Misplaced Pages

#520479

56-545: The Lower Galilee consists of three different regions which differ in their geological structure: The central Lower Galilee consists of low mountain ranges which extend from east to west with several valleys in between; south of the Beit Kerem (Šagor) Valley is the Shagor mountain range, then Sakhnin valley, Yodfat range, Beit Netofa Valley , Tur'an valley and range, Nazareth range, and Ksulot ( Joshua 19:18 ) valley. In

112-492: A centre for production of indigo dye . Sakhnin is situated on an ancient site, where remains from columns and cisterns have been found. It was mentioned as Sogane, a town fortified in 66, by Josephus . A cistern , excavated near the mosque in the old city centre, revealed pottery fragments dating from the 1st to the 5th century CE. Haninah ben Teradion , who was arrested by the Roman authorities for heresy ( minut ),

168-420: A chapel and a barque sanctuary constructed by Thutmose II there. Finally, Zygmunt Wysocki has proposed that the funerary temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari was originally begun as Thutmose II's own mortuary temple. Thutmose III here later replaced depictions of Hatshepsut with those by Thutmose II in those parts of the temple that are proposed to have been executed by the latter king before Hatshepsut took over

224-507: A chest." His tomb is not known for certain. It is speculated that it may have originally been KV42 . Another option is tomb C4 at the opposite end of the Theban mountain to the Valley of the kings. The much destroyed tomb dates to the early 18th Dynasty and shows many features typical for a king's burial, such as a blue-painted ceiling with yellow stars, the remains of an Amduat depicted on

280-705: A game with the Spanish team Deportivo de La Coruña . Sakhnin is home to two shrines: A-Sheikh Siddiq ( Arabic: النبي الصادق ) is a shrine located in Sakhnin's historical core, close to the Christian cemetery. It features a Roman-period sarcophagus. The Arabs of Galilee, and the Bedouin of Arab el-Na'im in particular, used to conduct pilgrimages to the shrine in order to make vows and seek for health for themselves and their progeny. The residents of Sakhnin used to beg

336-602: A label that indicated it had been re-wrapped in the Twenty-first Dynasty . It can be viewed today in the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Cairo . The mummy was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero on July 1, 1886. There is a strong familial resemblance to the mummy of Thutmose I, his likely father, as the mummy's face and shape of the head are very similar. The body of Thutmose II suffered greatly at

392-542: A large pool about half a mile to the south-east. The inhabitants are Moslems and Christians". A population list from about 1887 showed that Sakhnin had about 1,915 inhabitants; 1,640 Muslims, 150 Catholic Christians and 125 Greek Christians. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Sakhnin had a population of 1,575; 1,367 Muslims and 208 Christians; 87 Orthodox and 121 Greek Catholic ( Melchite ). The population increased in

448-408: A longer reign of 13 years in order to reach adulthood and start a family. The German Egyptologist, J. Von Beckerath , uses this line of argument to support the case of a 13-year reign for Thutmose II. Alan Gardiner noted that at one point a monument had been identified by Georges Daressy in 1900, dated to Thutmose's 18th year, although its precise location has not been identified. This inscription

504-523: A much debated subject among Egyptologists with little consensus given the small number of surviving documents for his reign. Thutmose's reign is still traditionally given as 13 or 14 years. Although Ineni's autobiography can be interpreted to say that Thutmose reigned only a short time, it also calls Thutmose II a "hawk in the nest", indicating that he was perhaps a child when he assumed the throne. Since he lived long enough to father two children— Neferure and Thutmose III —this suggests that he may have had

560-689: A new home with the 2005 opening of Doha Stadium , funded by the Israeli government and the Qatar National Olympic Committee , whose capital it is named after. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000. Sakhnin is also the hometown of Abbas Suan , an Israeli international footballer who previously played for Bnei Sakhnin. The town and their soccer team are the subject of the 2010 documentary film After The Cup : Sons of Sakhnin United On 19 September 2008, Bnei Sakhnin played

616-481: A revolt. Plundering took place behind the fortification lines built by Thutmose I to hold back revolts from the foreign lands of the tribesmen of Ta-Seti of Khent-hen-nefer. The chief (wr) to the north of Kush had started hostilities, togheter with two tribesmen of Ta-Seti who were the sons of the chief (wr) of Kush. The foreign lands were divided into five parts. In the Sinai , Thutmose II seems to have fought against

SECTION 10

#1732764923521

672-506: A short reign of three years, based on his highest attested date is Year 1, II Akhet day 8 stele. There are only a small number of surviving documents, and a minimal amount of scarabs attested to this king. It is still possible to estimate when Thutmose II's reign would have begun by means of a heliacal rise of Sothis in Amenhotep I 's reign, which would give him a reign from 1493 to 1479 BC, although uncertainty about how to interpret

728-421: A total of 241 seals for Thutmose I, 463 seals for Hatshepsut and only 65 seals for Thutmose II. Hence, unless there was an abnormally low number of scarabs produced under Thutmose II, this would indicate that the king's reign was rather short-lived. On this basis, Gabolde estimated Thutmose I and II's reigns to be approximately 11 and 3 full years, respectively. Consequently, the reign length of Thutmose II has been

784-533: A treasure chest and a wooden box dated 3,500 years back in the Egyptian site of Deir el-Bahari in March 2020. The stone chest consisted of several items and all of them covered with linen canvas. Three bundles of flax were found during the excavation. A goose skeleton was found inside one of them, sacrificed for religious purposes. The second one included goose eggs. It is believed that what the third bundle contained

840-410: Is believed to have lasted for 21 years and 9 months. Gabolde highlighted, in his analysis, the consistently small number of surviving scarabs known for Thutmose II compared to Thutmose I and Hatshepsut respectively; for instance, Flinders Petrie 's older study of scarab seals noted 86 seals for Thutmose I, 19 seals for Thutmose II and 149 seals for Hatshepsut while more recent studies by Jaeger estimate

896-528: Is born". Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and his minor wife, Mutnofret , who was a daughter of Ahmose I . He was, therefore, a lesser son of Thutmose I and chose to marry his fully royal half-sister, Hatshepsut , in order to secure his kingship. While he successfully put down rebellions in Nubia and the Levant and defeated a group of nomadic Bedouins , these campaigns were specifically carried out by

952-401: Is confirmed by the fact that "the queen's agents actually replaced the king's name in a few places with her own cartouches" on the gateway. The Epitome by Manetho , refers to Thutmose II as " Chebron " and credits this ruler with a reign of 13 years. The Greek name may reflect a version of the prenomen, Aakheperenre. Egyptologists debate if Thutmose II had a short or long reign. Some suggest

1008-513: Is now usually attributed to Hatshepsut, who certainly did have an 18th year. Von Beckerath observes that a Year 18 date appears in a fragmentary inscription of an Egyptian official and notes that the date likely refers to Hatshepsut's prenomen Maatkare, which had been altered from Aakheperenre Thutmose II, with the reference to the deceased Thutmose II being removed. There is also the curious fact that Hatshepsut celebrated her Sed Jubilee in her Year 16, which von Beckerath believes occurred 30 years after

1064-608: Is overshadowed by his father Thutmose I , half-sister and wife Hatshepsut , and son Thutmose III . He died around the age of 30 and his body was found in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut . The name Thutmose II is read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis II , Thothmes in older history works in Latinized Greek, and derives from Ancient Egyptian : / ḏḥwty.ms / Djehutymes , meaning " Thoth

1120-494: Is poorly attested in the monumental record and in the contemporary tomb autobiographies of New Kingdom officials. A clear count of monuments from his rule, which is the principal tool for estimating a king's reign when dated documents are not available, is nearly impossible because Hatshepsut usurped most of his monuments, and Thutmose III in turn reinscribed Thutmose II's name indiscriminately over other monuments. However, apart from several surviving blocks of buildings erected by

1176-509: Is said to have run a Torah academy there. It may be the village Kfar Sikhnin referred to in rabbinical accounts of the aftermath of the trial of Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus for heresy. In 1961 Bellarmino Bagatti , during a visit to the village, was shown a tomb venerated by Christians, Jews and Muslims, which local tradition identified as that of James the Just . On returning to the village, he discovered that restoration had been undertaken and

SECTION 20

#1732764923521

1232-734: Is the highest dated attestation of the king. It records a rebellion in Upper Nubia. At Karnak, Thutmose II started the construction of a limestone gateway in the forecort in front of the Forth Pylon at the Temple. The monument was not completed until Thutmose III. Under Amenhotep III, the gateway was dismantled and its building blocks became part of the foundation of the Third Pylon. Archaeologists from Warsaw University ’s Institute of Archaeology led by Andrzej Niwiński have discovered

1288-509: The nahiya (subdistrict) of Akka (Acre), part of Safad Sanjak . It had a population of 66 households and 8 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 20% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olives, cotton, in addition to a water mill; a total of 12,138 akçe . In 1838, Sakhnin was noted as a Muslim and Christian village in the Shaghur district, located between Safad , Acre and Tiberias . In 1859

1344-411: The 1931 census to a total of 1,891; 1,688 Muslims, 202 Christians, and 1 Jew, in a total of 400 houses. In the 1945 statistics , Sakhnin had 2,600 inhabitants; 2310 Muslims and 290 Christians. The total jurisdiction of the village was 70,192 dunams of land. 3,622 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 29,366 dunams for cereals, while 169 dunams were built-up (urban) land. During

1400-412: The 1948 Arab-Israeli war , Sakhnin surrendered to Israeli forces on July 18, 1948, during Operation Dekel , but was re-captured by Arab forces shortly afterwards. It finally fell without battle during Operation Hiram , 29–31 October 1948. Many of the inhabitants fled north but some stayed and were not expelled by the Israeli soldiers. The town remained under martial law until 1966. In 1976, it became

1456-741: The Sea of Galilee to all villages in the Lower Galilee. In the Iron Age II, Lower Galilee was part of the Kingdom of Israel , which fell to the Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BCE. The Assyrians expelled the local Israelite population, leading to the region's depopulation. Archaeological evidence shows that the number of settlements in Lower Galilee plummeted from 60 before 733/732 BCE to zero, remaining uninhabited for centuries. It

1512-561: The Sea of Galilee to the village which as a result extended its amount of agricultural lands, which were based mainly on the new water sources, despite the relatively high cost of water at that time. During the first decade of the State of Israel the villages of the Lower Galilee were involved in a constant struggle with the government demanding that the government would solve their water problems. After several local Well drilling attempts made during those years failed water pipelines were laid from

1568-594: The Shasu Bedouin in a campaign mentioned by Ahmose Pen-Nekhbet . This campaign has been called a minor raid by some scholars. There is a fragment recorded by Kurt Sethe that records a campaign in Upper Retenu , or Syria , which appears to have reached as far as a place called Niy where Thutmose I hunted elephants after returning from crossing the Euphrates . This quite possibly indicates that

1624-651: The Upper Galilee , it is greener , more peaceful and quiet. The Lower Galilee is more accessible to the majority of Israelis (less than a 2-hour drive from the Tel Aviv area ). Much of the produce farms of Israel originates in the Lower Galilee, especially in the Jezreel Valley and the Beit She'an Valley . The soil of the Lower Galilee mainly consists of the following: Until 1932 the settlements in

1680-701: The Arabic toponym is an orthographic error, writing Sakhnas instead of Sakhnin. In 2003, the town's football club, Bnei Sakhnin , became one of the first Arab teams to play in the Israeli Premier League , the top tier of Israeli football . The following year, the club won the State Cup , and was the first Arab team to do so; consequently, it participated in the UEFA Cup the following season, losing out to Newcastle United . The team received

1736-522: The British Consul Rogers estimated the population to be 1,100, and the cultivated area 100 feddans , while in 1875 Victor Guérin found 700 inhabitants, both Muslims and Greek Orthodox Christians. In 1881, the PEF 's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Sakhnin as follows: "A large village of stone and mud , amid fine olive-groves, with a small mosque. The water supply is from

Lower Galilee - Misplaced Pages Continue

1792-516: The death of Thutmose I, her father, who was the main source of her claim to power. This would create a gap of 13 to 14 years where Thutmose II's reign would fit in between Hatshepsut and Thutmose I's rule. Von Beckerath additionally stresses that Egyptologists have no conclusive criteria to statistically evaluate the reign length of Thutmose II based on the number of preserved objects from his reign. Catherine Roerig has proposed that tomb KV20 , generally believed to have been commissioned by Hatshepsut,

1848-453: The eastern Lower Galilee were based solely on spring water which existed in proximity to the villages which were only enough for home use and therefore it was not possible to have irrigated agriculture in the Lower Galilee at the time. In 1932 the first Well drilling was done in the Yavne'el Valley which supplied irrigation water to Yavne'el . In 1942 a water pipeline was constructed from

1904-491: The following quote by Gaston Maspero attests: He had scarcely reached the age of thirty when he fell a victim to a disease of which the process of embalming could not remove the traces. The skin is scabrous in patches, and covered with scars, while the upper part of the skull is bald; the body is thin and somewhat shrunken, and appears to have lacked vigour and muscular power. James Harris and Fawzia Hussien (1991) conducted an X-ray survey on New Kingdom royal mummies and examined

1960-513: The foundation of the Third Pylon by Amenhotep III . In 1987, Luc Gabolde published an important study that statistically compared the number of surviving scarabs found under Thutmose I, Thutmose II and Hatshepsut. While monuments can be usurped, scarabs are so small and comparatively insignificant that altering their names would be impractical and without profit; hence, they provide a far better insight into this period. Hatshepsut's reign

2016-456: The hands of ancient tomb robbers, with his left arm broken off at the shoulder-joint, the forearm separated at the elbow joint, and his right arm chopped off below the elbow. His anterior abdominal wall and much of his chest had been hacked at, possibly by an axe. In addition, his right leg had been severed from his body. All of these injuries were sustained post-mortem, though the body also showed signs that Thutmose II did not have an easy life, as

2072-552: The king at Semna , Kumma , and Elephantine , Thutmose II's only major monument consists of a limestone gateway at Karnak that once lay at the front of the Fourth Pylon's forecourt. Even this monument was not completed in Thutmose II's reign but in the reign of his son Thutmose III, which hints at "the nearly ephemeral nature of Thutmose II's reign". The gateway was later dismantled and its building blocks incorporated into

2128-412: The king's Generals, and not by Thutmose II himself. This is often interpreted as evidence that Thutmose II was still a minor at his accession. Thutmose II fathered Neferure with Hatshepsut, as well as a male heir, the famous Thutmose III , by a lesser wife named Iset before his death. Some archaeologists believe that Hatshepsut was the real power behind the throne during Thutmose II's rule because of

2184-471: The mummified remains of Thutmose II. The results of the study determined that the mummy of Thutmose II had a craniofacial trait measurement that is common among Nubian populations. His mummy has the inventory number CG 61066. In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed

2240-463: The raid against the Shasu was only fought en route to Syria . There are relatively few monuments which refers to Thutmose II. One reason is that his wife and successor Hatsheput placed her name on monuments begun by Thutmose II. Another problem is that Thutmose III later reassigned monuments to Thutmose II. At Aswan , the "Aswan Stela" is dated to Year 1, II Akhet 8 of Thutmose II . The monument

2296-409: The rise also permits a date from 1513 to 1499 BC, and uncertainty about how long Thutmose I ruled could also potentially place his reign several years earlier still. Nonetheless, scholars generally assign him a reign from 1493 or 1492 to 1479. Ineni , who was already aged by the start of Thutmose II's reign, lived through this ruler's entire reign into that of Hatshepsut. In addition, Thutmose II

Lower Galilee - Misplaced Pages Continue

2352-509: The saint's forgiveness whenever they went near it out of fear, especially at night. According to a local legend, a-Sheikh Siddiq fought both the Romans and pagans. He was burned by the Romans together with his daughters as he was holding a Torah book. Guerin also referenced another tradition, that claims a- S heikh Siddiq was interred here next to his wife. Jewish tradition attributes this site to Rabbi Joshua of Sakhnin, an amora who lived in

2408-543: The sheikh complained that the sewage water was polluting his tomb. Then, to stop the pollution, this resident constructed a drainage. Every Friday, the women of the Al-Khalaila clan light candles in the tomb. Thutmose II Thutmose II was the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt , and his reign is generally dated from 1493 to 1479 BC (Low Chronology). Little is known about him and he

2464-408: The similar domestic and foreign policies that were later pursued under her reign and because of her claim that she was her father's intended heir. She is depicted in several raised relief scenes from a Karnak gateway dating to Thutmose II's reign both together with her husband and alone. She later had herself crowned Pharaoh several years into the rule of her husband's young successor Thutmose III; this

2520-477: The site of the first Land Day marches, in which six Israeli Arabs were killed by Israeli forces during violent protests of government expropriation of 5,000 acres (20 km ) of Arab-owned land near Sakhnin. Later that same year, three more civilians were killed during clashes with the police. Two natives of the city were killed in Jerusalem during the al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000. The Israeli transcription of

2576-652: The site renamed the burial place of Rabbi Yehoshua of Sakhnin. Richard Bauckham has raised the possibility that the Yaakov of Sikhnin in accounts of rabbi Eliezer may be James the grandson of Jude . In the Crusader era , it was known as Zecanin . In 1174 it was one of the casalia (villages) given to Phillipe le Rous . In 1236 descendants of Phillipe le Rous confirmed the sale of the fief of Saknin. In 1596, Sakhnin appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in

2632-491: The temple following Thutmose II's death. Thutmose II also contributed to the decoration of the temple of Khnum at Semna . A reconsideration of this new archaeological evidence would remove several arguments usually advanced in support of a short reign: namely the absence of a tomb that can be assigned to Thutmose II, the absence of a funerary temple and the lack of any major works undertaken by this pharaoh. Thutmose II's Karnak building projects would also imply that his reign

2688-588: The time, Thutmose II dispatched an army into Nubia rather than leading it himself. He seems to have easily crushed this revolt with the aid of his father's military generals. An account of the campaign is given by the historian Josephus who refers to it as the Ethiopic War . Aswan Stela of Thutmose II summary : Kush started to conspire, making subjects of the Lord of the Two Lands (nb-tawy) to contemplate

2744-412: The village in the 4th century CE. Since the 13th century, the shrine has attracted Jewish and Muslim pilgrims alike. A second shrine, a-Sheikh Ismai'l , is located in the Al-Khalaila clan cemetery in the heart of Sakhnin's western district. This location most likely refers to a local saint rather than the biblical and Quranic Isma'il . Residents of the village claim that one of them had a dream in which

2800-555: The walls and inscribed vessels bearing the king's name and Hatshesput's name as his great wife. However, his purported remains were found in the Royal Cache of Mummies at Deir el-Bahari (Theban Necropolis). Thutmose II's mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri cache , revealed in 1881. He was interred along with other 18th and 19th dynasty leaders including Ahmose I , Amenhotep I , Thutmose I , Thutmose III , Ramesses I , Seti I , Ramesses II , and Ramesses IX . It included

2856-413: The western part of the Lower Galilee there are several low hills (200–300 meters) covered with Oak tree forests, the central Lower Galilee region is more mountainous and the eastern Lower Galilee region turn into flat basalt mountainside reaching heights of 300 meters above sea level which extend from northeast to the southwest. Although the landscape of the Lower Galilee is less dramatic than that of

SECTION 50

#1732764923521

2912-461: Was 33,188, mostly Muslim with a sizable Christian minority. Sakhnin is built over three hills and is located in a valley surrounded by mountains , the highest one being 602 meters high. Its rural landscape is almost entirely covered by olive and fig groves as well as oregano and sesame shrubs. Settlement at Sakhnin dates back 3,500 years to its first mention in 1479 BCE by Thutmose II , whose ancient Egyptian records mention it as

2968-473: Was an ibis egg which had a symbolic meaning for the ancient Egyptians. In addition, a little wooden trinket box was discovered inside the bundle, believed to contain the name Pharaoh Thutmose II. According to the Andrzej Niwiński, "The chest itself is about 40 cm long, with a slight smaller height. It was perfectly camouflaged, looked like an ordinary stone block. Only after a closer look did it turn out to be

3024-461: Was closer to 13 years rather than just 3 years. In Year 1, the Coronation of Thutmose triggered Kush to rebell, as it had the habit of doing upon the transition of Egyptian kingship . The Nubian state had been completely subjugated by Thutmose I . Rebels from Khenthennofer rose up, and the Egyptian forces retreated into a fortress built by Thutmose I. On account of his relative youth at

3080-630: Was only during the Persian period that the area was resettled, with 30 known settlements established. Sakhnin Sakhnin ( Arabic : سخنين ; Hebrew : סַחְ'נִין or סִכְנִין ‎ Sikhnin ) is an Arab city in Israel 's Northern District . It is located in the Lower Galilee , about 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Acre . Sakhnin was declared a city in 1995. In 2022 its population

3136-608: Was the original tomb of Thutmose II in the Valley of the Kings . If correct, this would be a major project on the part of Thutmose II, which required a construction period of several years and implies a long reign for this king. Secondly, new archaeological work by French Egyptologists at Karnak has produced evidence of a pylon and an opulent festival court of Thutmose II in front of the 4th pylon according to Luc Gabolde. Meanwhile, French Egyptologists at Karnak have also uncovered blocks from

#520479