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107-420: The Lotus Ethos is a fully plug-in hybrid concept car that was unveiled at the 2010 Paris Motor Show as the "Lotus CityCar". The vehicle was developed by Lotus Engineering , a separate division from Lotus Cars . The CityCar has a lithium battery pack with an all-electric range of 60 km (37 miles), and after the battery is depleted the 1.2-litre petrol engine kicks in to help with charging, allowing

214-447: A Denza Z9 , rolled off the assembly line, making BYD the first automaker globally to reach 10 million new energy vehicle cumulative production. BYD Auto's original logo was used between 2003 and 2007. According to the company, the blue and white colours represent the sky and the clouds respectively. The logo was criticised due to its resemblance to the BMW roundel . It was replaced with

321-570: A fleet vehicle for governments, banks and other institutions, until retail sales started in March 2010 when the Chinese government started granting subsidies for new energy vehicles. The vehicle had low sales, with only 100 units sold by 2011. In January 2009, BYD introduced its first production battery electric vehicle, the e6 at the 2009 North American International Auto Show in Detroit . It

428-548: A memorandum of understanding . Volkswagen withdrew from the partnership after some due diligence . In 2009, BYD started producing battery electric buses as part of a pilot scheme initiated by the Chinese government. It signed a deal to supply 1,000 BYD K9 electric buses to the Hunan Government in China. The buses have a range of 305 km (190 mi) per charge with a top speed of 70 km/h (43 mph),

535-502: A series hybrid is propelled by electric motors only, a parallel hybrid is propelled both by its internal combustion engine and by electric motors operating concurrently, and a series-parallel hybrid operates in either mode. While a plain hybrid vehicle charges its battery from its engine only, a plug-in hybrid can obtain a significant amount of the energy required to recharge its battery from external sources. These contain two different energy recovery systems. The Mercedes-AMG ONE

642-629: A 36% market share in the new energy vehicle segment in China as of September 2023. BYD introduced its first vehicle equipped with the Blade battery , the BYD Han large sedan, in early 2020. The Han went on sale in July 2020 with an option of plug-in hybrid electric (Han DM) and battery electric (Han EV) variants. The range-topping variant of the Han EV was claimed to be the fastest electric car in China, while

749-469: A BJ6490D, an electric car made by Beijing Second Auto Works that was built off an imported knock-down kit of the Holden Commodore VN station wagon. The BJ6490D was powered by golf cart batteries, with a range of about 100 km (62 mi) and a top speed of 92 km/h (57 mph). Later, BYD acquired a second BJ6490D, which was subsequently converted into a hybrid vehicle. At

856-632: A campaign titled "Together, we are Chinese autos" ( Chinese : 在一起，才是中国汽车 ). The call was welcomed by the CEOs of Nio and Li Auto . On 9 January 2024, BYD's first roll-on/roll-off cargo ship , named "BYD Explorer No.1", was delivered and left the construction base in Longkou , Shandong province . The 200 m (660 ft)-long ship arrived at Yantai Port on the same day, before heading to Shenzhen for loading cars for exporting to Europe . According to China International Marine Containers (CIMC),

963-521: A charging time of six hours and 50% fast charging in 30 minutes. In 2010, BYD Auto Industry Co., Ltd. and Daimler AG, now known as Mercedes-Benz Group AG , formed a 50-50 joint venture named Shenzhen BYD Daimler New Technology with a brand named Denza to focus on research and development of new energy vehicles. The brand showcased a concept car called the Denza EV at Auto China in April 2012. Denza

1070-737: A factory in Turkey, which is part of a customs union with the EU. The factory will have an annual production capacity of 150,000 vehicles. An agreement between BYD CEO Wang Chuanfu and Turkey's Industry and Technology Minister Mehmet Fatih Kacır was signed on 8 July 2024. BYD entered the Australian market in 2022 through a partnership with EVDirect, a local distributor that is a subsidiary of ASX -listed company MotorCycle Holdings. Both companies signed an agreement in February 2021. The company showcased

1177-545: A few years, BYD Auto created its own engines by improving Mitsubishi Motors engine blueprints. During its early years, BYD Auto achieved growth by reverse engineering competitors products and supplier parts, and maintaining strong control over costs. The first mass-produced passenger car from BYD, the BYD F3 is considered "a copycat" of the Toyota Corolla . The BYD F0 small car was described as "a clear copy" of

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1284-416: A fossil plant in which case they displace greenhouse gas emissions from the car tailpipe exhaust to the power station . As opposed to conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), PHEVs generally have a larger battery pack that can be recharged (theoretically) from anywhere with access to the electrical grid , offering enhanced energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness when compared to relying solely on

1391-407: A generator charging the battery pack up to 310 miles (500 km). The concept car weighs less than 1400 kg, and Lotus claims it will reach 62 miles per hour (100 km/h) from rest in 9 seconds. Top speed is 170 kilometres per hour (110 mph), with a charge-sustaining top speed of 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) and the drivetrain has CO 2 emissions rating below of 60 g/km on

1498-866: A global strategic partnership with Game Science 's action role-playing game Black Myth: Wukong , becoming its exclusive automotive brand partner. BYD started exporting its cars in 2005 to Russia, when the company introduced the BYD Flyer hatchback at the 2005 Moscow International Motor Show. In 2009, BYD started exporting cars to Africa, South America, and the Middle East. At that time, BYD cars competed on price instead of quality. Since 2021, BYD started expanding its global presence rapidly by prioritizing exports of passenger electric vehicles. Beginning in 2022, BYD has committed to producing right-hand drive versions of several battery electric passenger models for exports to left-hand traffic countries such as Australia,

1605-607: A low-capacity PHEV sized with an AER (all-electric range) of about 7 miles would be a robust choice for minimizing gasoline consumption, cost, and greenhouse gas emissions. For less frequent charging, every 20–100 miles, PHEVs release fewer GHGs, but HEVs are more cost effective." PHEVs typically require deeper battery charging and discharging cycles than conventional hybrids. Because the number of full cycles influences battery life, this may be less than in traditional HEVs, which do not deplete their batteries as fully. Nonetheless, some authors argue that PHEVs will soon become standard in

1712-667: A new hybrid system, dubbed e-Power, which debuted with the Nissan Gripz concept crossover showcased at the 2015 Frankfurt Auto Show . In January 2016, Chrysler debuted its plug-in hybrid minivan, the Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid , with an EPA rated electric-only range of 48 km (30 miles). This was the first hybrid minivan of any type. It was first sold in the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 2017. In December 2017, Honda began retail deliveries of

1819-615: A plug-in Jeep Wrangler and a Chrysler Town and Country mini-van, both PHEV-40s with series powertrains, and an all-electric Dodge sports car, and said that one of the three vehicles would go into production. On October 3, the U.S. enacted the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 . The legislation provided tax credits for the purchase of plug-in electric vehicles of battery capacity over 4 kilowatt-hours. The federal tax credits were extended and modified by

1926-437: A sharp decline in net profit over three consecutive years. In 2019, the company's net profit dropped to only CN¥1.6 billion. During this period, Wang Chuanfu, stated that the company's primary goal was merely "to survive". BYD experienced a substantial surge in vehicle sales from 2020 to 2023. The company sold 3,024,417 vehicles globally in 2023, a seven-fold increase compared to the 2020 figure of 427,302 vehicles. The increase

2033-554: A standard outlet and recharged to 95% range in about 4 hours. After selling about 500 vehicles, primarily in France, Norway and the UK, the Elect'road was redesigned in 2007. With the availability of hybrid vehicles and the rising gas prices in the United States starting around 2002, interest in plug-in hybrids increased. Some plug-in hybrids were conversions of existing hybrids; for example,

2140-444: A year-over-year increase of 334 percent. As of 2023, BYD Auto vehicles are sold in over 70 countries. BYD aimed to sell 500,000 vehicles overseas in 2024, more than double the 2023 total, and one million units in 2025. According to Stella Li, the executive vice president of BYD, the company is aiming to deliver 50% of its production output outside its home market. However, an auto analyst from Bloomberg Intelligence China believes that

2247-501: Is a plug-in dual hybrid . The Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206) and the Mercedes C254/X254 also have an electrically assisted turbocharger / MGU-H . The battery charger can be on-board or external to the vehicle. The process for an on-board charger is best explained as AC power being converted into DC power, resulting in the battery being charged. On-board chargers are limited in capacity by their weight and size, and by

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2354-478: Is an asked-for alternative to an earlier mandate to produce 25,000 pure zero-emissions vehicles , reducing that requirement to 5,000. On June 26, Volkswagen announced that they would be introducing production plug-ins based on the Golf compact. Volkswagen uses the term 'TwinDrive' to denote a PHEV. In September, Mazda was reported to be planning PHEVs. On September 23, Chrysler announced that they had prototyped

2461-428: Is automatically overridden (charge permitting) should full acceleration be required. Self Charge ; the electric motor's armature is engaged to the transmission, but is connected to the battery so that it runs as a generator and therefore recharges the battery whilst the car is in motion, although this comes at the expense of higher fuel consumption, as the combustion engine has to both power the vehicle itself and charge

2568-421: Is built with a 800 cc (49 cu in) TDI twin-cylinder, common-rail 35 kW (47 hp) turbo-diesel and a 20 kW (27 hp) electric motor. The model is unique in that it is one of the only mass produced plug-in diesel hybrid vehicles and one of the only mass produced diesel hybrid vehicles in general. PHEVs are based on the same three basic powertrain architectures of conventional hybrids;

2675-416: Is exhausted. The vehicle can revert to a charge sustaining-mode until the final destination is reached. This contrasts with a charge-depleting trip that would be driven within the limits of a PHEV's all-electric range. Most PHEV's also have two additional charge sustaining modes: Battery Hold ; the electric motor is locked out and the vehicle operates exclusively on combustion power, so that whatever charge

2782-504: Is expensive, and cells made with it can release oxygen if overcharged. If the cobalt is replaced with iron phosphates , the cells will not burn or release oxygen under any charge. At early 2007 gasoline and electricity prices, the break-even point is reached after six to ten years of operation. The payback period may be longer for plug-in hybrids, because of their larger, more expensive batteries. BYD Auto BYD Auto Co., Ltd. ( Chinese : 比亚迪汽车 ; pinyin : Bǐyàdí Qìchē )

2889-407: Is left in the battery remains for when mixed mode or full electric operation are re-engaged, whilst regenerative braking will still be available to boost the battery charge. On some PHEVs, vehicle services that use the traction battery (such as heating and air conditioning) are placed in a low power consumption mode to further conserve the remaining battery charge. The lock-out of the electric motor

2996-453: Is powered by a battery pack codenamed "Fe", which provides a claimed electric range of 400 km (249 mi). While plans to sell the vehicle to the general public in the US were shelved, the company sold the e6 in the US as a fleet vehicle in a limited number. In May 2009, Volkswagen AG considered forming a partnership with BYD in the area of hybrids and electric vehicles, having signed

3103-543: Is the main automotive subsidiary and brand of BYD Company , a publicly listed Chinese multinational manufacturing company . It manufactures passenger battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), collectively known as new energy vehicles (NEVs) in China. It also produces electric buses and trucks . The company sells its vehicles under the main BYD brand and high-end vehicles under its Denza , Yangwang and Fangchengbao brands. BYD Auto

3210-442: Is the vehicle's all-electric range. This is the only mode that a battery electric vehicle can operate in, hence their limited range. Mixed mode describes a trip using a combination of multiple modes. For example, a car may begin a trip in low speed charge-depleting mode, then enter onto a freeway and operate in blended mode. The driver might exit the freeway and drive without the internal combustion engine until all-electric range

3317-507: Is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from BMW i to the BMW core brand. The new designation will be used first on the plug-in hybrid variants of the new BMW 7 Series , the BMW 740e iPerformance , and the 3 Series , the BMW 330e iPerformance . Hyundai Motor Company made the official debut of its three model Hyundai Ioniq line-up at the 2016 Geneva Motor Show . The Ioniq family of electric drive vehicles includes

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3424-542: The American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 , but now the battery capacity must be over 5 kWh and the credit phases out after the automaker has sold at least 200,000 vehicles in the U.S. On December 15, 2008, BYD Auto began selling its F3DM in China , becoming the first production plug-in hybrid sold in the world, though initially was available only for corporate and government customers. Sales to

3531-712: The BYD Dolphin and the BYD Yuan Plus that are announced in August 2021. It also established the Ocean Series line of products, which consists of models named after marine animals . In December 2021, Daimler AG reduced its stake in its joint venture brand with BYD Auto from 50% to 10%, with BYD Auto controlling 90%. BYD refreshed Denza's line-up with the release of the Denza D9 minivan in 2022, followed by

3638-724: The BYD e6 , sold in low volumes. In 2022, BYD Auto began selling its passenger vehicles in more European countries, such as Denmark , Sweden , the Netherlands , Germany , France , and Belgium . In Germany and Sweden , the BYD models are sold in cooperation with the Hedin Group. In October 2022, BYD appointed Denzel Group as its distributor in Austria . In March 2023, BYD entered the United Kingdom market by introducing

3745-745: The Denza N7 SUV in 2023. In January 2023, BYD established its second premium brand called Yangwang by introducing the Yangwang U8 plug-in hybrid electric large SUV, and the Yangwang U9 battery electric supercar . The company further expanded its brand portfolio by introducing the Fangchengbao brand in June 2023, which focuses on off-road vehicles . In April 2023, BYD released its smallest and cheapest battery electric vehicle called

3852-646: The General Motors XP-883 plug-in hybrid. The concept commuter vehicle housed six 12-volt lead–acid batteries in the trunk area and a transverse-mounted DC electric motor turning a front-wheel drive. The car could be plugged into a standard North American 120 volt AC outlet for recharging. In 2003, Renault began selling the Elect'road , a plug-in series hybrid version of their popular Kangoo , in Europe. In addition to its engine, it could be plugged into

3959-583: The Honda Clarity Plug-In Hybrid in the United States and Canada, with an EPA rated electric-only range of 76 km (47 miles). In 2013, Volkswagen started production on the Volkswagen XL1 , a two-person limited production diesel-powered plug-in hybrid vehicle designed to be able to travel 100 km/L (280 mpg ‑imp ; 235 mpg ‑US ) on diesel, while still being both roadworthy and practical. The model

4066-556: The Ioniq Plug-in , which is expected to achieve a fuel economy of 125 mpg‑e (27 kW⋅h/100 mi; 16.8 kW⋅h/100 km) in all-electric mode. The Ioniq Plug-in is scheduled to be released in the U.S. in the fourth quarter of 2017. The second generation Prius plug-in hybrid, called Prius Prime in the U.S. and Prius PHV in Japan, was unveiled at the 2016 New York International Auto Show . Retail deliveries of

4173-615: The Seagull . It features a 4-seater, 5-door configuration in a hatchback body style, while being priced in a segment dominated by smaller 3-door cars. The car became a sales success in China. On 29 November 2023, BYD produced the 200,000th Seagull after only seven months in the market. Due to its low cost of production and its low selling price at below CN¥90,000 or US$ 12,000, the Seagull has garnered curiosity and praise from international media and industry experts. In May 2023, BYD Auto

4280-902: The Tesla Model 3 . In 2023, BYD introduced two more models (the Dolphin and the Seal) in Australia, and by the end of the year has sold 12,438 vehicles, making it the second-largest electric vehicle brand in the country. In 2024, the brand introduced two plug-in hybrid vehicles in the country, starting with the Sealion 6 in May, and the Shark 6 in October. In 2015, the BYD became the first Chinese manufacturer in Japan to market electric buses. It supplied

4387-708: The Toyota Aygo , and the BYD S8 has a similar appearance to the Mercedes-Benz SL-Class , with features an "almost identical" Mercedes-Benz CLK front-end and Renault Megane CC rear. Wang Chuanfu responded by claiming the company only uses "non- patented technologies". In 2009, the US government had been advised by its consulate general in Guangzhou, China , that BYD uses an approach of "copying and then modifying car designs." However, according to

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4494-586: The Toyota Corolla with a lower price, the F3 quickly gained popularity and became a successful model with over 63,000 units sold that year. The 100,000th F3 rolled off the assembly line on June 18, 2007, just 20 months after production began. Following this success, the larger BYD F6 sedan, which was modelled after the Honda Accord , entered production in August 2007. Initially, BYD cars are equipped with Chinese-built Mitsubishi Motors older engines, but within

4601-424: The 100,000 unit milestone in October 2015. By the end of 2015, over 517,000 highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars have been sold worldwide since December 2008 out of total global sales of more than 1.25 million light-duty plug-in electric cars. In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which will be given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim

4708-638: The 2004 Beijing Auto Show , alongside its petrol-powered concept cars, BYD unveiled the BYD Flyer EF3, an electric sedan. Based on the BYD Flyer, the Flyer EF3 was initially intended for production in 2005, with a focus on serving as a taxi in Shenzhen. However, this plan did not materialize. Two years later at the 2006 Beijing Auto Show, BYD showcased another electric car called the BYD F3e. Based on

4815-456: The 2004 CalCars conversion of a Prius to add lead acid batteries and a range of up to 15 km (9 mi) using only electric power. In 2006, both Toyota and General Motors announced plans for plug-in hybrids. GM's Saturn Vue project was cancelled, but the Toyota plug-in was certified for road use in Japan in 2007. In 2007, Quantum Technologies and Fisker Coachbuild , LLC announced

4922-996: The Atto 3. In June 2024, BYD began selling three BEV passenger car models in Poland . BYD will build its first European passenger car factory in Szeged , Hungary, which will build new energy vehicles with an annual capacity of over 100,000 vehicles. The plan was announced in December 2023. It is the first Chinese manufacturer to plan a European factory. In September 2023, the European Commission announced EU would launch an anti-subsidy investigation into Chinese electric vehicle manufacturers, including BYD. European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen claimed that Chinese electric vehicle prices are kept artificially low by significant state subsidies, that would in effect distort

5029-504: The BYD F3, the car had an all-electric range of more than 300 km (186 mi), and was planned to be produced within 3 years from 2007. In December 2010, a BYD Auto general manager confirmed that the company had cancelled plans for its production due to the lack of support in charging infrastructure. In 2006, BYD established the Electric Vehicle Research Institute, an internal entity dedicated for

5136-615: The DM version was the fastest hybrid sedan. BYD announced its entry to Europe in May 2020, starting with Norway. The first batch of 100 BYD Tang EVs equipped with the Blade battery were sent to Norway in June 2021. In April 2021, BYD introduced the e-Platform 3.0, a third-generation platform for battery electric vehicles that integrated and standardised core components along with a new body structure, new electrical architecture, and operating system . The platform began production starting with

5243-754: The ECE-R101 test. In 2011 Lotus named the concept the Lotus Ethos. It is based on the EMAS from its parent company Proton and was to be assembled in Malaysia alongside the EMAS for an estimated cost in the UK of "£30,000 plus" but never entered production . Plug-in hybrid Similar to battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrids can use centralized generators of renewable energy (e.g. solar , wind or hydroelectric ) to be largely emission-free, or

5350-684: The EU market. BYD Europe managing director, Michael Shu, argued that BYD's competitive price was achieved by higher "management efficiency" and "unique technology" instead of subsidies from the Chinese government. In June 2024, the European Commission completed its investigation, and imposed an additional 17.4% import duty on top of the existing 15% on BYD vehicles imported into the European Union , effective 4 July 2024. BYD vehicles generate significantly higher profitability in Europe than in China, driven by their higher pricing in

5457-675: The European market. Research by the Rhodium Group shows that BYD sells their vehicles in Europe with a 92–112% markup compared to its price in China. As the result, BYD makes approximately €14,300 in profit on each Seal U EV model sold in the EU, which is an 11-fold increase compared to the €1,300 profit on the same model sold in China. Reuters noted that the BYD Atto 3 is priced at US$ 19,283 in China and US$ 42,789 in Germany. Despite

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5564-422: The Prime runs entirely on electricity in EV mode. Global sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV passed the 100,000 unit milestone in March 2016. BYD Qin sales in China reached the 50,000 unit milestone in April 2016, becoming the fourth plug-in hybrid to pass that mark. In June 2016, Nissan announced it will introduce a compact range extender car in Japan before March 2017. The series plug-in hybrid will use

5671-447: The Prius Prime began in the U.S. in November 2016, and is scheduled to be released Japan by the end of 2016. The Prime has an EPA-rated all-electric range of 25 mi (40 km), over twice the range of the first generation model, and an EPA rated fuel economy of 133 mpg‑e (25.3 kW⋅h/100 mi) in all-electric mode (EV mode), the highest MPGe rating in EV mode of any vehicle rated by EPA. Unlike its predecessor,

5778-411: The R&D and trial production of parts for new energy vehicles and the whole vehicle, including battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles. In 2008, Wang Chuanfu set a goal for the company to become the leader in the Chinese automotive market by 2015, and to become the largest car manufacturer globally by 2025. Wang stated that electric vehicles would serve as BYD's "stepping stone" to skip

5885-439: The U.S. and Canada in October 2015. In March 2015 Audi said they planned on making a plug-in hybrid version of every model series, and that they expect plug-in hybrids, together with natural gas vehicles and battery-electric drive systems, to have a key contribution in achieving the company's CO 2 targets. The Audi Q7 e-tron will follow the A3 e-tron already in the market. Also in March 2015, Mercedes-Benz announced that

5992-501: The U.S. in 2014. The first units of the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron and Volkswagen Golf GTE were registered in Germany in August 2014. In December 2014 BMW announced the group is planning to offer plug-in hybrid versions of all its core-brand models using eDrive technology developed for its BMW i brand plug-in vehicles ( BMW i3 and BMW i8). The goal of the company is to use plug-in technology to continue offering high performance vehicles while reducing CO 2 emissions below 100g/km. At

6099-449: The UK and Thailand. These include newer models with BYD's third-generation platform (e-Platform 3.0) such as the Atto 3 (the export version of the Yuan Plus ), Dolphin and Seal . For the Dolphin, the company had also done an extensive reengineering to ensure the small car would achieve the highest ratings in Euro NCAP and Australasian NCAP testing. Throughout 2023, the company exported over 242,766 passenger new energy vehicles,

6206-415: The added flexibility of reverting to the use of its gasoline / diesel engine , akin to a conventional HEV if the battery charge is depleted. This feature helps alleviate range anxiety , particularly in areas lacking sufficient charging infrastructure . Mass-produced PHEVs have been available to the public in China and the United States since 2010, with the introduction of the Chevrolet Volt , which

6313-427: The automobile industry. Design issues and trade-offs against battery life, capacity, heat dissipation, weight, costs, and safety need to be solved. Advanced battery technology is under development, promising greater energy densities by both mass and volume, and battery life expectancy is expected to increase. The cathodes of some early 2007 lithium-ion batteries are made from lithium-cobalt metal oxide. This material

6420-490: The battery. This is useful for 'charging on the move' when there are limited places to plug the vehicle in. The optimum battery size varies depending on whether the aim is to reduce fuel consumption, running costs, or emissions, but a 2009 study concluded that "The best choice of PHEV battery capacity depends critically on the distance that the vehicle will be driven between charges. Our results suggest that for urban driving conditions and frequent charges every 10 miles or less,

6527-560: The best-selling plug-in electric vehicle of early 2014. In November 2016, the company hired Wolfgang Egger as BYD Auto's head of design. Egger, who built his career at Alfa Romeo , Audi , and SEAT , created his first design for BYD, the Dynasty concept, a concept electric SUV that was displayed at the 2017 Shanghai Auto Show and previewed the design of the second-generation BYD Tang . Before 2020, BYD heavily relied on government subsidies to generate profit from its plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles. For example, in 2016,

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6634-457: The car to run more than 500 km (310 miles). The concept car is designed for flex-fuel operation on ethanol , or methanol as well as regular petrol . The Ethos concept is an urban electric car with a 14.8  kWh lithium battery pack that delivers a range of up to 37 miles (60 km) in electric-only mode . The internal combustion engine is a flex-fuel-capable 47  hp , 1.2-litre three-cylinder petrol engine that acts as

6741-566: The car, and are designed to handle any practical power capability, they can be used to create a very powerful form of on-board charger with no significant additional weight or size. AC Propulsion uses this charging method, referred to as "reductive charging". A plug-in hybrid operates in charge-depleting and charge-sustaining modes. Combinations of these two modes are termed blended mode or mixed-mode. These vehicles can be designed to drive for an extended range in all-electric mode , either at low speeds only or at all speeds. These modes manage

6848-431: The company received approximately US$ 1 billion in new energy vehicle subsidies , surpassing its net profit for that year, which was CN¥5.1 billion (US$ 750 million). These subsidies accounted for over 20% of BYD's US$ 5 billion in revenue from new energy vehicle sales that year. However, between 2017 and 2019, BYD faced challenges due to a reduction in government subsidies. This led to a significant slowdown in sales and

6955-508: The company's earnings. By 2008, BYD Auto owned two vehicle assembly manufacturing plants in Xi'an and in Shenzhen with a production capacity of 300,000 units per year, an R&D and testing center in Shanghai , and a moulding plant in Beijing . After years of sales growth, widespread withdrawal of BYD dealerships were reported in large Chinese cities during 2010 due to excessively rapid expansion, limited model range, and internal competition that presented difficulties for dealers. It

7062-476: The company's main emphasis regarding alternative drives in the next years will be on plug-in hybrids. The carmaker plans to introduce 10 new plug-in hybrid models by 2017, and its next release was the Mercedes-Benz C 350 e , Mercedes' second plug-in hybrid after the S 500 Plug-In Hybrid . Other plug-in hybrid released in 2015 are the BYD Tang , Volkswagen Passat GTE , Volvo XC90 T8 , and the Hyundai Sonata PHEV . Global combined Volt/Ampera family sales passed

7169-437: The consul, BYD had modified the vehicles designs significantly enough to convince Chinese courts that the company has not infringed on patents. In 2005, BYD Auto contributed 10% to BYD Company's revenue. As its automotive business grew, by 2006, BYD Auto's contribution increased to 25%. In the first half of 2009, BYD Auto accounted for 55% of its parent company total revenue, marking the first time it contributed more than half of

7276-399: The development of internal combustion engine vehicles and facilitate the company's entry into international markets, including Europe and North America. In March 2008, the plug-in hybrid electric version of the BYD F3, the F3DM , was introduced as the world's first production model plug-in hybrid car at the Geneva Motor Show in Switzerland. Initially, the F3DM was offered in China as

7383-423: The first SUV plug-in hybrid in the market. Deliveries of the Ford Fusion Energi began in February 2013. BYD Auto stopped production of its BYD F3DM due to low sales, and its successor, the BYD Qin , began sales in Costa Rica in November 2013, with sales in other countries in Latin America scheduled to begin in 2014. Qin deliveries began in China in mid December 2013. Deliveries to retail customers of

7490-508: The first flexible-fuel plug-in hybrid SUV , which was delivered in June 2008. This demonstration fleet of plug-ins has been in field testing with utility company fleets in the U.S. and Canada, and during the first two years since the program began, the fleet has logged more than 75,000 miles. In August 2009 Ford delivered the first Escape Plug-in equipped with intelligent vehicle-to-grid (V2G) communications and control system technology, and Ford plans to equip all 21 plug-in hybrid Escapes with

7597-433: The first right-hand drive Atto 3 in August 2022. Its entry into the Australian market was delayed by a month to November 2022 due to compliance issues with the Atto 3, due to the top tether child restraint anchor point in the center rear seating position not being in compliance with the Australian Design Rules . Despite the delay, the Atto 3 became the second-best-selling electric vehicle in Australia in 2022, behind only

7704-443: The first carmaker in China to build one million new energy vehicles in a single year. On November 24, 2023, BYD became the first company in the world to produce its 6 millionth new energy vehicle. By 2023, BYD continued to be the world's largest plug-in hybrid electric vehicle manufacturer and the second-largest battery electric vehicle manufacturer (after Tesla), with global market shares of 21.4% and 15%, respectively. BYD also held

7811-649: The general public began in Shenzhen in March 2010, but because the F3DM nearly doubles the price of cars that run on conventional fuel, BYD expects subsidies from the local government to make the plug-in affordable to personal buyers. Toyota tested 600 pre-production Prius Plug-ins in Europe and North America in 2009 and 2010. Volvo Cars built two demonstration versions of Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrids in 2009 but did not proceed with production. The V60 plug-in hybrid

7918-435: The global stock of PHEVs totalled 2.4 million units, representing one-third of the stock of plug-in electric passenger cars on the world's roads. As of December 2019 , China had the world's largest stock of PHEVs with 767,900 units, followed by the United States with 567,740, and the United Kingdom with 159,910. A plug-in hybrid's all-electric range is designated by PHEV- [miles] or PHEV [kilometers] km in which

8025-474: The group, ensuring control and flexibility in both cost and volume. The group also operates lithium mines , lithium processing, battery production, and an in-house computer chip manufacturing unit. As of 2024 , BYD Company's battery subsidiary FinDreams Battery is the world's second largest producer of electric vehicle batteries below CATL . It specialises in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries , including BYD's proprietary Blade battery . BYD Company

8132-423: The higher price in Germany, it remains competitive with similar electric vehicles there. The price difference can be attributed to the more competitive market conditions in China, while in Europe, BYD is able to position its vehicles at a higher price point. This indicates that despite the tariffs imposed by the EU, BYD is likely able to continue create profit in Europe. BYD announced plans to invest $ 1 billion in

8239-485: The increasing market share of new energy vehicles in China. Since 2021, the company has expanded sales of electric passenger cars into overseas markets, mainly to Europe, Southeast Asia, Oceania and Latin America. In March 2022, BYD ended production of purely internal combustion engined cars to focus on new energy vehicles. In the fourth quarter of 2023, BYD was the top-selling battery electric vehicle manufacturer in

8346-564: The launch of a joint venture in Fisker Automotive . Fisker intended to build a US$ 80,000 luxury PHEV-50, the Fisker Karma , initially scheduled for late 2009. In 2007, Aptera Motors announced their Typ-1 two seater. That company folded in December 2011. In 2007, Chinese car manufacturer BYD Auto, owned by China's largest mobile phone battery maker, announced it would be introducing a production PHEV-60 sedan in China in

8453-486: The limited capacity of general-purpose AC outlets. Dedicated off-board chargers can be as large and powerful as the user can afford, but require returning to the charger; high-speed chargers may be shared by multiple vehicles. Using the electric motor's inverter allows the motor windings to act as the transformer coils, and the existing high-power inverter as the AC-to-DC charger. As these components are already required on

8560-606: The limited edition McLaren P1 supercar began in the UK in October 2013, and the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid began deliveries in the U.S. in November 2013. The first retail deliveries of the Cadillac ELR took place in the U.S. in December 2013. The BMW i8 and the limited edition Volkswagen XL1 were released to retail customers in Germany in June 2014. The Porsche 918 Spyder was also released in Europe and

8667-516: The logo used by its parent company upon the introduction of the BYD F1 (renamed to F0 later). On 1 January 2021, BYD Auto adopted a new brand logo, while other BYD businesses retained the older logo. On 17 February 2022, the logo of BYD Auto was slightly revised with a narrower width to follow graphic design trends, coinciding with the introduction of the new BYD Company logo. As the name "BYD" had no particular meaning, BYD Auto started adopting

8774-433: The new energy vehicle insurance market. While celebrating BYD's 5,000,000th new energy vehicle production in August 2023, Wang Chuanfu called on local Chinese car manufacturers to "unite" to take on foreign manufacturers, responding to the severe price war in the Chinese market throughout 2023. Wang claims that it is "an emotional need for the 1.4 billion Chinese people to see a Chinese brand becoming global," and initiated

8881-787: The number represents the distance the vehicle can travel on battery power alone. For example, a PHEV-20 can travel 32 km (20 miles) without using its combustion engine, so it may also be designated as a PHEV32km. For these cars to be battery operated, they go through charging processes that use different currents. These currents are known as Alternating Current (AC) used for on board chargers and Direct Current (DC) used for external charging. Other popular terms sometimes used for plug-in hybrids are "grid-connected hybrids", "Gas-Optional Hybrid Electric Vehicle" (GO-HEV) or simply "gas-optional hybrids". GM calls its Chevrolet Volt series plug-in hybrid an "Extended-Range Electric Vehicle". The Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid , produced as early as 1899,

8988-441: The on-board generator. Additionally, PHEVs can support longer and more frequent all-electric range driving, and their electric motors often have higher power output and torque , are more responsive in acceleration, and overall have lower operating costs . Although a PHEV's battery pack is smaller than that of all-electric vehicles of the same weight, as it must accommodate its combustion engine and hybrid drivetrain , it provides

9095-623: The range to more than 500 kilometres (310 mi). GM officially launched the Chevrolet Volt in the U.S. on November 30, 2010, and retail deliveries began in December 2010. Its sibling the Opel/Vauxhall Ampera was launched in Europe between late 2011 and early 2012. The first deliveries of the Fisker Karma took place in July 2011, and deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011. The Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid

9202-689: The second half of 2008. BYD exhibited it in January 2008 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Based on BYD's midsize F6 sedan, it uses lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 )-based batteries instead of lithium-ion, and can be recharged to 70% of capacity in 10 minutes. In 2007 Ford delivered the first Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid of a fleet of 20 demonstration PHEVs to Southern California Edison . As part of this demonstration program Ford also developed

9309-406: The ship was built by Yantai CIMC Raffles Shipyard for the international ship management company Zodiac Maritime , and was leased to BYD as the first of its "sea shipping fleet", with a loading capacity of 7,000 vehicles. On 18 November 2024, BYD held an event in Shenzhen to celebrate its 30th anniversary and the production milestone of its 10,000,000th new energy vehicle. The milestone vehicle,

9416-423: The slogan "Build Your Dreams" since it participated in the 2008 North American International Auto Show in the US. In 2017, when the company released the second-generation BYD Tang , BYD Auto started placing "Build Your Dreams" badging at the rear of its vehicles, replacing the standard oval BYD logo. The badging was retained until late 2023, when the company announced that the badging would be dropped in favour of

9523-474: The target is unlikely to be achieved until 2030 or later. In May 2020, BYD Auto announced that it would offer passenger vehicles in Europe, starting with Norway . The company chose Norway due to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles in the country. The first product offered there is the BYD Tang . Previous BYD vehicles offered in Europe are mainly commercial vehicles and fleet-oriented vehicles such as

9630-405: The three-letter BYD logo due to widespread criticisms. In December 2016, BYD signed American actor Leonardo DiCaprio as the brand's global brand ambassador for new energy vehicles. In January 2024, BYD signed a deal with UEFA to be the official partner of UEFA European Football Championship 2024 , replacing Volkswagen as the competition's mobility partner. In October 2024, BYD announced

9737-401: The time of the announcement the carmaker was already testing a BMW 3 Series plug-in hybrid prototype. The first model available for retail sales will be the 2016 BMW X5 eDrive , with the production version unveiled at the 2015 Shanghai Motor Show . The second generation Chevrolet Volt was unveiled at the January 2015 North American International Auto Show , and retail deliveries began in

9844-467: The vehicle's battery discharge strategy, and their use has a direct effect on the size and type of battery required: Charge-depleting mode allows a fully charged PHEV to operate exclusively (or depending on the vehicle, almost exclusively, except during hard acceleration) on electric power until its battery state of charge is depleted to a predetermined level, at which time the vehicle's internal combustion engine or fuel cell will be engaged . This period

9951-637: The vehicle-to-grid communications technology. Sales of the Escape PHEV were scheduled for 2012. On January 14, 2008, Toyota announced they would start sales of lithium-ion battery PHEVs by 2010, but later in the year Toyota indicated they would be offered to commercial fleets in 2009. On March 27, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) modified their regulations, requiring automobile manufacturers to produce 58,000 plug-in hybrids during 2012 through 2014. This requirement

10058-646: The world ahead of Tesla . BYD was also the best-selling car brand in China in 2023, overtaking Volkswagen , which had held the title since the liberalisation of the Chinese automotive industry . BYD is also the third most valuable car manufacturer in the world, based on market capitalization. The company is characterised by its extensive vertical integration , leveraging BYD group's expertise in producing batteries and other related components such as electric motors and electronic controls . Most components used in BYD vehicles are claimed to be produced in-house within

10165-506: Was approved to acquire a 100% stake in Yi'an P&C Insurance Co., Ltd., renamed it, and transformed it into its own insurance company for BYD vehicles. In June 2024, BYD Property & Casualty Insurance opened for registrations, and announced the expansion of its car insurance services in 7 major provinces in China. The company has regulatory approval to adjust premium rates independently, addressing high premiums and profitability challenges in

10272-563: Was difficult to obtain at that time. At the time of the acquisition, Qinchuan was producing a small car called the QCJ7181 Flyer, which BYD renamed to BYD Flyer from 2005. Limited capacity at the former Qinchuan manufacturing plant in Xi'an, Shaanxi prompted BYD to construct a new manufacturing plant in the Xi'an Development Zone within the city. The first car developed by BYD, codenamed 316,

10379-540: Was established in January 2003 by Wang Chuanfu , the founder of BYD Company, following the acquisition of Xi'an Qinchuan Automobile. The first car designed by BYD, the BYD F3 , began production in 2005. In 2008, BYD launched its first plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, the BYD F3DM , followed by the BYD e6 , its first battery electric vehicle, in 2009. BYD Auto has experienced substantial sales growth since 2020, driven by

10486-556: Was exacerbated by BYD's focus on production capacity over quality. BYD responded by adjusting its annual production target from 800,000 to 600,000 vehicles, but fell short, reaching only 517,000 vehicles that year. In the subsequent three years, BYD shifted its attention to resolving concerns related to quality, dealership channels, and brand promotion. BYD began exploring hybrid and electric vehicles as early as 1997, before acquiring Xi'an Qinchuan Automobile. In that year, Wang Chuanfu, as part of his research into electric vehicles, purchased

10593-532: Was founded in 1995 as a battery manufacturer. In January 2003, BYD Company founder Wang Chuanfu founded BYD Auto after acquiring and renaming a dwindling small automotive manufacturing company, Xi'an Qinchuan Automobile, from a state-owned defense company Norinco . The company was acquired for HK$ 269 million in exchange for a 77% stake, shortly after BYD raised HK$ 1.6 billion on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in July 2002. The acquisition

10700-638: Was later restructured in 2021, when BYD took control of the brand by taking a 90% stake in the venture. Mercedes-Benz withdrew entirely from the joint venture in September 2024. In August 2013, BYD launched the Dynasty Series product line with the introduction of the BYD Qin , a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle variant of the petrol-engine BYD Surui . The Qin was designed to replace the BYD F3DM , an earlier plug-in hybrid model. The Qin quickly became

10807-404: Was met with disapproval from shareholders, as the plan was not disclosed in the prospectus . Wang Chuanfu acquired Qinchuan with the intention of developing battery-powered electric vehicles, leveraging BYD's expertise in battery manufacturing. As Qinchuan had been manufacturing cars since 1987, the purchase gave BYD access to car manufacturing technology and an automobile production license that

10914-475: Was partly attributed to the increasing popularity of new energy vehicles in China, which accounted for 27.5% of vehicle sales in China in 2022, up from 5.8% in 2020. In the first half of 2022, BYD surpassed Tesla as the world's largest plug-in electric vehicle manufacturer by selling 641,000 vehicles. BYD ended the production of pure internal combustion engine vehicles in March 2022, redirecting its focus towards new energy vehicles. In September 2022, BYD became

11021-433: Was rejected by dealers due to its poor styling and was scrapped before reaching the market, writing off CN¥ 100 million of research and development (R&D) expenses as a result. Wang Chuanfu personally smashed the prototype to destroy it. The company instead developed the BYD F3 sedan, which entered production on April 16, 2005 with an affordable price tag of CN¥73,000 (approximately US$ 10,000). Bearing resemblance to

11128-462: Was released in 2011 and was available for sale. In October 2010 Lotus Engineering unveiled the Lotus CityCar , a plug-in series hybrid concept car designed for flex-fuel operation on ethanol , or methanol as well as regular gasoline. The lithium battery pack provides an all-electric range of 60 kilometres (37 mi), and the 1.2-liter flex-fuel engine kicks in to allow to extend

11235-704: Was released in Japan in January 2012, followed by the United States in February 2012. Deliveries of the Prius PHV in Europe began in late June 2012. The Ford C-Max Energi was released in the U.S. in October 2012, the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid in Sweden by late 2012. The Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid was released in selected U.S. markets in January 2013, and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV in Japan in January 2013, becoming

11342-536: Was the best selling PHEV until it was surpassed by the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV at the Volt's end of production in 2019. By 2021, BYD Auto emerged as the largest plug-in hybrid vehicle manufacturer in the world. As of May 2024 , BYD plug-in hybrid cumulative sales surpassed 3.6 million units. The BYD Song DM line of SUVs contributed over 1.05 million units. As of December 2019 ,

11449-458: Was the first hybrid electric car. Early hybrids could be charged from an external source before operation. The term "plug-in hybrid" has come to mean a hybrid vehicle that can be charged from a standard electrical wall socket. The term "plug-in hybrid electric vehicle" was coined by UC Davis Professor Andrew Frank , who has been called the "father of the modern plug-in hybrid". The July 1969 issue of Popular Science featured an article on

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