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106-499: On December 11, 2019, it was announced the temple would be built on a 15.39 acres (6.23 ha) site owned by the church. The site is south of Interstate 15 's University Parkway exit on Geneva Road , near the Orem UTA Frontrunner station. The site includes the three-story, 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m) temple and a separate 20,000 sq ft (1,900 m) meetinghouse . With its completion, Utah County

212-481: A brushable texture, with a binder such as gum arabic . This was painted on the pieces of coloured glass, and then fired to burn away the ingredients giving texture, leaving a layer of the glass and colouring, fused to the main glass piece. "Silver stain", introduced soon after 1300, produced a wide range of yellow to orange colours; this is the "stain" in the term "stained glass". Silver compounds (notably silver nitrate ) are mixed with binding substances, applied to

318-494: A cherry leaf border, and as the space transitions to the ordinance rooms, carpeting is introduced that replicates these designs while incorporating more abstract floral patterns. The temple features marble wainscoting , wooden columns , and coffered ceilings that progressively grow more intricate, culminating in the celestial room. Woodwork throughout the building is painted. Designs for aforementioned elements are designed to be subtle to bring attention to ordinances rather than

424-521: A different colour). In medieval glass flashing was especially used for reds, as glass made with gold compounds was very expensive and tended to be too deep in colour to use at full thickness. Another group of techniques give additional colouring, including lines and shading, by treating the surfaces of the coloured sheets, and often fixing these effects by a light firing in a furnace or kiln. These methods may be used over broad areas, especially with silver stain, which gave better yellows than other methods in

530-783: A great demand for the revival of the art of stained glass window making. Among the earliest 19th-century English manufacturers and designers were William Warrington and John Hardman of Birmingham, whose nephew, John Hardman Powell, had a commercial eye and exhibited works at the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876, influencing stained glass in the United States of America. Other manufacturers included William Wailes , Ward and Hughes , Clayton and Bell , Heaton, Butler and Bayne and Charles Eamer Kempe . A Scottish designer, Daniel Cottier , opened firms in Australia and

636-560: A high-speed maglev train route to relieve highway congestion. Proposals from as early as the 1970s were succeeded by the California–Nevada Interstate Maglev project, which was studied from 2004 to 2010 but never realized. Amtrak ran a conventional passenger rail service between the two cities, named the Desert Wind , from 1979 to 1997. The Brightline West line, a conventional high-speed rail service under

742-406: A large stairwell, stained glass depicts branches with pink springtime buds, full pink blossoms on the second floor, and bright red cherries on the top floor. While on a tour during the public open house, a journalist suggested that the top floor, with the sealing and celestial rooms, "represented the fulness of the temple's blessings." Features in the windows are designed to reflect elements throughout

848-454: A more Classical manner, and characterised by the brilliant cerulean colour of the blue backgrounds (as against the purple-blue of the glass of Chartres) and the use of pink and mauve glass. During the mid- to late 19th century, many of Germany's ancient buildings were restored, and some, such as Cologne Cathedral , were completed in the medieval style. There was a great demand for stained glass. The designs for many windows were based directly on

954-438: A number of resources to use and the work of centuries of other artists from which to learn as they continue the tradition in new ways. In the late 19th and 20th centuries there have been many innovations in techniques and in the types of glass used. Many new types of glass have been developed for use in stained glass windows, in particular Tiffany glass and dalle de verre . The primary method of including colour in stained glass

1060-462: A private operator, broke ground in 2024 and is scheduled to commence in 2028 with service between Rancho Cucamonga and Las Vegas. It will use the median of I-15 for most of its 218-mile (351 km) route and reach speeds of up to 186 miles per hour (299 km/h). The segment signed as SR 15 from I-5 to I-8 in San Diego is planned to be redesignated as part of I-15 once this segment

1166-490: A repeating theme. Due to traffic demands, the city announced it will build a five lane road leading to the temple, along with greater access for pedestrians and cyclists. The Utah legislature approved $ 25 million for the project, and construction is estimated to last from fall 2024 until winter 2025. The stained glass windows for the Orem Temple were designed by Tom Holdman and his team, working with representatives from

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1272-512: A result of the North American Free Trade Agreement . Since the construction of I-15, California, Idaho, Nevada, and Utah have consistently ranked in the fastest-growing areas of the United States. As a result, the route of I-15 has substantially increased in population and commuter traffic. This highway's southern terminus is in San Diego, California , at I-8 , although via SR 15 , a southern extension of

1378-442: A rigid frame. Painted details and yellow stain are often used to enhance the design. The term stained glass is also applied to windows in enamelled glass in which the colors have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln; very often this technique is only applied to parts of a window. Stained glass, as an art and a craft , requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design, and

1484-650: A slightly mauve tint, characteristic of the glass in older houses in New England . Selenium has been used for the same purpose. While very pale green is the typical colour of transparent glass, deeper greens can be achieved by the addition of Iron(II) oxide which results in a bluish-green glass. Together with chromium it gives glass of a richer green colour, typical of the glass used to make wine bottles . The addition of chromium yields dark green glass, suitable for flashed glass. Together with tin oxide and arsenic it yields emerald green glass. The first stage in

1590-478: A spectacular section where the road twists between the narrow walls of the Virgin River Gorge . I-15 continues through Utah for 401 miles (645 km). It is the main north–south connection for the state. The highway approximately follows the old alignment of US 91 from St. George to Brigham City . The highway passes through the fast-growing Utah's Dixie region in the southwestern part of

1696-409: A stain known as "Cousin's rose" was used to enhance flesh tones. In the 16th century, a range of glass stains were introduced, most of them coloured by ground glass particles. They were a form of enamelled glass . Painting on glass with these stains was initially used for small heraldic designs and other details. By the 17th century a style of stained glass had evolved that was no longer dependent upon

1802-423: A thin layer of red glass to a thicker body of glass that is clear or lightly tinted, forming " flashed glass ". A lightly coloured molten gather is dipped into a pot of molten red glass, which is then blown into a sheet of laminated glass using either the cylinder (muff) or the crown technique described above. Once this method was found for making red glass, other colours were made this way as well. A great advantage

1908-491: A traditional type, it is usually left to the discretion of the designer to fill the surrounding areas with borders, floral motifs and canopies. A full-sized cartoon is drawn for every "light" (opening) of the window. A small church window might typically have two lights, with some simple tracery lights above. A large window might have four or five lights. The east or west window of a large cathedral might have seven lights in three tiers, with elaborate tracery. In medieval times

2014-535: Is a murky mustard color but glows purple-red to transmitted light, and the cameo glass Portland vase which is midnight blue, with a carved white overlay. In early Christian churches of the 4th and 5th centuries, there are many remaining windows which are filled with ornate patterns of thinly-sliced alabaster set into wooden frames, giving a stained-glass like effect. Evidence of stained-glass windows in churches and monasteries in Britain can be found as early as

2120-403: Is colored glass as a material or works created from it. Although, it is traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture . Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term "stained glass" to include domestic lead light and objets d'art created from foil glasswork exemplified in

2226-403: Is coloured by adding metallic oxide powders or finely divided metals while it is in a molten state. Copper oxides produce green or bluish green, cobalt makes deep blue, and gold produces wine red and violet glass. Much of modern red glass is produced using copper, which is less expensive than gold and gives a brighter, more vermilion shade of red. Glass coloured while in the clay pot in the furnace

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2332-450: Is completely converted to Interstate standards , namely where the freeway's interchange with SR 94 is concerned. The interchange currently has left-exits and blind merges, and is due to be updated with a widening of both SR 15 and SR 94. At that time, SR 15 is planned be resigned as part of I-15. The remaining portion of SR 15 conforms with Interstate standards. Source: Stained glass Stained glass

2438-809: Is currently in the process of being widened. The portions in Arizona, Idaho and Montana have retained their rural, long-haul character. Although Arizona has also grown substantially since the construction of I-15, this highway serves only the isolated corner of northwestern Arizona. Due to this rapid area growth, the I-15 corridor is the focus of several mass transit projects. The Las Vegas Monorail , FrontRunner commuter rail system, and TRAX light rail in Salt Lake City are mass transit lines loosely parallel to I-15 that are now in operation. The Los Angeles–Las Vegas corridor has long been proposed as

2544-418: Is known as pot metal glass, as opposed to flashed glass . Using a blow-pipe , a glass maker will gather a glob of molten glass that was taken from the pot heating in the furnace. The 'gather' is formed to the correct shape and a bubble of air blown into it. Using metal tools, molds of wood that have been soaking in water, and gravity, the gather is manipulated to form a long, cylindrical shape. As it cools, it

2650-447: Is now sometimes used instead of lead. For further technical details, see Came glasswork . Traditionally, when a window was inserted into the window space, iron rods were put across it at various points to support its weight. The window was tied to these rods with lead strips or, more recently, with copper wires. Some very large early Gothic windows are divided into sections by heavy metal frames called ferramenta . This method of support

2756-418: Is now the county with the most temples in the state. It is the third temple in a four-mile radius, and the 188th in the church. The intent to build the Orem Temple was announced by Russell M. Nelson, along with seven other temples, in 2019, during the women's session of general conference. This was the first time new temples had been announced in a women's session. On December 11, 2019, the church announced that

2862-458: Is reheated so that the manipulation can continue. During the process, the bottom of the cylinder is removed. Once brought to the desired size it is left to cool. One side of the cylinder is opened, and the cylinder is then put into another oven to quickly heat and flatten it, and then placed in an annealer to cool at a controlled rate, making the material more stable. "Hand-blown" or "mouth-blown" cylinder (also called muff glass) and crown glass were

2968-415: Is still made today, but not on a large scale. Rolled glass (sometimes called "table glass") is produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal or graphite table and immediately rolling it into a sheet using a large metal cylinder, similar to rolling out a pie crust. The rolling can be done by hand or by machine. Glass can be "double rolled", which means it is passed through two cylinders at once (similar to

3074-468: Is that the double-layered glass can be engraved or abraded to reveal the clear or tinted glass below. The method allows rich detailing and patterns to be achieved without needing to add more lead-lines, giving artists greater freedom in their designs. A number of artists have embraced the possibilities flashed glass gives them. For instance, 16th-century heraldic windows relied heavily on a variety of flashed colours for their intricate crests and creatures. In

3180-602: Is the first in the city of Orem, sixth in Utah County, and the 28th in Utah. D. Todd Christofferson dedicated the temple in two sessions on January 21, 2024, one week after he dedicated the Lima Peru Los Olivos Temple . Among others participating, Christofferson was joined by fellow apostle Patrick Kearon . Christofferson stated the temple “marks a milestone in the progress of the kingdom of God on

3286-412: Is to use glass, originally colourless, that has been given colouring by mixing with metal oxides in its melted state (in a crucible or "pot"), producing glass sheets that are coloured all the way through; these are known as "pot metal" glass. A second method, sometimes used in some areas of windows, is flashed glass , a thin coating of coloured glass fused to colourless glass (or coloured glass, to produce

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3392-736: The Aube department alone. At the Reformation in England, large numbers of medieval and Renaissance windows were smashed and replaced with plain glass. The Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII and the injunctions of Thomas Cromwell against "abused images" (the object of veneration) resulted in the loss of thousands of windows. Few remain undamaged; of these the windows in the private chapel at Hengrave Hall in Suffolk are among

3498-464: The Bible , history, or literature; may represent saints or patrons, or use symbolic motifs, in particular armorial. Windows within a building may be thematic, for example: within a church – episodes from the life of Christ ; within a parliament building – shields of the constituencies; within a college hall – figures representing the arts and sciences; or within a home – flora, fauna, or landscape. During

3604-595: The California Department of Transportation drew a new segment in Devore that "branched" off of the original alignment and bypassed San Bernardino altogether. This segment's alignment is generally northeast to southwest for about 13 miles (21 km). Then, in Rancho Cucamonga , its directional alignment shifts to north–south where it eventually meets with I-10 (about 15 miles (24 km) west of

3710-476: The French Revolution . During the 19th century a great number of churches were restored by Viollet-le-Duc . Many of France's finest ancient windows were restored at that time. From 1839 onwards much stained glass was produced that very closely imitated medieval glass, both in the artwork and in the nature of the glass itself. The pioneers were Henri Gèrente and André Lusson. Other glass was designed in

3816-777: The Intermountain West . I-15 begins near the Mexican border in San Diego County and stretches north to Alberta, Canada , passing through the states of California , Nevada , Arizona , Utah , Idaho , and Montana . The Interstate serves the cities of San Diego , San Bernardino , Las Vegas , Salt Lake City , Idaho Falls , and Great Falls . It also passes close to the urban areas of Los Angeles , Orange , and Riverside counties, California. The stretches of I-15 in Idaho, Utah, and Arizona have been designated as

3922-734: The Las Vegas Strip corridor. Then, the Interstate crosses the border with Arizona in Mesquite . The Interstate in Nevada runs entirely in Clark County , for a distance of 123.8 miles (199 km). I-15 passes through the northwestern corner of Arizona with a total length of 29.4 miles (47 km). The stretch is separated from the rest of the state and has one major exit, at Beaver Dam / Littlefield, Arizona . It includes

4028-673: The Utah state line in Oneida County . The highway runs through Pocatello , Blackfoot , and Idaho Falls , intersecting with I-86 . The last county in Idaho that I-15 passes through is Clark County . Finally, the Interstate reaches the Montana state line at Monida Pass . I-15 continues onward through 396 miles (637 km) of Montana through the cities of Butte , Helena , and Great Falls , intersecting with I-90 , I-115 , and I-315 . At Sweet Grass , I-15 terminates upon crossing

4134-584: The Wasatch Front , and future plans released by the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) indicate that this will continue in the north and the far south of the state as well, due to the extremely rapid growth of Washington County and surrounding areas. In like manner, Las Vegas in Nevada has seen growth along I-15, and in all of the states that it currently serves, it has recently been or

4240-598: The metropolitan statistical areas in Utah except for Logan , and provide freeway bypasses for Pocatello , Idaho Falls, and Great Falls. Since its creation, I-15 has served as a long-haul route for North American commerce. It is now officially chartered for this purpose: from the junction of I-515 in Las Vegas to the Canadian border , I-15 forms part of the CANAMEX Corridor , a High Priority Corridor , as

4346-463: The "Bishop's Eye" at Lincoln Cathedral . While stained glass was widely manufactured, Chartres was the greatest centre of stained glass manufacture, producing glass of unrivalled quality. Probably the earliest scheme of stained glass windows that was created during the Renaissance was that for Florence Cathedral, devised by Lorenzo Ghiberti . The scheme includes three ocular windows for

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4452-733: The "Veterans Memorial Highway". The southern end is at a junction with I-8 and State Route 15 (SR 15) in San Diego, and the northern end is at a connection with Alberta Highway 4 at the Sweetgrass–Coutts Border Crossing . I-15 was built to connect the Inland Empire with San Diego in California, facilitate tourism access to Las Vegas, provide access to the Arizona Strip , interconnect all of

4558-498: The 71,998 sq ft (6,688.8 m) temple is on nearly 16 acres (6.5 ha) of property near UVU. The site is south of Interstate 15's University Parkway exit on Geneva Road. Originally, a Norwegian pioneer family owned the property, which their descendants farmed until the church purchased the land in 2004. The land was originally used for fruit orchard farming , and the design features many motifs that reflect local history, such as elements of both cherry blossoms and trees as

4664-463: The 7th century. The earliest known reference dates from 675 AD when Benedict Biscop imported workmen from France to glaze the windows of the monastery of St Peter which he was building at Monkwearmouth . Hundreds of pieces of coloured glass and lead, dating back to the late 7th century, have been discovered here and at Jarrow . In the Middle East, the glass industry of Syria continued during

4770-470: The 7th-century BC. The Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna , attributed to the 8th century alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān , discusses the production of colored glass in ancient Babylon and Egypt. The Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna also describes how to create colored glass and artificial gemstones made from high-quality stained glass. The tradition of stained glass manufacture has continued, with mosques, palaces, and public spaces being decorated with stained glass throughout

4876-740: The Basílica Nuestra Señora de Lourde and the Templo Vótivo de Maipú both located in Chile. The Catholic revival in England, gaining force in the early 19th century with its renewed interest in the medieval church, brought a revival of church building in the Gothic style, claimed by John Ruskin to be "the true Catholic style". The architectural movement was led by Augustus Welby Pugin . Many new churches were planted in large towns and many old churches were restored. This brought about

4982-649: The Canadian border into the province of Alberta ; however, I-15 signage is present on Alberta Highway 4 southbound from Lethbridge to the Canadian border . I-15 was constructed along the route of US 91 . Once I-15 was relatively intact, US 91 was decommissioned, except for one part in Northern Utah ;/ Southern Idaho where I-15 instead followed the route of former US 191 . I-15 originally had two suffixed routes. In California, I-15 had an eastern branch bypassing San Bernardino , which

5088-614: The Earth, and particularly in this vital part of His vineyard”. He noted the history of the area, named for Walter C. Orem, president of the electric railroad that used to travel between Salt Lake City and Provo . A decade after being settled, the first stake in the area was created as the Sharon Stake. Growth described as “explosive” led to the creation of more stakes and eventually a mission in Orem. Located in Orem's Lake View area,

5194-602: The Islamic period with major centres of manufacture at Raqqa , Aleppo and Damascus and the most important products being highly transparent colourless glass and gilded glass, rather than coloured glass. The creation of stained glass in Southwest Asia began in ancient times. One of the region's earliest surviving formulations for the production of colored glass comes from the Assyrian city of Nineveh , dating to

5300-564: The Islamic world. The stained glass of Islam is generally non-pictorial and of purely geometric design, but may contain both floral motifs and text. Stained glass creation had flourished in Persia (now Iran) during the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736 A.D.), and Zand dynasty (1751–1794 A.D.). In Persia stained glass sash windows are called Orosi windows (or transliterated as Arasi, and Orsi), and were once used for decoration, as well as controlling

5406-493: The Middle Ages. Alternatively they may be used for painting linear effects, or polychrome areas of detail. The most common method of adding the black linear painting necessary to define stained glass images is the use of what is variously called "glass paint", "vitreous paint", or " grisaille paint". This was applied as a mixture of powdered glass, iron or rust filings to give a black colour, clay, and oil, vinegar or water for

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5512-403: The Orem Temple is one of the taller temples in the church, measuring 218 feet (66 m). It is the first temple in Utah County to not to include a statue of the angel Moroni . The temple interior has one baptismal font (used for baptisms for the dead ), along with four rooms each used for the endowment and sealing ordinances . The stone flooring features diamond and circle patterns with

5618-553: The US. In France there was a greater continuity of stained glass production than in England. In the early 19th century most stained glass was made of large panes that were extensively painted and fired, the designs often being copied directly from oil paintings by famous artists. In 1824 the Sèvres porcelain factory began producing stained glass to supply the increasing demand. In France many churches and cathedrals suffered despoliation during

5724-421: The building itself. Interior walls have cream, tan, and green tones, with a cherry finish on the furniture. Artwork designs have elements that are based on a modified Art Deco design, with curved lines and cattails, with gold leaf line work highlighting specific elements. Light fixtures are cylindrical and transitional, made from brass, crystal and glass, and carry the same cherry tree motif. Paintings mentioned in

5830-408: The cartoon was drawn directly on the surface of a whitewashed table, which was then used as a pattern for cutting, painting and assembling the window. The cartoon is then divided into a patchwork, providing a template for each small glass piece. The exact position of the lead which holds the glass in place is also noted, as it is part of the calculated visual effect. Each piece of glass is selected for

5936-409: The church and FFKR Architects. The city of Orem has an extensive agricultural history, including orchards producing cherries , peaches, apples, pears and apricots. Part of the design process involved his team studying the culture , architecture , art, and natural surroundings of the temple. Of the design choice, Holdman said: "We felt moved that it was the cherry that was going to be most important for

6042-408: The church's Utah Area , presiding. It was anticipated construction would take three years, with completion expected by fall of 2023. The site plan included a three-story, 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m) building and a separate 20,000 sq ft (1,900 m) meetinghouse. On July 25, 2022, a fire broke out in a utility room on the third floor of the temple. The Orem Fire Department put out

6148-473: The clothes wringers on older washing machines) to yield glass of a specified thickness (typically about 1/8" or 3mm). The glass is then annealed. Rolled glass was first commercially produced around the mid-1830s and is widely used today. It is often called cathedral glass , but this has nothing to do with medieval cathedrals, where the glass used was hand-blown. Architectural glass must be at least ⁠ 1 / 8 ⁠ of an inch (3 mm) thick to survive

6254-772: The cupola windows has since been lost, and that by Donatello has lost nearly all of its painted details. In Europe, stained glass continued to be produced; the style evolved from the Gothic to the Classical, which is well represented in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, despite the rise of Protestantism . In France, much glass of this period was produced at the Limoges factory, and in Italy at Murano , where stained glass and faceted lead crystal are often coupled together in

6360-399: The decorated surface to the atmosphere or mechanical damage. Once the glass is cut and painted, the pieces are assembled by slotting them into H-sectioned lead cames. All the joints are then soldered together and the glass pieces are prevented from rattling and the window made weatherproof by forcing a soft oily cement or mastic between the glass and the cames. In modern windows, copper foil

6466-452: The design on the first story mirrors nearby wetlands, containing elements of water, cat-tails , bullrushes , grasses, and a scene with a dragonfly and a snowy egret . The second and third story windows have cherry tree elements with blossoms, fruit, and leaves meant to represent local orchards. The frieze along the roof parapets are designed to represent the local mountains and flora and fauna that grow nearby. With its steel steeple ,

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6572-409: The design, the structure of the window, the nature and size of the glass available and his or her own preferred technique. A traditional narrative window has panels which relate a story. A figurative window could have rows of saints or dignitaries. Scriptural texts or mottoes are sometimes included and perhaps the names of the patrons or the person to whose memory the window is dedicated. In a window of

6678-491: The desired colour and cut to match a section of the template. An exact fit is ensured by "grozing" the edges with a tool which can nibble off small pieces. Details of faces, hair and hands can be painted onto the inner surface of the glass using a special glass paint which contains finely ground lead or copper filings, ground glass, gum arabic and a medium such as wine, vinegar or (traditionally) urine. The art of painting details became increasingly elaborate and reached its height in

6784-565: The dome and three for the facade which were designed from 1405 to 1445 by several of the most renowned artists of this period: Ghiberti , Donatello , Uccello and Andrea del Castagno . Each major ocular window contains a single picture drawn from the Life of Christ or the Life of the Virgin Mary , surrounded by a wide floral border, with two smaller facade windows by Ghiberti showing the martyred deacons, St Stephen and St Lawrence . One of

6890-642: The early 1600s; the earliest is the work of Dirck Crabeth and his brother Wouter . Many of the original cartoons still exist. Stained glass was first imported to Latin America during the 17th–18th centuries by Portuguese and Spanish settlers. By the 20th century, many European artists had begun to establish their own studios within Latin America and had started up local production. With these new local studios came inventive techniques and less traditional imagery. Examples of these more modern works of art are

6996-413: The early 20th century. From 1300 onwards, artists started using "silver stain" which was made with silver nitrate . It gave a yellow effect ranging from pale lemon to deep orange. It was usually painted onto the outside of a piece of glass, then fired to make it permanent. This yellow was particularly useful for enhancing borders, canopies and haloes, and turning blue glass into green glass. By about 1450,

7102-707: The eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral . As Gothic architecture developed into a more ornate form, windows grew larger, affording greater illumination to the interiors, but were divided into sections by vertical shafts and tracery of stone. This elaboration of form reached its height of complexity in the Flamboyant style in Europe, and windows grew still larger with the development of the Perpendicular style in England and Rayonnant style in France. Integrated with

7208-466: The engineering skills to assemble the piece. A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made, must resist wind and rain, and also, especially in the larger windows, must support its own weight. Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the Late Middle Ages . In Western Europe , together with illuminated manuscripts , they constitute

7314-435: The famous lamps of Louis Comfort Tiffany . As a material stained glass is glass that has been colored by adding metallic salts during its manufacture, and usually then further decorating it in various ways. The colored glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together (traditionally) by strips of lead, called cames or calms, and supported by

7420-420: The finest. With the latter wave of destruction the traditional methods of working with stained glass died, and were not rediscovered in England until the early 19th century. See Stained glass – British glass, 1811–1918 for more details. In the Netherlands a rare scheme of glass has remained intact at Grote Sint-Jan Church, Gouda . The windows, some of which are 18 metres (59 feet) high, date from 1555 to

7526-533: The fire using mostly foam to limit water damage to the structure. On September 6, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives announced the fire was being investigated as an arson , and offered a cash reward for information leading to the arrest and conviction of those responsible. By October 2023, construction was completed, with journalists and other guests initially touring the temple, beginning on October 23, 2023. In December 2023, Yahya Cholil Staquf ,

7632-614: The freeway, the route connects to I-5 just north of the Mexico–US border. The northern terminus is in Sweet Grass, Montana , at the Canada–US border, where it becomes Alberta Highway 4 . It is 1,433 miles (2,306 km) long from San Diego to Sweet Grass. North of its junction with SR 91 in Corona , the route roughly follows the former routes of State Route 31. North of Devore ,

7738-400: The glass paint away to make the design, or the lettering of an inscription. This was the most common method of making inscriptions in early medieval glass, giving white or light letters on a black background, with later inscriptions more often using black painted letters on a transparent glass background. These are the colours in which the glass itself is made, as opposed to colours applied to

7844-504: The glass some protection against weathering, although this can also be true for paint. They were also probably fired separately, the stain needing a lower heat than the paint. "Sanguine", "carnation", "Rouge Jean Cousin " or "Cousin's rose", after its supposed inventor, is an iron-based fired paint producing red colours, mainly used to highlight small areas, often on flesh. It was introduced around 1500. Copper stain, similar to silver stain but using copper compounds, also produced reds, and

7950-481: The glass. Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colourless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron oxide impurities produce a green tint which becomes evident in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments. A number of additives are used to reduce the green tint, particularly if the glass is to be used for plain window glass, rather than stained glass windows. These additives include manganese dioxide which produces sodium permanganate , and may result in

8056-560: The highway follows the approximate alignment of historic US Route 66 along with US 91 and US 395 . US 395 breaks away at Hesperia and the route continues on a direct path to Barstow 35 miles (56 km) to the north. Meanwhile, the old alignments of US 91 and US 66 follow the Mojave River from Victorville to Barstow along the National Trails Highway . At that point, I-15 follows

8162-657: The incoming sunlight in the hot and semi-arid climate. Stained glass, as an art form, reached its height in the Middle Ages when it became a major pictorial form used to illustrate the narratives of the Bible to a largely illiterate populace. In the Romanesque and Early Gothic period, from about 950 to 1240, the untraceried windows demanded large expanses of glass which of necessity were supported by robust iron frames, such as may be seen at Chartres Cathedral and at

8268-543: The interchange with the San Bernardino Freeway (then US 70/US 99, now I-10 ). This was logical as I-15 was following the old alignment of the historic Route 66 which passed through San Bernardino. The segment was completed accordingly. In 1964, legislation was later passed to extend the Interstate to San Diego . Instead of extending the existing freeway from the I-10 interchange south, however,

8374-425: The late medieval period , glass factories were set up where there was a ready supply of silica , the essential material for glass manufacture. Silica requires a very high temperature to melt, something not all glass factories were able to achieve. Such materials as potash , soda , and lead can be added to lower the melting temperature. Other substances, such as lime , are added to make the glass more stable. Glass

8480-441: The leader of the world's largest Islamic organization , visited the Orem Temple with his delegation. The temple also gave "tactile tours," which was meant to allow those with disabilities to interact with textures and patterns of the temple. The temple was also built to accommodate local college age students, with a collective total of 80,000 students at both Brigham Young University and Utah Valley University (UVU). The temple

8586-464: The lofty verticals of Gothic cathedrals and parish churches, glass designs became more daring. The circular form, or rose window , developed in France from relatively simple windows with openings pierced through slabs of thin stone to wheel windows, as exemplified by the west front of Chartres Cathedral, and ultimately to designs of enormous complexity, the tracery being drafted from hundreds of different points, such as those at Sainte-Chapelle , Paris and

8692-424: The major form of medieval pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a stained glass window is not to allow those within a building to see the world outside or even primarily to admit light but rather to control it. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as "illuminated wall decorations". The design of a window may be abstract or figurative; may incorporate narratives drawn from

8798-488: The medieval period the glass was abraded; later, hydrofluoric acid was used to remove the flash in a chemical reaction (a very dangerous technique), and in the 19th century sandblasting started to be used for this purpose. There are a number of glass factories, notably in Germany, the United States, England, France, Poland and Russia, which produce high-quality glass, both hand-blown (cylinder, muff, crown) and rolled (cathedral and opalescent). Modern stained-glass artists have

8904-590: The old route of US 91 exclusively as US 66 turned east toward Needles . For many parts of the highway, high-voltage powerlines , such as Path 46 and Path 27 , almost all originating from the Hoover Dam , follow the freeway. Many of these link distant power stations to the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The southern starting point of I-15 was in 1957 planned to be in San Bernardino , at

9010-577: The original interchange in San Bernardino). The segment that had been built from Devore to San Bernardino was retained as an Interstate, but was renumbered as I-215 . Note that during the construction of I-15's present alignment, and for some time afterward, I-215 was numbered as I-15E, and its actual mileage would begin at I-10. I-15 runs for a total of 287 miles (462 km) in California. I-15 begins in Primm and continues through Las Vegas along

9116-480: The population of Utah, 19 percent of the population of California, and more than 70 percent of the population of Nevada live in counties where I-15 is the primary Interstate Highway . Similarly, in California, I-15 is seeing more commuter traffic due to the growth of the Mojave Desert communities of Hesperia , Victorville , and Barstow . In Utah, I-15 has been under near-constant construction in

9222-462: The process. The centre of each piece of glass, known as the "bull's-eye", is subject to less acceleration during spinning, so it remains thicker than the rest of the sheet. It also has the pontil mark , a distinctive lump of glass left by the "pontil" rod, which holds the glass as it is spun out. This lumpy, refractive quality means the bulls-eyes are less transparent, but they have still been used for windows, both domestic and ecclesiastical. Crown glass

9328-476: The production of a window is to make, or acquire from the architect or owners of the building, an accurate template of the window opening that the glass is to fit. The subject matter of the window is determined to suit the location, a particular theme, or the wishes of the patron. A small design called a Vidimus (from Latin "we have seen") is prepared which can be shown to the patron. A scaled model maquette may also be provided. The designer must take into account

9434-400: The push and pull of typical wind loads. However, in the creation of red glass, the colouring ingredients must be of a certain concentration, or the colour will not develop. This results in a colour so intense that at the thickness of ⁠ 1 / 8 ⁠ inch (3 mm), the red glass transmits little light and appears black. The method employed to create red stained glass is to laminate

9540-528: The same window. The French Revolution brought about the neglect or destruction of many windows in France. Nonetheless, the country still holds the largest set of Renaissance stained glass in its churches, particularly in the regions of Normandy and Champagne where there were vivid ateliers in many cities until the early 17th century with the stained glass painter Linard Gonthier being active in Troyes until 1642 . There are 1042 preserved 16th-century windows in

9646-509: The skilful cutting of coloured glass into sections. Scenes were painted onto glass panels of square format, like tiles. The colours were then annealed to the glass before the pieces were assembled. A method used for embellishment and gilding is the decoration of one side of each of two pieces of thin glass, which are then placed back to back within the lead came . This allows for the use of techniques such as Angel gilding and Eglomise to produce an effect visible from both sides but not exposing

9752-625: The state, I-15 winds its way along the western edge of a nearly continuous range of mountains (the Wasatch Range in the northern half of the state). The only exceptions are north of Cove Fort and when it passes between Cedar City and St. George, known as the Black Ridge, a transition zone of drastic change in elevation and climate, an area where the eastern Great Basin , Colorado Plateau , and Mojave Desert converge. I-15 passes through Idaho for 196 miles (315 km). I-15 crosses

9858-509: The state, which includes St. George , Cedar City , and eventually most of the major cities and suburbs along the Wasatch Front , including Provo , Orem , Sandy , Salt Lake City , Layton , and Ogden . Near Cove Fort , I-70 begins its journey eastward across the country. The Interstate merges with I-80 for about 3 miles (5 km) from South Salt Lake to just west of Downtown Salt Lake City and also merges with I-84 from Ogden to Tremonton . Along nearly its entire length through

9964-407: The surface of glass, and then fired in a furnace or kiln. They can produce a range of colours from orange -red to yellow. Used on blue glass they produce greens. The way the glass is heated and cooled can significantly affect the colours produced by these compounds. The chemistry involved is complex and not well understood. The chemicals actually penetrate the glass they are added to a little way, and

10070-418: The technique therefore gives extremely stable results. By the 15th century it had become cheaper than using pot metal glass and was often used with glass paint as the only colour on transparent glass. Silver stain was applied to the opposite face of the glass to silver paint, as the two techniques did not work well one on top of the other. The stain was usually on the exterior face, where it appears to have given

10176-480: The temple include local meadows and Bridal Veil Falls . A mural titled “Come Unto Jesus ” by Michael Malm hangs in the Orem Temple, which is a copy of a larger version that covers a wall in the church's Conference Center . The temple contains some original artworks, including one named "Christ Ordaining the Twelve ". Other original paintings showcase local Utah Lake , with ducks , geese , and pelicans bobbing on

10282-410: The temple would be built on a 15.39 acres (6.23 ha) site. The site was originally owned by a Norwegian pioneer family that had a fruit orchard farm for generations, with their descendants selling the land to the church in 2004. On June 24, 2020, the church released a building rendering and announced that a groundbreaking would be held on September 5, 2020, with Craig C. Christensen, president of

10388-423: The temple, including light fixtures, carpeting, and stonework . The consistency was designed to help patrons experience harmony and peace. The temple, designed in an Art Nouveau style, features classical architecture proportioning and symmetry. The temple's exterior is paneled with white Portuguese granite, and light-colored bronze doors complement the window frames and paneling. Each story has glass art design;

10494-404: The theme of the temple." After reaching consensus, the team developed conceptual designs that progressed from pen and pencil drafts to watercolors , culminating in the finished glass design. Cherry tree blossoms and branches are part of the main design on the two upper windows of the temple, and the cherries and leaves were meant to represent all seasons of a person's life. On the first floor in

10600-589: The types used in the traditional fabrication of stained-glass windows. Crown glass is hand-blown glass created by blowing a bubble of air into a gather of molten glass and then spinning it, either by hand or on a table that revolves rapidly like a potter's wheel . The centrifugal force causes the molten bubble to open up and flatten. It can then be cut into small sheets. Glass formed this way can be either coloured and used for stained-glass windows, or uncoloured as seen in small paned windows in 16th- and 17th-century houses. Concentric, curving waves are characteristic of

10706-511: The water and flying in the sky. A public open house was held from October 27 to December 16, 2023. The temple was dedicated in two sessions on January 21, 2024 by D. Todd Christofferson. Temple access is only available to church members with a current temple recommend . Interstate 15 Interstate 15 ( I-15 ) is a major Interstate Highway in the Western United States , running through Southern California and

10812-460: The work of famous engravers such as Albrecht Dürer . Original designs often imitate this style. Much 19th-century German glass has large sections of painted detail rather than outlines and details dependent on the lead. The Royal Bavarian Glass Painting Studio was founded by Ludwig I in 1827. A major firm was Mayer of Munich , which commenced glass production in 1860, and is still operating as Franz Mayer of Munich, Inc. . German stained glass found

10918-639: Was also favoured for large, usually painted, windows of the Baroque period. Coloured glass has been produced since ancient times. Both the Egyptians and the Romans excelled at the manufacture of small colored glass objects. Phoenicia was important in glass manufacture with its chief centres Sidon , Tyre and Antioch . The British Museum holds two of the finest Roman pieces, the Lycurgus Cup , which

11024-438: Was designated I-15E. I-15E was renumbered and is now I-215 . Present day routing of I-15 in California was originally given "I-15W" as its title while it was under construction (the original asphalt portions from Temescal Canyon to Ontario Avenue were dubbed I-15W on maps until 1974), but was never officially signed as such. In Idaho, I-15 had a western branch near Pocatello that connected I-15 and I-84 (then I-80N). This highway

11130-401: Was designated I-15W. It is now the western I-86 . Since the construction of I-15, California, Nevada, and Utah have consistently ranked in the fastest-growing areas of the United States. As a result, the route of I-15 has substantially increased in population and commuter traffic has increased the traffic burden on the freeway. Current population estimates are that more than 75 percent of

11236-477: Was mainly used in the 18th and 19th centuries. "Cold paint" is various types of paint that were applied without firing. Contrary to the optimistic claims of the 12th century writer Theophilus Presbyter , cold paint is not very durable, and very little medieval paint has survived. As well as painting, scratched sgraffito techniques were often used. This involved painting a colour over pot metal glass of another colour, and then before firing selectively scratching

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