Lower Sackville is a suburban community of the Halifax Regional Municipality , Nova Scotia , Canada.
109-507: Before European colonization in 1749, the Mi'kmaq lived in this area for thousands of years. In August 1749, Captain John Gorham , acting on orders from Governor Edward Cornwallis to establish a military fort named Fort Sackville . (The community was named after George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville .). In the 1950s and 1960s it was a destination for Haligonians seeking entertainment at
218-731: A "moderate livelihood fishery" with a ceremony at the Saulnierville wharf, the first lobster fishery regulated by Mi'kmaq in Nova Scotia. On September 18, the Assembly of Nova Scotia Mi'kmaw Chiefs declared a province-wide state of emergency in response to threats by commercial and non-indigenous fishers, including some that had cut the Mi'kmaw lobster traps. On September 25, the Sipekne'katik fishery released its proposed regulations allowing
327-442: A 315-space parking lot. One new route was created, the 185 Sackville Link. In 2005, Halifax Regional Municipality purchased twenty new buses from New Flyer Industries of Winnipeg, Manitoba . It was assumed at the time that HRM would purchase New Flyer's D40i Invero model, which New Flyer was marketing towards BRT services, however HRM resisted and ordered 20 model D40LF instead, and were given fleet numbers 600 - 619. The D40LF
436-821: A BRT system was chosen, and $ 4.1 million was given by the Government of Canada toward this project. The remainder was funded by the Halifax Regional Municipality ($ 8.06 million), the Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and Public Works ($ 785,000) and the Nova Scotia Department of Energy ($ 80,000). Twenty low floor buses were purchased from New Flyer Industries for the MetroLink service. These buses featured air conditioning, high-back reclining seats with foot rests, carpeted walls and ceiling to reduce road noise and vibration,
545-484: A celebration at Battery Provincial Park that coincided with Mi'kmaq Treaty Day. The management plan behind this fishery had been in development for three months, prompted by the seizure of lobster traps by DFO officials. Community licenses issued through this fishery will entitle fishers to 70 tags, and boats will be allowed to carry up to 200 lobster traps each. At the time of the launch of the Potlotek fishery, Membertou
654-465: A compensation to Marshall of a lifetime pension of $ 1.5 million. Marshall used the financial compensation to finance the lengthy and costly Supreme Court case. When Marshall won, 34 Mi'kmaq and Maliseet First Nations bands were affected in the provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and the Gaspé region of Quebec. The West Nova Fishermen's Coalition submitted an appeal asking for
763-483: A decline in agriculture in the community. Before amalgamation into the Halifax Regional Municipality in 1996, Lower Sackville was an unincorporated part of Halifax County . On 1 April 1996, Halifax County was dissolved and all of its places (cities, suburbs, towns, and villages) became communities of a single-tier municipality named Halifax Regional Municipality. Today, Lower Sackville
872-559: A door-to-door paratransit service for senior and disabled citizens. Total ridership in the 2023/24 fiscal year was about 30.2 million, with the system carrying an average of 95,816 on weekdays. According to the 2016 census , Halifax had the seventh-highest proportion of workers taking transit to work among Canadian cities. Halifax was among the first Canadian cities to be served by an integrated public transportation system, pre-dated only by Toronto , Montreal and Quebec City . The city's first transit service came with establishment of
981-496: A drive-in cinema, a harness racing track (Sackville Downs), and an World War II bomber-plane ice cream parlour. Sackville Downs closed in 1986. Lower Sackville experienced intensive suburban development from the 1970s onward due to new highway connections as well as a major development scheme by the Nova Scotia Housing Commission, later the Nova Scotia Department of Housing. Suburbanization contributed to
1090-401: A fleet of five ferries built in the 2010s by A. F. Theriault Shipyard . As of 2023, a third ferry route – connecting downtown Halifax and Bedford – is in planning. Halifax Transit also provides Access-A-Bus, a dial-a-ride paratransit service for people who cannot use the conventional transit service due to physical or cognitive disability. This was created in 1981, the same year Metro Transit
1199-497: A greeting. The French initially referred to the Mi'kmaq as Souriquois and later as Gaspesiens . Adopting a term from the English, they referred to them as Mickmakis . The British originally referred to the people as Tarrantines , which appears to have a French basis. Various explanations exist for the rise of the term Mi'kmaq . The Mi'kmaw Resource Guide says that "Mi'kmaq" means "the family". The Anishinaabe refer to
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#17327807024951308-582: A major re-design of the city's transit system. The "Moving Forward Together Plan" (MFTP) was adopted in-principle by council in April 2016. Proposed amendments to the plan were defeated in November 2016, with the exception of a change to the route of the Porters Lake MetroX and a short reprieve to attempt to increase ridership to save the #15 bus to York Redoubt. The Moving Forward Together Plan
1417-629: A negotiator for the DFO had offered Nova Scotia First Nations nearly $ 87 million for boats, gear, and training, with the condition that the First Nations would not practice their treaty right to earn a moderate livelihood fishing (ie out of the DFO season) for a period of 10 years. The proposal did not define "moderate livelihood", and was rejected. On November 9, 2020, a group of Mi'kmaq First Nations and Premium Brands Holdings Corporation announced their $ 1 billion purchase of Clearwater Seafoods, which
1526-614: A new bus terminal in Cole Harbour called Portland Hills Terminal, with a 230-space parking lot, including some spaces reserved for carpool parking. Two routes were created at this time, the 159 Portland Hills Link and 165 Woodside Link. The second phase was launched on February 20, 2006. This phase saw the construction of a new bus terminal in Lower Sackville called the Sackville Terminal on Walker Ave, with
1635-407: A red route decal. Express routes are sometimes paired with a local route, providing service along the local route before continuing along the express portion of the journey. For example, route 182 First Lake Express is an extended version of route 82 First Lake. This service type consolidated the former MetroLink and "Urban Express" services. Regional Express routes connect outlying areas to
1744-608: A reduced fare. Transfers are valid for 90 minutes after the last scheduled stop on the current run of the route where it was issued. Holders of a valid XPass (the monthly pass for the MetroX) do not require transfers. Route information can be accessed through the Halifax Transit Departures number 902 480 8000. Individual route schedules are available on Halifax Transit's website. Most terminals have screens that display anticipated arrival times of buses that service
1853-534: A series of treaties known as the Covenant Chain of Peace and Friendship Treaties with the British Crown throughout the eighteenth century; the first was signed in 1725, and the last in 1779. The Mi'kmaq maintain that they did not cede or give up their land title or other rights through these Peace and Friendship Treaties. The landmark 1999 Supreme Court of Canada decision in R v Marshall upheld
1962-407: A special livery and logo, and no advertisements both on the inside and outside. One of these buses, #600, was on public display on April 12, 2005, outside of City Hall. The bus was available for media and members of the general public to tour, and increase awareness of the new service. The service was launched in phases, with the first phase on August 21, 2005. The first phase saw the construction of
2071-536: A suspicious fire. On the evening of October 13, several hundred non-Indigenous fishers and their supporters raided two storage facilities in New Edinburgh and Middle West Pubnico that were being used by Mi'kmaw fishers to store lobsters. During the raids, a van was set aflame, another vehicle was defaced and damaged, lobsters being stored in the facilities were destroyed, and the New Edinburgh facility
2180-532: Is Halifax Transit's five-year improvement plan that outlines planned changes to the transit network from late 2016 to 2020. The plan aims to increase the proportion of resources dedicated to high-ridership routes, simplify the system and make it more understandable, improve service quality and reliability, and give priority to transit in the transportation network. The plan created a new classification system for bus routes, designating them as corridor, local, express, regional express, or rural routes. Corridor routes form
2289-444: Is a bedroom community of Halifax home to many established businesses, parks, and places of interest. According to the 2013 Halifax Regional Municipality Urban Forest Master Plan , the community of Lower Sackville covers approximately 566 ha (1,400 acres) of land area. Lower Sackville is east of Lucasville ; north--north-east of Bedford ; south-east of Middle Sackville ; and south-west of Windsor Junction . The community
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#17327807024952398-532: Is available to students of Saint Mary's , Mount Saint Vincent , King's College , Dalhousie , Nova Scotia Community College (Halifax campuses) and Nova Scotia College of Art and Design . The cost is included in tuition fees. Halifax Transit offers a low-income bus pass sold for 50 per cent of the regular price to eligible applicants. In 2021, Halifax Transit launched a pilot program to provide high school students with free transit passes. The program aims to provide youth with convenient transportation and encourage
2507-437: Is located approximately 18 km (11 mi) from Downtown Dartmouth , approximately 27 km (17 mi) from Downtown Halifax , and approximately 25 km (16 mi) from Halifax Stanfield International Airport . The following are the districts of Lower Sackville, their geographical location, and/or main road: Some neighbourhoods of Lower Sackville are also known by their tendency to use street names starting with
2616-519: Is often not counted) are Epekwitk aq Piktuk (Epegwitg aq Pigtug), Eskikewa'kik (Esge'gewa'gi), Kespek (Gespe'gewa'gi) , Kespukwitk (Gespugwitg), Siknikt (Signigtewa'gi), Sipekni'katik (Sugapune'gati), Ktaqmkuk (Gtaqamg) , and Unama'kik (Unama'gi) . The orthography between parentheses is the Listuguj orthography used in the Gespe'gewa'gi area. In 1997, the Mi'kmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum
2725-601: Is provided by Halifax Regional Council , and pertains to District 15 (Lower Sackville) . District 15 (Lower Sackville) has 21,379 people living within its boundaries. However, the community itself does not have any recent demographic information. Lower Sackville has experienced ribbon/strip-style commercial development along Trunk 1 since the 1950s. Current retail chains include Canadian Tire , Cleve's Sporting Goods, Dollarama , Giant Tiger , Sobeys , and Real Atlantic Superstore . There are numerous independent restaurants-and-retailers located in this area as well. Most of
2834-797: Is serviced by many Halifax Transit routes. The agency operates two transit terminals in the community: Cobequid Terminal in the south, and Sackville Terminal in the north. Halifax Transit routes Lower Sackville has nine schools including five elementary schools, three junior high schools, and one high school. They are all administered by the Halifax Regional Centre for Education . Elementary schools Junior high schools High schools Mi%27kmaq The Mi'kmaq (also Mi'gmaq , Lnu , Mi'kmaw or Mi'gmaw ; English: / ˈ m ɪ ɡ m ɑː / MIG -mah ; Miꞌkmaq : [miːɡmaɣ] , and formerly Micmac ) are an Indigenous group of people of
2943-804: Is still in use, the Mi'kmaq consider the spelling "Micmac" to be "tainted" by colonialism. The "q" ending is used in the plural form of the noun, and Mi'kmaw is used as singular of Mi'kmaq . It is also used as an adjective, for example, "the Miꞌkmaw nation". The Mi'kmaq prefer to use one of the three current Miꞌkmaq orthographies when writing the language. Spellings used by Mi'kmaq people include Mi'kmaq (singular Mi'kmaw ) in Prince Edward Island ( Epekw'itk ), Nova Scotia ( Mi'kma'ki-Unama'ki ), and Newfoundland ( K'taqamkuk ); Miigmaq ( Miigmao ) in New Brunswick ( Sipekni'katik ); Mi'gmaq by
3052-530: Is the first such collaborative agreement in Canadian history including all the First Nations within an entire province. On September 17, 1999, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the treaty rights of Mi'kmaw Donald Marshall Jr. its landmark R v Marshall ruling, which "affirmed a treaty right to hunt, fish and gather in pursuit of a 'moderate livelihood'." The Supreme Court also cited Section 35 of
3161-622: Is traditionally divided into seven districts. Prior to the imposition of the Indian Act , each district had its own independent government and boundaries. The independent governments had a district chief and a council. The council members were band chiefs, elders, and other worthy community leaders. The district council was charged with performing all the duties of any independent and free government by enacting laws, justice, apportioning fishing and hunting grounds, making war and suing for peace. The eight Mi'kmaw districts (including Ktaqmkuk which
3270-451: The Bay of Chaleur developed their own self-regulated lobster fisheries management plan and opened their own lobster fishery in the fall of 2020. Under the existing Fish Buyers' Licensing Regulations the self-regulated Listuguj fisheries can harvest, but can only use the lobster for "food, social and ceremonial purposes". According to Chief Terry Paul of Membertou First Nation , early in 2020,
3379-484: The Dartmouth ferry service, first chartered in 1752. In 1816, the sail-powered ferry was replaced by a horse-powered boat, and in 1830 with a steam ferry. While private omnibus services are known to have begun in the city at least as early as 1854, the roots of Halifax Transit date back to June 11, 1866. The Halifax City Railroad Company (HCR) began operations with five horse-drawn trams on rails that stretched from
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3488-505: The Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site , petroglyphs of "life-ways of the Mi'kmaq", include written hieroglyphics, human figures, Mi'kmaq houses and lodges, decorations including crosses, sailing vessels, and animals, etched into slate rocks. These are attributed to the Mi'kmaq, who have continuously inhabited the area since prehistoric times. The petroglyphs date from the late prehistoric period through
3597-504: The Lord's Prayer , in his German Christian catechism published in 1866. David L. Schmidt and Murdena Marshall published some of the prayers, narratives, and liturgies represented in hieroglyphs—pictographic symbols in a 1995 book. As noted, the pre-contact Mi'kmaq utilized some form of writing, but Le Clerq indicated that the hieroglyphs were "formed" by him. French Jesuit missionaries adopted their use to teach Catholic prayers and religion to
3706-579: The Mi'kmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum . This collaborative agreement, which includes all the First Nations within the province of Nova Scotia, was the first in Canadian history. Historically, the Santé Mawiómi , or Grand Council, which was made up of chiefs of the district councils of Mi'kma'ki , was the traditional senior level of government for the Mi'kmaw people. The 1876 Indian Act disrupted that authority, by requiring First Nations to establish representative elected governments along
3815-539: The Northeastern Woodlands , native to the areas of Canada's Atlantic Provinces , primarily Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , and Newfoundland , and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as Native Americans in the northeastern region of Maine . The traditional national territory of the Mi'kmaq is named Mi'kma'ki (or Mi'gma'gi). There are 66,748 Mi'kmaq people in
3924-740: The Toronto Transit Commission for parts for their Western Flyer E-700A. Dartmouth Transit provided transit service in Dartmouth, a separate city at that time. Metro Transit, a single transit agency serving all of the greater Halifax-Dartmouth metropolitan area, began operations in March 1981. The system was created by the Metropolitan Authority, an agency representing the former cities of Halifax and Dartmouth as well as suburban Halifax County, to consolidate
4033-476: The "same season as non-native fishermen" and could not therefore, fish in the fall. It recommended that "native bands be issued licences, which they would distribute to native fishermen." On the tenth anniversary of the benchmark decision, CBC News reported that "Maritime waters" were "calm a decade after Marshall decision." However, by 2020, the Fish Buyers' Licensing and Enforcement Regulations , under
4142-399: The 1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty "which promised Indigenous Peoples the right to hunt and fish their lands and establish trade." The Mi'kmaw Grand Council is the official authority that engages in consultation with the Canadian federal government and the provincial government of Nova Scotia, as established by the historic August 30, 2010, agreement with the Mi'kmaq Nation, resulting from
4251-554: The 1982 Constitution Act in their 1999 ruling that resulted in Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Peskotomuhkati people the "right to hunt, fish and gather in pursuit of a 'moderate livelihood' from the resources of the land and waters." The legal precedent had previously been established in the Treaty of 1752 , one in a series of treaties known as the Peace and Friendship Treaties, but was not being respected prior to R v Marshall . This resulted in
4360-469: The 1993 charges laid against Marshall Jr. for "fishing eels out of season, fishing without a licence, and fishing with an illegal net". In the 2018 publication, Truth and conviction: Donald Marshall Jr. and the Mi'kmaq quest for justice , Marshall was quoted as saying, "I don't need a licence. I have the 1752 Treaty." The 1989 Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall Jr. Prosecution resulted in
4469-535: The 1996 N.S. Fisheries and Coastal Resources Act , remains in effect—as it does in other Atlantic provinces. These regulations do not mention the Mi'kmaq or the Marshall decision. These regulations prevent Mi'kmaq lobster fishers from selling their lobster to non-Mi'kmaq. Mi'kmaq fishers say that this does not align with the Marshall decision. In 2019, the government of the Listuguj First Nation in
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4578-526: The 2002 National Film Board feature-length documentary Is the Crown at war with us? by Alanis Obomsawin . The documentary also described how Ocean and Fisheries department officials seemed to "wage a war" on the Mi'kmaq fishermen of Burnt Church, New Brunswick with "helicopters, patrol boats, guns, with observation by airplanes and dozens of RCMP officers". The documentary asks why the fishers were being harassed for "exercising rights that had been affirmed by
4687-584: The Bay of Fundy Inshore Fishermen's Association, all condemned the violence. Nova Scotia Premier Stephen McNeil maintained his position that this issue must be solved federally when asked about it at a press conference. Several months later, in January 2021, the manager of the Middle West Pubnico facility, James Muise, made a public post in a Facebook group for commercial fishers, claiming that he gave
4796-495: The Canadian model, and attempting to limit the Council's role to spiritual guidance. On August 30, 2010, the Mi'kmaw Nation and the Nova Scotia provincial government reached an historic agreement, affirming that the Mi'kmaw Grand Council was the official consultative authority that engages with the Canadian federal government and the provincial government of Nova Scotia. The Mi'kmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum preceded
4905-767: The Chapel Island Mission boats would stop if he was crossing." Traditionally, the Grand Council met on a small island, Mniku , on the Bras d'Or Lake in Cape Breton. In the early 21st century, this site is now within the reserve known as Chapel Island or Potlotek . The Grand Council continues to meet at Mniku to discuss current issues within the Miꞌkmaq Nation. Taqamkuk (Newfoundland) was historically defined as part of Unama'kik territory. (Later
5014-485: The Council's role to that of spiritual guidance. In addition to the district councils, the M'ikmaq have been traditionally governed by a Grand Council or Santé Mawiómi . The Grand Council was composed of Keptinaq ("captains" in English), who were the district chiefs. There were also elders, the putús ( wampum belt readers and historians, who also dealt with the treaties with the non-natives and other Native tribes),
5123-401: The DFO issued a temporary license to Burnt Church Mi'kmaq fishers while negotiations for a more permanent agreement were underway. The DFO license had restrictions that some Burnt Church fishers refused: the fishers could not sell their lobsters, they could only use them for food, social, and ceremonial (FSC) purposes. The "Aboriginal right to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes (FSC)"
5232-464: The French, were amenable to limited French settlement in their midst. Gabriel Sylliboy (1874–1964), a respected Mi'kmaq religious leader and traditional Grand Chief of the Council, was elected as the Council's Grand Chief in 1918. Repeatedly re-elected, he held this position for the rest of his life. In 1927, Grand Chief Sylliboy was charged by Nova Scotia with hunting muskrat pelts out of season. He
5341-544: The Listuguj Council in Quebec ( Kespek ); and Mìgmaq ( Mìgmaw ) in some native literature. Lnu (the adjectival and singular noun, previously spelled "L'nu"; the plural is Lnúk , Lnu'k , Lnu'g , or Lnùg ) is the term the Mi'kmaq use for themselves, their autonym , meaning "human being" or "the people". Members of the Mi'kmaq historically referred to themselves as Lnu , but used the term níkmaq (my kin) as
5450-604: The Marshall decision to be set aside. In November 17, 1999, released a new ruling (Marshall 2) to clarify that the DFO had the power to regulate the fishery for conservation purposes if it "consulted with the First Nation and could justify the regulations". Soon after the September 17 decision, Miramichi Bay —"one of Canada's most lucrative lobster fisheries"— became the site of a violent conflict between Mi'kmaq fishers and non-Mi'kmaq commercial fishers. Immediately after
5559-475: The Marshall decision, as the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) granted access to Mi'kmaq fishers to the "commercial fishery through communal licences operated by the bands". Macdonald-Laurier Institute 's Ken Coates said that the commercial fishing industry had not suffered because of this. Others disagreed, saying that Canada had never fully implemented the Marshall decision, and that, over
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#17327807024955668-480: The MetroLink service was expected to take place within the next five years of the first three lines. This phase would have seen new terminals and MetroLink routes in other busy corridors such as Clayton Park and Spryfield . Plans existed to introduce a new route to service the Cobequid Terminal, also in Lower Sackville shortly after the 185 Sackville Link came into service. Destination signs on board
5777-582: The Mi'kmaq and non-Indigenous lobster fishers mainly in Digby County and Yarmouth County , Nova Scotia . After Mi'kmaq chiefs declared a state of emergency in October 2020, the federal government appointed Allister Surette as Federal Special Representative to investigate. In the March 2021 report's backgrounder, Surette cited Macdonald-Laurier Institute 's Ken Coates who said that Mik'maq communities had benefitted from improvements resulting from
5886-455: The Mi'kmaq as Miijimaa(g) , meaning "The Brother(s)/Ally(ies)", with the use of the nX prefix m- , opposed to the use of n1 prefix n- (i.e. Niijimaa(g) , "my brother(s)/comrade(s)") or the n3 prefix w- (i.e., Wiijimaa(g) , "brother(s)/compatriot(s)/comrade(s)"). Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye was documented as the first European to record the term "Mi'kmaq" for the people, using it in his 1676 memoir. Marion Robertson stated this in
5995-526: The Mi'kmaq children were memorizing prayers utilizing the counting of marks, but did not claim to have incorporated any of this system into the hieroglyphs he created. It is likely that this pre-Le Clerq writing system was part of a writing tradition by the Mi'kmaq similar to that observed in 1651 amongst the Eastern Abenaki of Maine. Today, it is written mainly using letters of the Latin alphabet . At
6104-444: The Mi'kmaq right to fish and trade." By that point, vehicles and property belonging to members of the Sipekne'katik First Nation had already been damaged and stolen, including boats being burned. There were already planned protests by non-Indigenous fishers to block the Mi'kmaq fishers' access to several wharves. One such protest took place on September 15 at Saulnierville and Weymouth wharves. On September 17, Sipekne'katik launched
6213-517: The Mi'kmaq. Schmidt and Marshall showed that these hieroglyphics served as a fully functional writing system. They assert it is the oldest writing system for an indigenous language in North America north of Mexico. By the 1980s, the spelling of the ethnonym Mi'kmaq , which is preferred by the Mi'kmaq people, was widely adopted by scholarly publications and the media. It replaced the previous spelling Micmac . Although this older spelling
6322-544: The agreement. The August 2010 agreement is the first such collaborative agreement in Canadian history; it includes representation for all the First Nations within the entire province of Nova Scotia. Historically the Santé Mawiómi , or Grand Council, which was made up of chiefs of the district councils of Mi'kma'ki , was the traditional senior level of government for the Mi'kmaw people. The 1876 Indian Act disrupted that authority, by requiring First Nations to establish representative elected governments and attempting to limit
6431-495: The airport) provides service on the weekend. Rural routes provide service to areas outside the Urban Transit Service Boundary which had transit service before the boundary was adopted. There are three such routes, which connect rural areas to the nearest bus terminal. Halifax Transit also provides two passenger ferry routes, one connecting downtown Halifax with Alderney Landing in Dartmouth, and
6540-540: The app is available for Android and iOS devices. Digital tickets or passes must be shown to the bus driver upon boarding, or to the ferry terminal attendant. In the future, Halifax Transit intends to introduce fare validators on transit vehicles as well as contactless reloadable smart cards. A Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) identification card can be used to obtain free travel on Halifax Transit's buses and ferries. A university student bus pass (called U-pass)
6649-523: The areas of Eastern Passage , North Preston / Cherry Brook and Herring Cove . Routes are numbered according to the region or type of service provided. The agency also operates three regional express routes and three rural routes. The bus fleet is stored and maintained at two depots, namely the Burnside Transit Centre and Ragged Lake Transit Centre. Corridor routes are higher-ridership routes that provide frequent service for most of
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#17327807024956758-426: The backbone of the revamped bus system, providing frequent service connecting transit terminals. Some critics called the plan inadequate, outlining various criticisms including inefficient and redundant route design, missing data and analysis, a long implementation period causing nuisance to riders, and a lack of network connectivity. In addition, critics characterised the "Moving Forward Together Plan" as disregarding
6867-719: The book Red Earth: Tales of the Mi'kmaq (1960s), published by the Nova Scotia Museum, Robertson cites Professor Ganong, who suggested that "Mi'kmaq" was derived from the Mi'kmaq word megamingo (earth). Marc Lescarbot had also suggested this. The Mi'kmaq may have identified as "the Red Earth People, or the People of the Red Earth". Megumaagee , the name the Mi'kmaq used to describe their land, and Megumawaach , what they called themselves, were linked to
6976-571: The buses were even programmed with a route 184 Cobequid, and early maps of the MetroLink service showed a route 184 between Cobequid Terminal and downtown Halifax , however this plan seems to have been abandoned. In 2014, a massive fuel leak spilling close to 200,000 litres of fuel at Halifax Transit's Burnside bus depot went undetected for almost four months. In addition to the cost of lost fuel, cleanup from local environmental damage and groundwater contamination as far as 1 km away cost Halifax Regional Municipality approximately $ 2.5 million. Before
7085-637: The corner of Barrington Street and Inglis Street in the south end to the city’s first railway station, near the corner of Duffus Street and Campbell Road (now Barrington Street), in the north end. Notwithstanding a ten-year hiatus, horse-drawn street railway services continued in Halifax until April 1896 when the system, now operated by the Halifax Electric Tramway Company , completed the conversion to electric-powered operation. The street railway served Halifax until March 1949, when
7194-683: The day. They serve major destinations and transit terminals. Following the latest round of service adjustments implemented in November 2021, there are ten corridor routes, numbered 1-10. Corridor routes, considered the backbone of the bus system, operate at headways of 5-15 minutes during peak hours. Local routes provide connect neighbourhoods to corridor routes (at transit terminals). Local routes operate all day, except for four routes that operate at peak hours only: 26, 50, 57, and 93 (as well as parts of route 51). Express routes provide limited-stop services to major destinations (e.g. downtown Halifax) at peak hours. Express bus stops are designated with
7303-563: The decades, various levels of government and authorities mishandled and neglected local concerns related to the implementation of the Marshall decision. In September 2020, the Sipekne'katik First Nation developed a fishing plan based on their right to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood. They issued seven lobster licenses to band members; each license has 50 tags, representing a combined total of 350 tags. One commercial lobster license represents 350 tags. The lobster fishery they initiated
7412-412: The discovery of the leak, Halifax Transit initially claimed that the excess fuel consumption was caused by higher usage during winter. The municipal auditor general investigated the incident and recommended that Halifax Transit improve monitoring of fuel usage and inventory and improve training of employees involved in fuel handling. In January 2014, Halifax Regional Council approved a study to look at
7521-479: The farebox. Part of Halifax Regional Municipality's plans for distinguishing the MetroLink service from the rest of the Halifax Transit system involved creating special bus stop signs, bus shelters and info posts at MetroLink bus stops. The new bus stop signs featured the same colours and design as the livery on the buses, the new shelters featured the gold and blue MetroLink "swirl" along the back wall, and
7630-459: The highest court in the land." Following lengthy negotiations with the Mi'kmaq, the DFO developed the $ 160 million Marshall Response Initiative, which operated until 2007, through which the DFO offered to purchase over 1,000 commercial fishing licences, including boats and gear, to support the expansion of the Mi'kmaq lobster fishery. By mid-2000, about 1,400 commercial fishermen stated their intention to retire over 5,000 licences. On August 20, 2001,
7739-746: The intersection using special bus-only lanes before the rest of the vehicles can proceed. This allowed MetroLink buses at a red light to "jump" ahead of waiting cars. The MetroLink service had its own fare structure, separate from the rest of the Halifax Transit system. Cash fares costed an extra fifty cents over and above the regular fares. MetroLink had its own monthly bus pass, the MetroLink Pass, which could have been used on any Halifax Transit service. Passengers would have been able to use regular transit tickets or monthly bus passes (MetroPass), but must deposit an additional fifty cents into
7848-672: The key principles that Halifax Transit identified through years of public engagement and consultation. Business groups have also noted both the current lack of service, and lack of proposed future service, along key corridors of the region. The changes proposed under the Moving Forward Together Plan were implemented in stages each year, with the first round of changes taking place during the 2017/18 fiscal year. The latest major round of changes came into effect on 22 November 2021. The final round of MFTP adjustments, originally scheduled to come into effect in November 2022,
7957-503: The large island was organized as a separate district in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador .) According to the 2021 census, 9,245 people identified as speakers of the Mi'kmaq language. 4,910 of which said it was their mother tongue , and 2,595 reported it to be their most often spoken language at home. The Mi'kmaq language was written using Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing using a hieroglyphic system created in 1677 by French Catholic missionary Chrestien Le Clerq. Le Clerq noted that
8066-520: The legal sale of seafood harvested under the fishery to Indigenous and non-Indigenous consumers and wholesalers. However, at the time of the announcement, Nova Scotia's Fisheries and Coastal Resources Act prohibited anyone in Nova Scotia from purchasing fish from "a person who does not hold a valid commercial fishing license issued by Fisheries and Oceans Canada," which would include the fishery. On October 1, Potlotek First Nation and Eskasoni First Nation launched their own moderate livelihood fishery in
8175-490: The lobsters taken in the raids were removed as they represented "bad fishing practices" on the part of the Mi'kmaq, but Sipekne'katik Chief Mike Sack and a worker at the Middle West Pubnico facility claimed the lobsters that were stored there were caught by the commercial fishers, not Mi'kmaw. Assembly of First Nations national chief Perry Bellegarde , federal Fisheries minister Bernadette Jordan , and Colin Sproul, president of
8284-432: The moderate livelihood fishery. On September 11, Sipekne'katik First Nation Chief Michael Sack sent a letter to Premier Stephen McNeil, DFO Minister Bernadette Jordan and Nova Scotia RCMP Commanding Officer Lee Bergerman, calling for them "to uphold the rule of law amid ongoing violence, threats, human rights discrimination and ongoing failure to uphold the 1999 Supreme Court of Canada decision in R. v. Marshall, recognizing
8393-468: The more expensive Regional Express (MetroX) service. Monthly passes allow for unlimited use of ferries and buses, and are sold through various channels including municipal service centres, drug stores, some supermarkets, and the convenience store at the Bridge Terminal. Digital tickets and passes can be purchased using HFXGO, the agency's free mobile fare payment app. Launched on 2 November 2023,
8502-409: The new info posts, which displayed maps and schedule information for the three former MetroLink routes, they were also done in the same gold and blue swirl, with the stop name vertically oriented along the side. A number of changes were made to streets and intersections along the routes to help the MetroLink buses get ahead of the rest of traffic. The following changes were introduced: Phase three of
8611-530: The nineteenth century. Jerry Lonecloud (1854 – 1930, Mi'kmaq) is considered the "ethnographer of the Mi'kmaq nation". In 1912, he transcribed some of the Kejimkujik petroglyphs, and donated his works to the Nova Scotia Museum . He is credited with the first Mi'kmaq memoir, which was recorded from his oral history in the 1920s. In the late 1670s, French missionary Chrestien Le Clercq , who
8720-446: The other connecting with Woodside . Each route is serviced by a pair of vessels. The ferry services are integrated with the bus services; the fares are identical, and transfers are accepted between the two systems. The harbour ferries boarded approximately 1.6 million passengers in the 2023/24 fiscal year. Each ferry carries up to 398 passengers. All routes are handicap accessible and have provision to carry bicycles. The agency operates
8829-399: The people involved in the raids permission to enter the facility and take the lobsters. Muise offered to work with people charged with offenses connected to the raids and try to get those charges dropped. Chief Mike Sack was sucker punched while trying to give a press conference on October 14. Also during the violence, an elder had sage knocked out of her hand while smudging , and a woman
8938-503: The police had not been doing so. Halifax Transit Halifax Transit is a Canadian public transport service operating buses and ferries in Halifax, Nova Scotia . Founded as Metro Transit in March 1981, the agency runs two ferry routes, 66 conventional bus routes (including corridor, local, and express services), three regional express routes (called MetroX), and three rural routes. Halifax Transit also operates Access-a-Bus,
9047-587: The posthumous pardon in 2017. Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, John James Grant, McNeil, and the Justice Minister Diana Whalen , pardoned Sylliboy and issued a formal apology: it was the "second posthumous pardon in Nova Scotia's history". His grandson, Andrew Denny, now the Grand Keptin of the Council, said that his grandfather had "commanded respect. Young people who were about to get married would go and ask for his blessing. At
9156-463: The region as of 2023 (including 25,182 members in the more recently formed Qalipu First Nation in Newfoundland ). According to the Canadian 2021 census, 9,245 people claim to speak Mi'kmaq , an Eastern Algonquian language. Once written in Mi'kmaw hieroglyphic writing , it is now written using most letters of the Latin alphabet . The Mi'kmaq, Maliseet , and Pasamaquoddy nations signed
9265-533: The regional centre. A higher fare is charged for these routes. Also branded as MetroX , there are three Regional Express routes. These started operating in August 2009 and connect Tantallon, the Airport, and Porters Lake, respectively, to Scotia Square in downtown Halifax. The routes are handicap accessible and have facilities for bicycle carriage. Among the three Regional Express routes, only route 320 (serving
9374-489: The rest of the Halifax Transit fleet are onboard transmitters for the 3M Opticom system. Opticom is the system in place in HRM used by fire services and MetroLink, to allow emergency and transit vehicles to hold green lights and prevent them from turning red until the vehicle has got through the intersection. The system was also used to trigger transit priority signals at certain intersections, allowing MetroLink buses to move into
9483-532: The restaurants in the area are of the fast food variety, as well as other establishments that serve various cuisines. The community is located northwest of the Halifax-Dartmouth urban core. Highway 101 , Highway 102 , Route 354 , and Trunk 1 (called Sackville Drive within Lower Sackville) are highways that connect the community to the rest of the urban area, or beyond. Lower Sackville
9592-473: The ruling, Mi'kmaq fishers began to lay lobster traps out of season. Incidents such as the Burnt Church Crisis were widely covered by the media from 1999 and 2002. On October 3, 1999, non-Indigenous commercial fishers in 150 boats destroyed hundreds of Mi'kmaq lobster traps, then returned to shore and vandalized fishing equipment, as well as three fish plants. This was captured and documented in
9701-487: The same letter: Other streets are named after the Fathers of Canadian confederation: Brown, Cartier, Chandler, Chapais, Cockburn, Coles, Dickie, Haviland, Howland, Johnson, Langevin, MacDougall, McGee, Mowat, Nelson, Pope, Shea, Steeves, Tache, Tilley, Tilloch, and Wilmot. Arenas Community centres Library Museums Parks Pools Trails The only demographic information that pertains to Lower Sackville
9810-491: The service has been operated directly by the municipal government, and since October 2010 the agency has reported though the Transportation Standing Committee of Halifax Regional Council . The municipality announced on July 15, 2014 that it was changing the service's name to Halifax Transit to reflect the city's new brand. The MetroLink service, a bus rapid transit (BRT) express bus service,
9919-539: The southern tip of Nova Scotia up to Digby in the Bay of Fundy." It is also "one of the most lucrative fishing areas in Canada". DFO reported that as of December 2019, there were 979 commercial lobster licenses in LFA 34. The Sipekneꞌkatik fishing plan "became a flash point" resulting in violent highly-charged conflict pitting non-Miꞌkmaw lobster fishers in the adjacent coastal communities and Mi'kmaw fishers those carrying out
10028-483: The transit operations of the Halifax Transit Corporation and Dartmouth Transit. Metro Transit expanded in 1994 with the absorption of the Dartmouth ferry services formerly operated by the city of Dartmouth. Ownership of the transit service was transferred to the newly created Halifax Regional Municipality when Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and Halifax County were amalgamated in 1996. Since then,
10137-582: The use of public transit. The program is currently being piloted at four schools, namely Dartmouth High School , École Mosaïque , École du Sommet , and Prince Andrew High School . In November 2022, council voted to expand the program to four Dartmouth junior high schools. Transfers are issued upon request on all Halifax Transit buses and ferries. A transfer allows the user to transfer between multiple conventional route buses and ferries travelling in any direction without having to pay an additional fare. A transfer also allows users to transfer to MetroX buses at
10246-505: The war-worn trams were replaced by "trackless" electric trolley coaches. The bright yellow trolleys, operated by utility company Nova Scotia Light and Power , plied city streets exclusively until 1963, when they were supplemented by diesel buses for the first time. The system became all-diesel on January 1, 1970, the same day the City of Halifax took over operation under the name Halifax Transit. Some of Halifax's T-44 trolleybuses were sold to
10355-518: The women's council, and the grand chief. The grand chief was a title given to one of the district chiefs, who was usually from the Mi'kmaw district of Unamáki or Cape Breton Island . This title was hereditary within a clan and usually passed on to the grand chief's eldest son. On June 24, 1610, Grand Chief Membertou converted to Catholicism and was baptised. He concluded an alliance with the French Jesuits . The Mi'kmaq, as trading allies of
10464-484: The words megwaak , which refers to the colour red, and magumegek , "on the earth". Rand translated megakumegek as "red on the earth", "red ground", or "red earth". Other suggestions from Robertson include its origin in nigumaach , which means "my brother" or "my friend", or a term of endearment. Stansbury Hagar suggested in Mi'kmaq Magic and Medicine that the word megumawaach is from megumoowesoo , in reference to magic. Mi'kmaw Country, known as Mi'kma'ki ,
10573-538: Was (with the exception of the introduction of route 50) postponed to 2023 due to chronic staff shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic . There are 369 conventional buses in the fleet, all of which are low floor and wheelchair accessible. Halifax Transit operates 66 conventional bus routes within the Urban Transit Service Boundary, broadly similar to the metropolitan region of Halifax Regional Municipality ( Halifax , Dartmouth , Bedford and Sackville ), including
10682-459: Was also planning on launching their own fishery, following a similar plan. After the launch of this fishery, DFO officers continued to seize Mi'kmaq traps. Harassment around the Sipekne'katik fishery continued through October. On October 5, Sipekne'katik fisher Robert Syliboy, a holder of one of the moderate livelihood fishery's licenses, found his boat at the Comeauville wharf destroyed in
10791-643: Was confirmed in the landmark 1990 R. v. Sparrow Supreme Court case which cited section 35 of the Constitution Act , 1982. In May 2003, the House of Commons' Standing Committee On Fisheries And Oceans chaired by MP Tom Wappel , submitted its report on fisheries issues, which "recommended that all charges stemming from the [confrontation over the lobster fisheries]" be dropped and that the fishers should be compensated by federal government for "their lost traps and boats." The report said that Mi'kmaq fishers have
10900-469: Was damaged, while a Mi'kmaw fisher was forced to barricade himself inside the facility in Middle West Pubnico. Indigenous leaders called the raids racist hate crimes and called on the RCMP to intervene, citing their slow response on the evening and lack of arrests even a day after the police claimed they "witnessed criminal activity". Social media posts from the commercial fishers and their supporters claimed that
11009-521: Was developed in 2003 between the Halifax Regional Municipality, the Province of Nova Scotia and Transport Canada 's Urban Transportation Showcase Program, a five-year program designed to demonstrate and promote urban transportation strategies in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The program selected cities across the country to showcase a number of different initiatives in reducing greenhouse gases. Halifax Regional Municipality's $ 13.3-million proposal for
11118-477: Was established. On August 31, 2010, the governments of Canada and Nova Scotia signed a historic agreement with the Mi'kmaw Nation, establishing a process whereby the federal government must consult with the Miꞌkmaw Grand Council before engaging in any activities or projects that affect the Mi'kmaq in Nova Scotia. This covers most, if not all, actions these governments might take within that jurisdiction. This
11227-556: Was finalised on January 25, 2021. The group of First Nations includes Sipekne'katik, We'koqma'q, Potlotek, Pictou Landing, and Paqtnkek First Nations, and is led by Membertou and Miapukek First Nations. The purchase represents the "largest investment in the seafood industry by a Canadian Indigenous group". The harvest of non-Indigenous fishermen in the region will now be purchased by Clearwater Seafoods' Mi'kmaq part owners. Since September 2020, there has been an ongoing lobster fishing dispute between Sipekne'katik First Nation members of
11336-463: Was formed. In the 2023/24 financial year, the Access-A-Bus service had approximately 169,000 boardings. Halifax Transit has four main fare categories: Adult (16 years & up), Senior (65+ years), Child (5 – 15 years), and Student (for full-time students with valid student photo ID card). Anyone with a ticket, pass or transfer for the regular service can pay the difference in cash fare to use
11445-513: Was grabbed by the neck. On October 15, the Mi'kmaq Warrior Peacekeepers arrived at the Saulnierville wharf with the intention of providing protection to Miꞌkmaq who were continuing to fish amid the violence. On Friday, October 16, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said that his government was "extremely active" in trying to de-escalate the situation. He also stated that he expected the police to be keeping people safe, and acknowledged concerns that
11554-610: Was located "outside of the regulated commercial season in Lobster Fishing Area 34 in St. Marys Bay, Nova Scotia —the Kespukwitk (also spelled Gespogoitnag ) district of Mi'kma'ki . The inshore fishery is the last small-scale fishery in Nova Scotia. St. Marys Bay is part of Lobster Fishing Area (LFA) 34, making it the "largest lobster fishing area in Canada with more than 900 licensed commercial fishermen harvesting from
11663-458: Was the current bus of choice at the time for Halifax Transit's regular fleet, so they opted to keep the status quo. These twenty buses featured a new livery on the outside, air conditioning on the inside (a first for Halifax Transit), bike racks, carpeting on the walls and ceiling to reduce road noise and vibrations, and larger plush high-back reclining chairs with arm and leg rests and custom designed fabric design. Also differing these buses from
11772-422: Was the first to use the rights defined in the Treaty of 1752 in his court defence. He lost his case. In 1985, the Supreme Court of Canada finally recognized the 1752 treaty rights for indigenous hunting and fishing in their ruling on R. v. Simon . On the 50th anniversary of Sylliboy's death, the Grand Council asked the Nova Scotia government for a pardon for the late Grand Chief. Premier Stephen McNeil granted
11881-534: Was working in the Gaspé Peninsula , was inspired by marks made by a young Mi'kmaq using charcoal on birchbark. Leclercq created what is now known as Mi'kmaq hieroglyphs to teach Catholic prayers and hymns to the people in their own form of language. Christian Kauder was a missionary in Mi'kma'ki from 1856 to 1871. He included samples of Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing, such as the Holy Mary Rosary prayer and
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