2625-595: The Emergency Regulations Ordinance implemented since 1922 and last amended by the Legislative Council in 1999, which allow the government to implement the new, Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation . The new regulation forbid public assembly participants from wearing masks or obscure faces during such events without reasonable excuses. The permitted excuses are: pre-existing medical or health reasons, religious reasons, and if

2730-759: The Essential Services Act 1958 . If there is an emergency which the Premier, after considering the advice of the relevant Minister and the Emergency Management Commissioner , is satisfied constitutes or is likely to constitute a significant and widespread danger to life or property in Victoria, the Premier, pursuant to the Emergency Management Act 1986 , may declare a state of disaster to exist in

2835-666: The Hungarian Constitution , the National Assembly of Hungary can declare state of emergency in case of armed rebellion or natural or industrial disaster. It expires after 30 days, but can be extended. Most civil rights can be suspended, but basic human rights (such as the right to life, the ban of torture, and freedom of religion) cannot. During state of emergency, the Parliament cannot be disbanded. The Icelandic constitution provides no mechanism for

2940-835: The ICCPR , permits states to derogate from certain rights guaranteed by the ICCPR in "time of public emergency". Any measures derogating from obligations under the Covenant, however, must be to only the extent required by the exigencies of the situation, and must be announced by the State Party to the Secretary-General of the United Nations . The European Convention on Human Rights and American Convention on Human Rights have similar derogatory provisions. No derogation

3045-497: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). In some situations, martial law is also declared, allowing the military greater authority to act. In other situations, emergency is not declared and de facto measures taken or decree-law adopted by the government. Nicole Questiaux (France) and Leandro Despouy (Argentina), two consecutive United Nations Special Rapporteurs , have recommended to

3150-608: The NSW Premier can, pursuant to the State Emergency and Rescue Management Act 1989 , declare a state of emergency due to an actual or imminent occurrence (such as fire, flood, storm, earthquake, explosion, terrorist act, accident, epidemic or warlike action) which endangers, or threatens to endanger, the safety or health of persons or animals in the State, or destroys or damages, or threatens to destroy or damage, property in

3255-723: The Third Reich . On 23 March, the Reichstag enacted the Enabling Act of 1933 with the required two-thirds majority, which enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws without legislative participation. The Weimar Constitution was never actually repealed by Nazi Germany , but it effectively became inoperable after the passage of the Enabling Act. These two laws implemented the Gleichschaltung ,

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3360-590: The United Nations on January 12, 2001). Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War sending a destroyer and a corvette in first term and a supply ship and another corvette later to participate on the United Nations blockade and sea control effort of the gulf. The success of "Operación Alfil" (English: "Operation Bishop") as it was known, with more than 700 interceptions and 25,000 nautical miles (46,000 km) sailed on

3465-553: The communists , Adolf Hitler declared a state of emergency using Article 48, and then had President Paul von Hindenburg sign the Reichstag Fire Decree , which suspended some of the basic civil liberties provided by the Weimar Constitution (such as habeas corpus , freedom of expression , freedom of the speech , the freedom to assemble or the privacy of communications) for the whole duration of

3570-499: The state of defense insufficient, it might decree a state of siege . This state further reduces civil liberties , removing freedom of movement , allowing for search without consent or warrant, and seizure of any assets the government deems necessary. The government may also intervene and direct the function of any company. To balance this far-reaching powers, the National Congress of Brazil has to convene and approve

3675-431: The "Dirty War", and demanded a government sponsored military pension as veterans of the counter-insurgency campaign in northern Argentina. Indeed, data from the 2,300-strong Asociación Ex-Combatientes del Operativo Independencia indicate that as of 1976, 4 times more Tucumán veterans have died from suicide after operations in the province. Critics of the ex-servicemen association claim that no combat operations took place in

3780-454: The 11,000-strong Movimiento Ex Soldados del Operativo Independencia y del Conflicto Limítrofe con Chile , who fought against ERP guerrillas and were later redeployed along the Andes in the military standoff with Chile, took to the streets of Tucumán city to demand recognition as combat veterans. Some 180,000 Argentine conscripts saw service during the military dictatorship (1976-1983), 130 died as

3885-667: The 1955 Act permits a twelve-day state of emergency, after which a new law extending the emergency must be voted by the Parliament of France . These dispositions have been used at various times: three times during the Algerian War (in 1955, 1958 and 1961), in 1984 during violent pro-independence revolts in New Caledonia , during the 2005 riots , and following the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks .Since Then,9 Years Later on 2024 May 15 deadly riots have prompted France to declare

3990-471: The 1970 October Crisis , and also by Prime Minister Robert Borden during World War I (from 1914 to 1920, against threat of Communism during the Revolutions of 1917–1923 ) and by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King during World War II (from 1942 to 1945, against perceived threat from Japanese Canadians following Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor ). Under the current Emergency Act

4095-689: The 1970s crimes and made the unprecedented (and only Latin American example) Trial of the Juntas and soon the Army was rocked by uprisings and internal infighting. Far-right sectors of the Army rebelled in the Carapintadas ( painted faces ) movement. To contain the rebellions, Alfonsín promoted the Full stop law and the Law of due obedience . The following president, Carlos Menem , gave the presidential pardon to

4200-437: The 20 June 1973 Ezeiza massacre which led to the split between left and right-wing Peronists , and then his return to the presidency in 1973, the ERP shifted to a rural strategy designed to secure a large land area as a base for military operations against the Argentine state. The ERP leadership chose to send Compañía de Monte Ramón Rosa Jiménez to the province of Tucumán at the edge of the long-impoverished Andean highlands in

4305-410: The 5th Brigade moved to the frontiers of Tucumán to guard against ERP and Montoneros guerrillas crossing into the province from Catamarca , and Santiago del Estero . On 11 May, an Army officer, Second Lieutenant Raúl Ernesto García was killed while is unit manned a checkpoint during a fierce exchange of fire with a car-load of guerrillas travelling along Route 301 in Tucumán. The guerrilla that fired

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4410-602: The Argentine security agencies destroy the ERP. On 28 May, a four-hour gun-battle took place between 117 guerrillas and the 32-strong 1st Platoon from the 5th Mountain Engineer Company that had been assigned to carrying out repairs as part of a hearts-and-mind campaign in the schools of Manchalá, Yacuchina, Yonopongo and Balderrama in the Tucumán countryside, resulting in several casualties on both sides. The guerrilla force, that were wearing Argentine Army uniforms to achieve total surprise, had been instructed to advance in

4515-844: The Argentinian military are the Argentinian Army and the Argentinian Navy, both created in 1810, during the Argentine War of Independence , while the Argentinian Air Force was established in 1945. The Argentine military played a role in the institutional life of the country, during a series of coups d'état that took place in the 20th century. After the Revolución Libertadora coup that deposed president Juan Domingo Perón in 1955,

4620-532: The Compañía de Monte's general staff were killed in a special forces raid in October, but the guerrilla units continued to fight. On 8 October, Corporal Wilfredo Napoleón Méndez and Private Benito Oscar Pérez are killed in a firefight with ERP guerrillas. On 10 October, a UH-1H helicopter was hit by small arms fire during an offensive reconnaissance mission near Acheral, killing its door gunner. After an emergency landing, other helicopters carried out rocket attacks on

4725-650: The Emergency Act. Provincial governments can also invoke states of emergency , and have done to respond to at least 12 incidents during the 21st century. The first usage of the Emergencies Act was invoked by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on 14 February 2022 in response to the Freedom Convoy 2022 protests that occupied the capital of Ottawa . The Canadian House of Commons voted to approve

4830-452: The High Court announced hearing for the government appeal against the judgement is on 9 January 2020. On 27 November 2019, the Court of Appeal extended the interim suspension of the judgment until 10 December 2019. On 10 December 2019, the Court of Appeal refused to suspend the "unconstitutional" ruling by the Court of First Instance on the anti-mask regulation. As scheduled, a full hearing will commence on 9 January 2020. According to

4935-601: The High Court ruled the "Cap. 241 Emergency Regulations Ordinance" is "incompatible with the Basic Law", however, the court "leaves open the question of the constitutionality of the ERO insofar as it relates to any occasion of emergency." The court also held the ordinance meets the "prescribed by law" requirement. However, the court deemed s3(1)(b), (c), (d) and s5 of the regulation do not meet the proportionality test as they impose restrictions on fundamental rights that goes beyond what

5040-569: The Korean KAI FA-50 as its interim fighter to replace its aging Falklands-vintage aircraft. However, the deal was cancelled in early 2020 leaving the Air Force without a fighter replacement. British intervention was apparently a key factor in the cancellation with Britain stopping the export of the aircraft incorporating various British components. In October 2020, Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) confirmed that since major components of

5145-577: The Nazis' institution of totalitarianism . In the postwar Federal Republic of Germany the Emergency Acts state that some of the basic constitutional rights of the Basic Law may be limited in case of a State of Defence , a state of tension, or an internal state of emergency or disaster (catastrophe). These amendments to the constitution were passed on 30 May 1968, despite fierce opposition by

5250-854: The PARACACH (Patrulla de Rescate Antártica Combinada Argentina-Chile, Argentine Chilean Antarctic combined search and rescue patrol) with support from the German Space Agency which provided satellite imagery The three branches of the Argentine Armed Forces are under the direct authority of the Defense Ministry , while the Argentine National Gendarmerie and the Argentine Naval Prefecture, as security forces, under

5355-465: The Premier to immediately make any desired regulations to secure public order and safety. The declaration expires after 30 days, and a resolution of either the upper or lower House of Parliament may revoke it earlier. However, these regulations expire if Parliament does not agree to continue them within seven days. The Premier (or a delegate) may operate or prohibit operation of any essential service , such as transport, fuel, power, water or gas, under

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5460-401: The State, or causes a failure of, or a significant disruption to, an essential service or infrastructure. The Premier declared a state of emergency on 11 November 2019 in response to the 2019–2020 New South Wales bushfires . It was the fifth time that a state of emergency had been declared in that state since 2006 and it lasted for seven days. Subsequent declarations were made on 19 December for

5565-433: The USS Enterprise Carrier Strike Group and Destroyer Squadron 18 as a part of Exercise Solid Step during their tour in the Mediterranean Sea. On June 12, 2006, President Néstor Kirchner brought into force the Defense Law, which had been passed in 1988 as a means to modernize the doctrine of the armed forces and define their role. The law states that the armed forces will only be used against foreign aggression, and reduces

5670-422: The aircraft were supplied by the U.K., the aircraft could not be exported to Argentina. Britain similarly blocked the potential sale of Brazilian license-built Saab Gripen aircraft to Argentina given avionics that were of British origin. In 2003, for the first time, the Argentine Navy (classified as a major non-NATO ally) interoperated with a United States Navy battlegroup when destroyer ARA Sarandí (D-13) joined

5775-405: The apprehension of several hundred ERP and Montoneros guerrillas who were still operating in the jungles and mountains, and sympathizers hidden among the civilian population in what was described by the American newspaper Baltimore Sun as a "growing 'Viet war'" During the first week of January, the army commandos discovered seven guerrilla hideouts. During February 1976, in an effort to rekindle

5880-497: The armed forced to avoid state terrorism of the past. On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces invaded the British overseas territory of the Malvinas Islands , followed shortly afterwards by the invasion of South Georgia. Britain sent a task force to recover the islands. Argentina surrendered on 14 June. The political effect of the surrender lead to protests against the dictatorship, which hastened its downfall. The democratic government of Raúl Alfonsín that took office in 1983 prosecuted

5985-407: The armed forces split into opposing sectors named Azules y colorados ("Blues and Reds"). The fight would end in 1963 with military clashes and the defeat of the reds who were opposed to Perón. In 1965, the Argentine military conducted a 10-man patrol on Antarctica called Operación 90 under then-Colonel Jorge E. Leal to perform scientific observations and promote Argentina's claim to a portion of

6090-402: The banks of Río Caspichango, killing five of its seven crew members. On 7 May, in a gunfight close to a river, another corporal was killed in a guerrilla ambush. On 10 May, a private was shot dead by nervous sentries while stationed in Famaillá or died by suicide, although journalist Marcos Taire suggested that the Argentine Army was involved in a dastardly action. On 17 May, two soldiers died in

6195-428: The commandos were carrying out search-and-destroy missions in the mountains. Army special forces discovered Santucho's hideout in August, then raided the ERP urban headquarters in September. Nevertheless, the military was not to have everything its way. On 16 August Corporal Miguel Dardo Juárez is shot dead in a gun battle that took place in Las Mesadas with six guerrillas reportedly killed in that action. On 28 August,

6300-448: The continent. In 1975 the armed forces started a massive operation in the Tucumán Province to crush the ERP ( Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo or People's Revolutionary Army) guevarist guerrilla group which attempted to create a "revolutionary foco in this remote and mountainous province, in the north-west of Argentina." The last military dictatorship, the National Reorganization Process , lasted from 1976 to 1983. As Isabel Perón

6405-407: The country's continuous presence at Antarctica . Democratic governments since 1983 streamlined the military budget and did not approve any large scale equipment purchases. Argentina military spending is one of the lowest of South America and as of 2010, its 0.9% of GDP only exceeds Suriname Within the defence budget itself funding for training and even basic maintenance was significantly cut,

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6510-407: The country." Military control and the state of emergency was thus generalized to all of the country. The "counter-insurgency" tactics used by the French during the 1957 Battle of Algiers —such as relinquishing of civilian control to the military, state of emergency, block warden system ("quadrillage"), etc.— were perfectly imitated by the Argentine military. These "annihilation Action decrees" are

6615-400: The declaration of war, martial law nor state of emergency. The State of Emergency can be proclaimed by the President of India , when they perceive grave threats to the nation, albeit through the advice of the Union Council of Ministers . Part XVIII of the Constitution of India gives the President the power to overrule many provisions, including the ones guaranteeing fundamental rights to

6720-461: The direct authority of the Ministry of Security. Argentina was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991 to the Gulf War under UN mandate and has remained involved in peacekeeping efforts in multiple locations like UNPROFOR in Croatia / Bosnia , Gulf of Fonseca , UNFICYP in Cyprus (where among Army and Marines troops the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and MINUSTAH in Haiti . UNFICYP

6825-431: The end of the National Reorganization Process , restricts abuse of the state of emergency by requiring any signatory nation declaring such a state to inform the other signatories of its circumstances and duration, and what rights are affected. State-of-emergency legislation differs in each state of Australia. With regard to emergency management, regions (usually on a local government area basis) that have been affected by

6930-500: The fatal shot was identified as Wilfredo Contra Siles, a Bolivian national.That month, ERP representative Amílcar Santucho, brother of Roberto, was captured along with Jorge Fuentes Alarcón , a member of the Chilean Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR), trying to cross into Paraguay to promote the Revolutionary Coordinating Junta (JCR) unity effort with the MIR, the Uruguayan Tupamaros and the Bolivian National Liberation Army . During his interrogation, he provided information that helped

7035-434: The garrison assist in "maintenance of public order or disaster relief". Since 1997, a State of Emergency has never been declared. However, emergency measures have been used in varying degrees over the years during British rule and after the establishment of the Special Administrative Region. A few notable mentions are as follow: On 4 October 2019, Carrie Lam , the Chief Executive of Hong Kong S.A.R., invoked Section 2(1) of

7140-445: The ground, a Piper PA-18 crashed near the town of Ingenio Santa Lucía , killing its two crewmen. On 28 February, an army corporal, Desidero Dardo Pérez, was killed while inspecting an abandoned car rigged with an explosive charge in the city of Famaillá. Three months of constant patrolling and 'cordon and search' operations with helicopter-borne troops, soon reduced the ERP's effectiveness in the Famaillá area, and so in June, elements of

7245-425: The insurgency after a year and by destroying links the ERP, led by Roberto Santucho , had earlier established with the local population. Brigadier-General Acdel Vilas deployed over 4,000 soldiers, including two companies of elite army commandos, backed by jets, dogs, helicopters, U.S. satellites and a Navy Beechcraft Queen Air B-80 equipped with infrared surveillance assets. The ERP did not enjoy much support from

7350-484: The international community to adopt the following "principles" to be observed during a state or de facto situation of emergency: Principles of Legality, Proclamation, Notification, Time Limitation, Exceptional Threat, Proportionality, Non-Discrimination, Compatibility, Concordance and Complementarity of the Various Norms of International Law (cf. "Question of Human Rights and State of Emergency", E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/19, at Chapter II; see also état d'exception ). Article 4 to

7455-551: The invocation 185–151 with support from the Liberal Party and the New Democratic Party and opposition from the Conservative Party and the Bloc Québécois . Prime Minister Trudeau previously considered invoking it at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020, but faced unanimous disapproval from all thirteen provincial and territorial premiers at the Council of the Federation . Egyptians lived under an Emergency Law (Law No. 162 of 1958) from 1967 to 2012, except for an 18-month break in 1980 and 1981. The emergency

7560-776: The law, and estimates of political prisoners run as high as 30,000. The emergency rule expired on 31 May 2012, and was put back in place in January 2013. Following the 2013 coup d'état , the Egyptian interim president announced a one-month state of emergency across the country on 14 August 2013 and ordered the Egyptian Armed Forces to help the Interior Ministry enforce security. The announcement made on state TV followed deadly countrywide clashes between supporters of deposed President Mohamed Morsi and

7665-551: The local population and it needed to wage a terror campaign to be able to move at will among the towns of Santa Lucía , Los Sosa , Monteros and La Fronterita around Famaillá and the Monteros mountains, until the Fifth Brigade came on the scene, consisting of the 19th, 20th and 29th Regiments. and various support units. During his brief interlude as the nation's chief executive, interim President Ítalo Lúder extended

7770-418: The methods of the " counter-revolutionary warfare ". These included the use of terrorism , kidnappings , forced disappearances and concentration camps where hundreds of guerrillas and their supporters in Tucumán were tortured and murdered. The logistical and operational superiority of the military, headed first by General Acdel Vilas, and from December 1975 by Antonio Domingo Bussi , succeeded in crushing

7875-539: The military found guilty in the Trial of the Juntas. It would not be until 1990, when the last military uprising in Argentine history was crushed, that the political conflict within the Army finally subsided. In January 1989, during the subversive attack on La Tablada , the Army used white phosphorus in a violation of the Geneva Convention (according to a document presented by the human rights commission of

7980-495: The military operations. A reported 656 people disappeared in Tucumán between 1974 and 1979, 75% of which were laborers and labor union officials. The deployment was completed by 9 February. The guerrillas who had laid low when the mountain brigade first arrived, soon began to strike at the commando units. On 14 February a 60-strong reconnaissance force under the command of Captain Juan Carlos Jones-Tamayo from

8085-479: The mountain brigade clashed with 20 guerrillas at Río Pueblo Viejo , and in the ensuing gun-battle 29-year old First Lieutenant Héctor Cáceres was killed attempting to get to the aid of Lieutenant Rodolfo Richter that had been badly wounded. Second Lieutenant Daniel Arias and Corporal Juan Orellana of the reconnaissance were also wounded and two guerrillass were killed in this action, Héctor Enrique Toledo and Víctor Pablo Lasser. On 24 February, while supporting troops on

8190-454: The movement of or prevent entry of any person in the emergency area, "and to give any other direction that the authorized officer considers is reasonably necessary to protect public health." The current constitution of Brazil allows the president to declare two states, in order to "preserve or establish peace and order, threatened by grave and imminent institutional instability or severe natural disasters". The first, and less severe state

8295-650: The movement of vessels or aircraft, delegate authority, and other listed powers, under "Cap. 245 Public Order Ordinance". Although the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison may not interfere in internal Hong Kong affairs, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may invoke Article 14 of the Hong Kong Basic Law and request permission of the Central People's Government to have

8400-462: The northwest corner of Argentina. By December 1974, the guerrillas numbered about 100 fighters, with a 400-person support network, although the size of the guerrilla platoons increased from February onwards as the ERP approached its maximum strength of between 300 and 500 men and women. Led by Mario Roberto Santucho , they soon established control over a third of the province and organized a base of some 2,500 sympathizers. The Montoneros ' leadership

8505-409: The operation to the whole of the country through Decrees noº 2270, 2271 and 2272, issued on 6 July 1975. The July decrees created a Defense Council headed by the president, and including his ministers and the chiefs of the armed forces. It was given the command of the national and provincial police and correctional facilities and its mission was to "annihilate the actions of subversive elements throughout

8610-866: The operations theatre helped to overcome the so-called " Malvinas syndrome ". From 1990 to 1992, the Baradero-class patrol boats were deployed under UN mandate ONUCA to the Gulf of Fonseca in Central America. In 1994, the three Drummond-class corvettes participated on Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti. Also, in the 1990s, Argentine Armed Forces began a close defense cooperation and friendship policy with neighbors Brazil and Chile, with emphasis on fulfillment of United Nations mandates. The Argentine military have been reduced both in number and budget, but became more professional, especially after conscription

8715-414: The person uses the face covering for physical safety while performing an activity connected with their profession or employment. Any person defying the new regulation face possible criminal prosecution. The government's motive in doing so is to end months of social unrest and riots, however, did not declare a "State of Emergency". The new regulation took effect at 00:00 HKT on 5 October 2019. Offenders risked

8820-507: The powers of the heads of the armed services, centralizing whole operational and acquisitions decisions under the authority of the Armed Forces Joint General Staff ( Spanish: Estado Mayor Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas – EMC ) emphasizing Jointness . In 2007, an agreement for cooperation in peace operations was signed with France. A combined Argentinian-Chilean force for future United Nations Mandates

8925-551: The presidential decree 261/1975 which stated that the "general command of the Army will proceed to all of the necessary military operations to the effect of neutralizing or annihilating the actions of the subversive elements acting in Tucumán Province." The Argentine military used the territory of the smallest Argentine province to implement, within the framework of the National Security Doctrine ,

9030-400: The province and that the government forces deployed in Tucumán killed more than 2,000 innocent civilians. According to Professor Paul H. Lewis, a large percentage of the disappeared in Tucumán were in fact students, professors and recent graduates of the local university, all of whom were caught providing supplies and information to the guerrillas. On 24 March 2008, some 2,000 Tucumán veterans of

9135-432: The reedbed. A total of 13 guerrillas were killed in the ensuing firefight. On 17 October, near Los Sosas, an army platoon was ambushed losing four men. On 24 October, during a night mission that took place on the banks of Fronterista River, three men from the 5th Brigade were killed. Between 8 and 16 November 1975, there were other engagements in which the 5th Brigade suffered another three losses. On 18 December, Acdel Vilas

9240-484: The rural front in Tucumán, Montoneros sent in reinforcements in the form of a company of their elite "Jungle Troops", which was initially commanded by Juan Carlos Alsogaray ( El Hippie ), son of General Julio Alsogaray , who had served as head of the Argentine Army from 1966 to 1968. The ERP also sent reinforcements to Tucumán in the form of their elite Decididos de Córdoba Company from Córdoba. Bussi achieved

9345-515: The same constitution regulates "state of siege" ( état de siège ). Finally, the Act of 3 April 1955 allows the proclamation, by the Council of Ministers, of the "state of emergency" ( état d'urgence ). The distinction between article 16 and the 1955 Act concerns mainly the distribution of powers: whereas in article 16, the executive power basically suspend the regular procedures of the Republic,

9450-643: The security forces. A six-month state of emergency was issued by the Ethiopian government on 2 November 2021, following the rebel advance during the Tigray war , which went into effect 5 November 2021. Three main provisions concern various kind of "state of emergency" in France: Article 16 of the Constitution of 1958 allows, in time of crisis, "extraordinary powers" to the president. Article 36 of

9555-696: The so-called extra-parliamentary opposition (see German student movement for details). During a state of war or turmoil which threatens national security or unity, and which the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress believes is beyond the control of the local government, the Standing Committee can invoke Article 18 of the Hong Kong Basic Law and declare a "State of Emergency" in Hong Kong; thus,

9660-661: The source of the charges against Isabel Perón, which called for her arrest in Madrid more than thirty years later, in January 2007, but she was never extradited to Argentina due to her advanced age. The country was then divided into five military zones through a 28 October 1975 directive of struggle against subversion. As had been done during the 1957 Battle of Algiers, each zone was divided in subzones and areas, with its corresponding military responsibles. General Antonio Domingo Bussi replaced Acdel Vilas in December 1975 as responsible of

9765-446: The state in ten days or it is automatically cancelled. Further, the state of siege has to be revised by the congress every 30 days, unless it was raised as response to a war, in which case the government is free to set it to last until the end of the war. Since the end of the military dictatorship in 1985, and the formation of the sixth Brazilian Republic , neither state has ever been raised. The federal government of Canada can use

9870-557: The whole or in any part or parts of the State. The state of disaster addresses matters beyond public health issues and is intended to deal with emergencies such as natural disasters, explosions, terrorism or sieges, and it can also be used to deal with 'a plague or an epidemic'. The Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008 gives the Chief Health Officer extensive powers to take action 'to investigate, eliminate or reduce public health risks', including power to detain, restrict

9975-470: Was abolished by president Menem. The British embargo due to the Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas ) was officially eliminated and Argentina was granted Major Non-NATO ally status by United States President Bill Clinton . The modern Argentine Armed Forces are committed to international peacekeeping under United Nations mandates, humanitarian aid on emergencies relief and support

10080-625: Was also a precedent in the Latin American military as troops of Bolivia , Brazil, Chile , Paraguay , Peru and Uruguay are embedded in the Argentine contingent Since 1999 and as of June 2006, Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops in Kosovo during SFOR (and later EUFOR ) operations where combat engineers of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded in an Italian brigade . In 2007, an Argentine contingent including helicopters, boats and water purification plants

10185-553: Was created. Named Cruz del Sur (English: Southern Cross ), the new force began assembly in 2008 with its headquarters alternating between the two countries each year. In 2009, UNASUR , the South American countries union, created the CDS ( Spanish: Consejo de Defensa Sudamericano (South American Defence council) in order to promote cooperation and transparency between their armed forces As of 2011, they perform with Chile

10290-629: Was declared in Australia owing to the risks to human health posed by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic , after the National Security Committee met the previous day. The Biosecurity Act 2015 specifies that the governor-general of Australia may declare such an emergency if the Health Minister is satisfied that "a listed human disease is posing a severe and immediate threat, or is causing harm, to human health on

10395-412: Was gunned down along two other fighters. Throughout 1976, a total of 24 patrol battles took place, resulting in the deaths of at least 74 guerrillas and 18 soldiers and policemen in Tucumán Province. On 14 December 2007, some 200 soldiers who fought against the guerrillas in Tucumán province demanded an audience with the governor of Tucumán Province, José Jorge Alperovich, claiming they too were victims of

10500-573: Was imposed during the Six-Day War , and reimposed following the assassination of President Anwar Sadat . The law was continuously extended every three years since 1981. Under the law, police powers were extended, constitutional rights suspended and censorship was legalized. The law sharply circumscribed any non-governmental political activity: street demonstrations , non-approved political organizations, and unregistered financial donations were formally banned. Some 17,000 people were detained under

10605-559: Was keen to learn from their experience, and sent "observers" to spend a few months with the ERP platoons operating in Tucumán. The military operation to crush the insurgency was authorized by the Provisional President of the Senate , Ítalo Argentino Lúder , who was granted executive power during the absence (due to illness) of President Isabel Perón , in virtue of the "Ley de Acefalía" (law of succession). Ítalo Lúder issued

10710-437: Was relieved from his post and Antonio Domingo Bussi assumed command of the operations. Shortly afterwards, Bussi told Vilas over the phone: "Vilas, you have left me nothing to do." On 29 December, Bussi launched Operation La Madrid I, the first of a series of four search and destroy operations. The mountain and parachute units remained essential as military support for the local police and gendarmerie security forces, as well as

10815-672: Was sent to help Bolivia against their worst floods in decades. In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved in Haiti and Chile humanitarian responses after their respective earthquakes. Argentine military forces formed part of And as military observers in UNTSO , MINURSO , UNMIL , MONUC , UNMIS and UNOCI . Argentina was also responsible for the White Helmets initiative. State of emergency A state of emergency

10920-895: Was the August 1991 attempted coup in the Soviet Union (USSR) where the coup leaders invoked a state of emergency; the failure of the coup led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Derogations by states having ratified or acceded to binding international agreements such as the ICCPR , the American and European Conventions on Human Rights and the International Labor Conventions are monitored by independent expert committees, regional Courts and other State Parties. The Constitution of Argentina , which has been amended several times, has always allowed for

11025-407: Was unable to defeat the terrorist organizations of Montoneros and ERP , the military took power during the 1976 Argentine coup d'état and exterminated the violent communist guerrillas by random detentions, torture or death. The government of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner that sympathized with Perón , antagonized the Armed Forces with the justification of the past junta and limited the powers of

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