93-507: 45°16′28.65″N 66°3′40.58″W / 45.2746250°N 66.0612722°W / 45.2746250; -66.0612722 Loyalist House is a museum and National Historic Site located in uptown Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada . It was the home of the prosperous Merritt family, who occupied it from its completion in 1817 until 1958. It was taken over by the New Brunswick Historical Society in 1961. Its address
186-658: A fur trade network along the Saint John River . With the onset of the Anglo-French War (1627–1629) , de la Tour was issued a charter to govern Acadia. In 1629, Acadia was officially returned to France. As such, a new wave of French settlers arrived in Port-Royal to revitalise the colony, including Isaac de Razilly , a new governor of Acadia , and Charles de Menou d'Aulnay , his cousin. de Razilly and de la Tour's charters conflicted with each others', but
279-458: A federal plaque bearing Canada's Coat of Arms . In earlier years, these plaques were erected on purpose-built cairns , and in later years have been attached to buildings or free-standing posts. These maroon and gold markers are typically in English and French, though some are trilingual where another language is relevant to the subject being commemorated. New Brunswick New Brunswick
372-571: A federal plaque of the same style, but the markers do not indicate which designation a subject has been given. For example, the Rideau Canal is a National Historic Site, while the Welland Canal is a National Historic Event. Emerging Canadian nationalist sentiment in the late 19th century and early 20th century led to an increased interest in preserving Canada's historic sites. There were galvanizing precedents in other countries. With
465-506: A more ambitious program with more attention paid to architectural preservation. In 1955, the Historic Sites and Monuments Act was amended to allow the designation of buildings due to their age or design, resulting in a new focus on the designation of Canada's built heritage. The 1950s also marked the beginning of the "big project" era, which reached its apogee in the 1960s, in which the federal government invested significant funds in
558-718: A noted authority on the War of 1812 and the history of Ontario , was chosen as the Board's first chairman, a post he held for twenty years. The first place designated and plaqued under the new program was the "Cliff Site" in Port Dover, Ontario , where two priests claimed sovereignty over the Lake Erie region for Louis XIV of France in 1670. Due to a lack of resources, the HSMBC limited itself to recommending sites for designation, and
651-733: A park. Fort Anne in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia was also designated in 1917. In 1919, William James Roche , the Minister of the Interior, was concerned over the fate of old fur trade posts in Western Canada, and he was also being lobbied by historical associations across Canada for federal funds to assist with the preservation and commemoration of local landmarks. At the same time, the Department of Militia and Defence
744-639: A sawmill. Afterwards, the family continued to acquire businesses and substantial wealth, eventually becoming the richest family in the province. Today, Irving is considered by many to exert a monopoly over New Brunswick. Towards the early 20th century, the economy began to improve somewhat. The railways and tariffs fostered the growth of new industries in the province such as textile manufacturing, iron mills, pulp and paper mills , and sugar refineries. However, many of these eventually failed to compete with their competition in Central Canada. Unemployement
837-660: A settlement on Saint Croix Island . It was quickly abandoned due to difficult living conditions and moved to Acadia's capital, Port-Royal . There, the Micmacs helped the French survive. In 1626, Port-Royal was destroyed by the British. The British conquered Acadia shortly after and held it until 1629. James VI and I , King of Scotland, renamed it "Nova Scotia" in English. The Micmacs helped all French survivors, including Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour . Together, they established
930-490: A sign in the centre of the square thus uncovered." In the early years of the program, National Historic Sites were chosen to commemorate battles, important men, the fur trade and political events; the focus was on the "great men and events" credited with establishing the nation. Of the 285 National Historic Sites designated by 1943, 105 represented military history , 52 represented the fur trade and exploration, and 43 represented famous individuals (almost entirely men). There
1023-735: A stronger desire to build up trade within British North America. A Fenian raid in 1866 also increased public support for a potential union. On 1 July 1867, New Brunswick joined with Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec) to create the Dominion of Canada. Though Confederation brought into existence the Intercolonial Railway in 1872, new barriers undermined traditional trade relations. In 1879, John A. Macdonald 's Conservatives enacted
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#17327733409061116-513: A survey of historic sites in Canada, with the objective of creating new recreational areas rather than preserving historic places. Fort Howe in Saint John, New Brunswick was designated a national historic park in 1914, named the "Fort Howe National Park". The fort was not a site of significant national historic importance, but its designation provided a rationale for the acquisition of land for
1209-824: A written record, there is a lack of knowledge of the history of the area before the arrival of European explorers. At the time of European contact, inhabitants were the Micmac of New Brunswick's eastern coast, the Maliseet of the Wolastoq valley, and the Passamaquoddy of the St. Croix River valley. Many tribal placenames originate from their Eastern Algonquian languages , such as Aroostook , Bouctouche , Memramcook , Petitcodiac , Quispamsis , Richibucto and Shediac . The first documented European exploration of New Brunswick
1302-722: Is 120 Union Street. The Merritt family were United Empire Loyalists , originally from Rye, New York . In May 1783, along with approximately 6,000 other loyalists, they landed at Parrtown, New Brunswick (what is now the south end of the City of Saint John ), having fled the American Revolution . The patriarch of the Saint John Merritts, Thomas Merritt (1729–1821), lived with his wife and seven children in Parrtown. Despite being initially of "modest circumstances,"
1395-626: Is called Acadian French . There are seven regional accents. New Brunswick was first inhabited by First Nations like the Mi’kmaq and Maliseet . In 1604, Acadia , the first New France colony , was founded with the creation of Port-Royal . For 150 years afterwards, Acadia changed hands multiple times due to numerous conflicts between France and the United Kingdom. From 1755 to 1764, the British deported Acadians en masse, an event known as
1488-522: Is occupied by the Appalachians . The province's climate is continental with snowy winters and temperate summers. New Brunswick has a surface area of 72,908 km (28,150 sq mi) and 775,610 inhabitants (2021 census). Atypically for Canada, only about half of the population lives in urban areas - predominantly in Moncton , Saint John and Fredericton . In 1969, New Brunswick passed
1581-500: Is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces . It is bordered by Quebec to the north, Nova Scotia to the east, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the northeast, the Bay of Fundy to the southeast, and the U.S. state of Maine to the west. New Brunswick is about 83% forested and its northern half
1674-568: Is owned by the Irving Group of Companies . The province's 2019 output was CA$ 38.236 billion, which is 1.65% of Canada's GDP . Tourism accounts for 9% of the labour force either directly or indirectly. Popular destinations include the Hopewell Rocks , Fundy National Park , Magnetic Hill , Kouchibouguac National Park and Roosevelt Campobello International Park . On 1 January 2023, local government of New Brunswick restructured
1767-518: The Bay of Fundy 's tides, and by tightly knit independent communities, because they were often neglected by French authorities. During the 1690s, in King William's War , attacks were launched from the Saint John valley by Acadian militias onto New England colonists. This would create a deep English hostility against the French presence in the region. From the 1600s to mid-1700s, Acadia
1860-533: The Great Fire of 1877 . The house was built in the New England Federalist style , in keeping with the cultural background of its owners. The structure consists of two-and-a-half storeys, with the western half having been built on a stone and mortar cellar. The two main floors, which comprised the family living quarters, are identical in layout and almost completely symmetrical. They contained
1953-539: The Great Upheaval . This, along with the Treaty of Paris , solidified Acadia as British property . In 1784, following the arrival of many loyalists fleeing the American Revolution , the colony of New Brunswick was officially created, separating it from what is now Nova Scotia . In the early 1800s, New Brunswick prospered and the population grew rapidly. In 1867, New Brunswick decided to join with Nova Scotia and
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#17327733409062046-597: The Isthmus of Chignecto . In an effort to limit British expansion into continental Acadia, the French built Fort Beauséjour at the isthmus in 1751. From 1749 to 1755, Father Le Loutre's War took place, where British soldiers fought against Acadians and Micmacs to consolidate their power over Acadia/Nova Scotia. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour , severing the Acadian supply lines to Nova Scotia, and Île-Royale. Continental Acadia thus came to be incorporated into
2139-624: The Italian campaign in 1943. After the Normandy landings they redeployed to northwestern Europe, along with The North Shore Regiment . The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan , a training program for ally pilots, established bases in Moncton, Chatham , and Pennfield Ridge , as well as a military typing school in Saint John. While relatively unindustrialized before the war, New Brunswick became home to 34 plants on military contracts from which
2232-642: The National Policy , which called for high tariffs and opposed free trade , disrupting the trading relationship between the Maritimes and New England . The economic situation was worsened by the Great Fire of Saint John of 1877, the decline of the shipbuilding industry, and the US Panic of 1893 . Many experienced workers lost their jobs and had to move west or to the United States. In 1871,
2325-493: The North-West Rebellion has gone through at least three phases to date. In the 1920s, plaques erected at these sites trumpeted the expansion of Canada and western civilization across North America. Due to local pressures, changes at the HSMBC and evolving historiography , texts introduced in the 1950s avoided the previous triumphalist version of events, but also avoided any analysis of the causes or consequences of
2418-514: The Official Languages Act which began recognizing French as an official language , along with English. New Brunswickers have the right to receive provincial government services in the official language of their choice. About two thirds of the population are English speaking and one third is French speaking . New Brunswick is home to most of the cultural region of Acadia and most Acadians . New Brunswick's variety of French
2511-488: The Province of Canada (now Quebec and Ontario ) to form Canada. After Confederation , shipbuilding and lumbering declined, and protectionism disrupted trade with New England . From the mid-1900s onwards, New Brunswick was one of the poorest regions of Canada, a fact eventually mitigated by transfer payments . However, the province has seen the highest eastward migration in 45 years in both rural and urban areas, as people from Ontario and other parts of Canada migrate to
2604-521: The St. Lawrence ", and in Niagara, promoting a loyalist doctrine of imperial unity with Britain, while commemorating resistance to "Americanism". Proposals to designate sites related to the immigration of Jews , Blacks and Ukrainians to Canada were rejected, as were attempts to recognize patriots of the Rebellions of 1837 . Such was the view of Canadian history by the Board in the first half of
2697-675: The World Wide Fund for Nature lists the Acadian Forest as endangered. Following the frequent large scale disturbances caused by settlement and timber harvesting, the Acadian forest is not growing back as it was, but is subject to borealization. This means that exposure-resistant species that are well adapted to the frequent large-scale disturbances common in the boreal forest are increasingly abundant. These include jack pine , balsam fir , black spruce , white birch , and poplar . Forest ecosystems support large carnivores such as
2790-473: The bobcat , Canada lynx , and black bear , and the large herbivores moose and white-tailed deer . Fiddlehead greens are harvested from the Ostrich fern which grows on riverbanks. Furbish's lousewort , a perennial herb endemic to the shores of the upper Saint John River, is an endangered species threatened by habitat destruction, riverside development, forestry, littering and recreational use of
2883-412: The hamlet of Sainte-Anne as the provincial capital. Sainte-Anne was later renamed Frederick's Town (and then later Fredericton ) after the third son of George III . In total, it is believed that around 14,000 loyalist refugees came to New Brunswick. However, 10% eventually returned to the United States. In 1785, Saint John became New Brunswick's first incorporated city. Economically, New Brunswick
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2976-515: The 1780s and 1790s, some Acadians returned to Acadia, and discovered several thousand English immigrants, mostly from New England, on their former lands. In the late 1700s, the British began to make efforts to colonise the region, mostly by importing colonists from New England. Before the American Revolution, these colonists were called planters . After the revolution, the colonists were called loyalists , because only those loyal to
3069-609: The 1860s, the notion of unifying the maritime colonies of British North America was being increasingly discussed. This was due to multiple factors. For example, some felt that the American Civil War was the result of a weak central government and wished to avoid the same fate. Some also wanted to increase trade between the colonies, and be less economically tied to the US. In 1864, the Charlottetown Conference
3162-504: The 20th century. The HSMBC at the time has been described by historian Yves Yvon Pelletier as a "Victorian gentlemen's club", made up of self-taught historical scholars, whose decisions were made without public consultation and without the benefit of a secretariat to further investigate the recommendations of Board members. The following have served as members of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada: As time passed and
3255-592: The Albert oil shales of southern New Brunswick. Eventually, sea water from the Panthalassic Ocean invaded the basin, forming the Windsor Sea. Once this receded, conglomerates , sandstones , and shales accumulated. The rust colour of these was caused by the oxidation of iron in the beds between wet and dry periods. Such late Carboniferous rock formed the Hopewell Rocks , which have been shaped by
3348-497: The Bay of Fundy, and on the west by the US state of Maine . The southeast corner of the province is connected to Nova Scotia at the isthmus of Chignecto. Glaciation has left much of New Brunswick's uplands with only shallow, acidic soils which have discouraged settlement but which are home to enormous forests. New Brunswick's climate is more severe than that of the other Maritime provinces, which are lower and have more shoreline along
3441-537: The Branch's park improvements were incompatible with the heritage attributes of Fort Anne, the second historic park. On Harkin's recommendation, the government created the Advisory Board for Historic Site Preservation (later called the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada) in 1919 in order to advise the Minister on a new program of National Historic Sites. Brigadier General Ernest Alexander Cruikshank ,
3534-563: The British colony of Nova Scotia with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Following this, the British, unsatisfied with the Acadian's surrender because they refused to pledge allegiance, turned to capturing and exporting Acadians en masse, an ethnic cleansing event known as the Deportation of the Acadians which was ordered by Robert Monckton . From 1755 to 1763, 12,000 Acadians out of 18,000 were forcefully deported to various locations around
3627-572: The British crown settled in Nova Scotia. In 1766, planters from Pennsylvania founded Moncton , and English settlers from Yorkshire arrived in the Sackville area. In the 1770s, 10,000 loyalists settled along the north shore of the Bay of Fundy. In 1783, both Saint Andrews and Saint John were founded. Loyalists who received land allocations around the St. John River valley, the Bay of Fundy or
3720-596: The Land, Governing Canada, Developing Economies, Building Social and Community Life, and Expressing Intellectual and Cultural Life. To be commemorated, a site must meet at least one of the following criteria: Designation as a National Historic Site provides no legal protection for the historic elements of a site. However, historic sites may be designated at more than one level (national, provincial and municipal), and designations at other levels may carry with them some legal protections. Most National Historic Sites are marked by
3813-468: The Merritt's carriage, sleigh, and livestock. The Loyalists used a heated frying pan to keep them warm in the night. In 2017, Loyalist House underwent a $ 600,000 refurbishment. The Loyalist House museum comprises most of the two main floors of the house, with other areas used as office space and storage. It is furnished with multiple examples of high quality Georgian and Victorian furniture, supplied from
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3906-586: The Miramichi highlands south and east, leaving them as erratics when the ice receded at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation , along with deposits such as the eskers between Woodstock and St George, which are today sources of sand and gravel. At the 2021 Canadian census , New Brunswick had a population of 775,610, a 3.8% increase since the 2016 Canadian census . As one of the four Atlantic Provinces which are Canada's least populated provinces, New Brunswick
3999-514: The Northumberland Strait became dissatisfied with being governed from Halifax because it was so far away. Therefore, on 18 June 1784, the British government created a new province for them: New Brunswick. New Brunswick was formed from the partition of Sunbury County from the remainder of Nova Scotia. In that same year, New Brunswick formed its first elected assembly. The first governor was Thomas Carleton , and, in 1785, he chose
4092-608: The United Kingdom, which usually relied on the Baltic Sea for supplies, to import timber from its North American colonies. This stimulated the lumber trade in New Brunswick, as well as in Lower Canada . Between 1805 and 1812, New Brunswick annually exported 100,000 tons of squared timber. In 1819, the number exceeded 240,000 tons, and in 1825 exports reached their highest level at 417,000 tons. This also resulted in
4185-588: The above photo. The family owned the house until 1961, and lived in it on and off until the death of Louis Merritt Harrison, in 1958. The house was then occupied by Mr. Harrison's housekeeper until the sale of the property to K C Irving and an associate, in 1961, at which point the New Brunswick Historical Society opened the house as a museum. Loyalist House is often claimed to be the oldest structurally unaltered building in Saint John; most of its contemporaries having been destroyed in
4278-428: The area. As of 2002, the provincial GDP was derived as follows: services (about half being government services and public administration) 43%; construction, manufacturing, and utilities 24%; real estate rental 12%; wholesale and retail 11%; agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, mining, oil and gas extraction 5%; transportation and warehousing 5%. A powerful corporate concentration of large companies in New Brunswick
4371-807: The bedrock in the west and north derives from ocean deposits in the Ordovician that were subject to folding and igneous intrusion and that were eventually covered with lava during the Paleozoic , peaking during the Acadian orogeny . During the Carboniferous period, about 340 million years ago, New Brunswick was in the Maritimes Basin , a sedimentary basin near the equator. Sediments, brought by rivers from surrounding highlands, accumulated there; after being compressed, they produced
4464-536: The city's northern border until 1889. As a consequence, the area surrounding the property was sparsely populated, allowing the Merritts to keep livestock well into the later half of the century. While the house was originally at street level, as the city expanded the streets were dug down to lessen the strain on the draught horses coming up Germain Street. This created the elevated look of the house, which can be seen in
4557-423: The class of larger National Historic Sites operated by Parks Canada and deemed to be of "extraordinary value to Canadian history", was phased out. Changes were not limited to new designations, as the interpretation of many existing National Historic Sites did not remain static and evolved over time. For example, the commemoration of National Historic Sites on the Prairies related to the Red River Rebellion and
4650-405: The coat of arms was assigned. In 2005, the Court of Queen's Bench approved a ruling allowing for the legalization of same-sex marriage . At the beginning of 2023, the provincial government implemented a local governance reform , reducing the number of entities from 340 to 89. Roughly square, New Brunswick is bordered on the north by Quebec, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by
4743-401: The collections of the New Brunswick Historical Society, the New Brunswick Museum , and Kings Landing Historical Settlement . It is open during regular business hours from Loyalist Day, on May 18, until the beginning of September, though it opens for cruise ships well into autumn. Guided tours of the house are available at all times, with particular emphasis being placed on the Merritt family and
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#17327733409064836-422: The designations accordingly. Saoyú-ʔehdacho in the Northwest Territories was designated in 1997, becoming the first National Historic Site both designated and acquired on the basis of consultation with Aboriginal peoples, and the largest National Historic Site in land area (approximately the size of Prince Edward Island ). It was at this time that the use of the term "National Historic Park", then still used for
4929-448: The east or the Bay of Fundy to the south. These watersheds include lands in Quebec and Maine. The highest point in New Brunswick is Mount Carleton , 817 m (2,680 ft). New Brunswick and the rest of the Maritime Peninsula was covered by thick layers of ice during the last glacial period (the Wisconsinian glaciation ). It cut U-shaped valleys in the Saint John and Nepisiguit River valleys and pushed granite boulders from
5022-480: The emergence of a shipbuilding market. These industries were then bolstered by the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, and demand from the American Civil War of 1861 to 1865. St. Martins became the third most productive shipbuilding town in the Maritimes and produced over 500 vessels. From 1800 to 1851, New Brunswick's population grew from 25,000 to 200,000, and it saw large-scale immigration from Ireland and Scotland. In 1848, responsible home government
5115-416: The entities (admin level 4) throughout the province. The previous 340 entities were replaced by 77 local governments and 12 rural districts. New Brunswick was named in 1784 in honour of George III , King of Great Britain , King of Ireland , and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (until 1806) in what is now Germany. Upon its split from Nova Scotia , it
5208-418: The events. Commencing in the 1970s, a changing approach to heritage conservation at Parks Canada , coupled with growing regionalism and a more assertive Aboriginal rights movement, led to the next generation of interpretative documents, one that included a focus on the societies which Canada's 19th-century expansion had displaced. National Historic Sites are organized according to five broad themes: Peopling
5301-403: The extreme tidal range of the Bay of Fundy. In the early Triassic , as Pangea drifted north it was rent apart, forming the rift valley that is the Bay of Fundy. Magma pushed up through the cracks, forming basalt columns on Grand Manan . New Brunswick lies entirely within the Appalachian Mountain range . The rivers of New Brunswick drain into either the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to
5394-400: The family soon became prominent in the city, with the second generation amassing great wealth. David Daniel Merritt, the third of Thomas' sons and a wealthy shop keeper, purchased the Loyalist House property, on which construction began in 1810. The house took until 1817 to complete, likely due to the War of 1812 . The property was, at that time, just within the city limits, Union street being
5487-799: The federal Minister of the Environment on the advice of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada (HSMBC), as being of national historic significance. Parks Canada , a federal agency, manages the National Historic Sites program. As of November 2023, there were 1,005 National Historic Sites, 171 of which are administered by Parks Canada; the remainder are administered or owned by other levels of government or private entities. The sites are located across all ten provinces and three territories , with two sites located in France (the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial and Canadian National Vimy Memorial ). There are related federal designations for National Historic Events and National Historic Persons . Sites, Events and Persons are each typically marked by
5580-400: The federal level. Although the HSMBC took little interest in these efforts, limiting itself to a commemorative role, the Parks Branch made wide use of government relief funds to hire workers to assist with the restoration of old forts. In 1943, the interim chairman of the HSMBC, Frederic William Howay , urged his fellow Board members to consider a broader range of designations, and to correct
5673-401: The focus of the program was on commemoration rather than on preservation. Benjamin Sulte , a member of the HSMBC, wrote to Harkin in 1919 about the significant ruins at the Forges du Saint-Maurice , demonstrating his preference for the installation of a plaque over restoration: "All that can be done in our days is to clear away the heap of stones, in order to reach the foundation walls and plant
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#17327733409065766-411: The geographic and thematic imbalance in the designations. In particular, Howay encouraged the HSMBC to pay more attention to economic, social and cultural history, and he urged a moratorium on additional designations related to the War of 1812. In 1951, the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences highlighted the imbalances of the National Historic Sites program, urging
5859-432: The government introduced free education, banning catechism , the cassock and French in public schools in the process. Though contested by the Acadians and the Irish, the law was deemed constitutional. Following a riot in Caraquet in 1875, and political pressure, the bans were lifted in 1877. The Irving Group of Companies , founded by the Irving family , officially began in 1881 in Bouctouche when James Irving bought
5952-418: The lives of wealthy Saint Johners during the 19th century. Loyalist House is affiliated with numerous heritage organization throughout New Brunswick , such as the Fundy Heritage Zone, as well as the federal and provincial governments. National Historic Sites of Canada National Historic Sites of Canada ( French : Lieux historiques nationaux du Canada ) are places that have been designated by
6045-418: The living and dining rooms, the kitchen, the study, four bedrooms and numerous family and servant halls. The features of the living area include a main and servants' staircase, centralized bell system, four chimneys with two fireplaces each, and thirty one large windows. It was fitted with gas lighting, though the system was later disabled by the family and there is little that remains of it today. The top floor
6138-402: The moderating sea. New Brunswick has a humid continental climate , with slightly milder winters on the Gulf of St. Lawrence coastline. Elevated parts of the far north of the province have a subarctic climate . Evidence of climate change in New Brunswick can be seen in its more intense precipitation events, more frequent winter thaws , and one quarter to half the amount of snowpack . Today,
6231-473: The more numerous English speakers to the south. The population of French origin grew dramatically after Confederation, from about 16 per cent in 1871 to 34 per cent in 1931. Government services were often not available in French, and the infrastructure in Francophone areas was less developed than elsewhere. In 1960 Premier Louis Robichaud embarked on the New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program , in which education, rural road maintenance, and healthcare fell under
6324-449: The new designations, with the "Battle of..."-type commemorations being overtaken by sites associated with federal politics. The largest group of designations (43 percent) pertained to historic buildings. By the 1990s, three groups were identified as being underrepresented among National Historic Sites: Aboriginal peoples , women, and ethnic groups other than the French and the English . Efforts were subsequently made to further diversify
6417-484: The province received over $ 78 million. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , who had promised no conscription, asked the provinces if they would release the government of said promise. New Brunswick voted 69.1% yes. The policy was not implemented until 1944, too late for many of the conscripts to be deployed. There were 1808 NB fatalities among the armed forces. The Acadians in northern New Brunswick had long been geographically and linguistically isolated from
6510-401: The request of the government of Richard Hatfield , this right became part of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and therefore part of the Constitution of Canada . The flag of New Brunswick , based on the coat of arms, was adopted in 1965. The conventional heraldic representations of a lion and a ship represent colonial ties with Europe, and the importance of shipping at the time
6603-451: The restoration and reconstruction of high-profile National Historic Sites such as the Halifax Citadel , the Fortress of Louisbourg , the fortifications of Quebec City and the historic core of Dawson City . The 1970s marked the start of a new shift in the nature of the designations. Of the 473 National Historic Sites designated between 1971 and 1993, the formerly dominant category of political-military events represented only 12 percent of
6696-425: The revenue gathering powers, the provinces had many expenditure responsibilities such as healthcare, education, and welfare, which were becoming increasingly expensive. The Commission recommended the creation of equalization payments , which were eventually implemented in 1957. After Canada joined World War II , 14 NB army units were organized, in addition to The Royal New Brunswick Regiment , and first deployed in
6789-542: The river to the site of present-day Fredericton . Other settlements in the southeast extended from Beaubassin , near the present-day border with Nova Scotia, to Baie Verte , and up the Petitcodiac , Memramcook , and Shepody Rivers. The descendants of Acadia's French colonists became the Acadians . Acadians developed a unique society characterised by dyking technology, which allowed them to cultivate marshes left by
6882-463: The riverbank. Many wetlands are being disrupted by the highly invasive Introduced species purple loosestrife . The deer population in the province has dropped by 70% since 1985. The widespread use of glyphosate may have contributed to this. Since 2014, the New Brunswick government has allowed forestry companies to harvest 20 percent more wood there than before. Bedrock types range from 1 billion to 200 million years old. Much of
6975-613: The same time, the federal government was looking for ways to extend the National Park system to Eastern Canada . The more populated east did not have the same large expanses of undeveloped Crown land that had become parks in the west , so the Dominion Parks Branch (the predecessor to Parks Canada) looked to historic features to act as focal points for new national parks. In 1914, the Parks Branch undertook
7068-444: The sea level is about 30 cm (1 ft) higher than it was 100 years ago, and it is expected to rise twice that much again by the year 2100. Most of New Brunswick is forested with secondary forest or tertiary forest. At the start of European settlement, the Maritimes were covered from coast to coast by a forest of mature trees, giants by today's standards. Today less than one per cent of old-growth Acadian forest remains, and
7161-531: The sole jurisdiction of a provincial government that insisted on equal coverage throughout the province, rather than the former county-based system. In 1969 the Robichaud government adopted the Official Languages Act making the province officially bilingual and establishing the right of New Brunswickers to obtain provincial government services in the official language of their choice. In 1982 at
7254-659: The support of notables such as Victor Hugo and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , the Commission des monuments historique was created in France in 1837; it published its first list of designated sites , containing 934 entries, in 1840. In the United Kingdom , the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty was created in 1894 to protect that country's historic and natural heritage. While there
7347-675: The system grew, the scope of the program and the nature of the designations evolved. By the 1930s, the focus of the heritage movement in Canada had shifted from commemoration to preservation and development. The change was most marked in Ontario, where the Niagara Parks Commission was restoring Fort George and the Department of Highways was restoring Fort Henry . It took the Great Depression to create opportunities for significant heritage preservation projects at
7440-524: The two maintained an amicable relationship. In 1635, de Razilly died, triggering tensions between de la Tour, who governed from the Saint John valley, and d'Aulnay, who governed from Port-Royal. In the 1630s, this erupted into the Acadian Civil War . d'Aulnay managed to expel de la Tour in 1644. But, following d'Aulnay's death in 1650, de la Tour married his widow in 1653, essentially overturning his success. Over time, French settlement extended up
7533-531: The world, though 8000 died before arrival. The remaining 6000 Acadians escaped the British by fleeing North to the present Acadia , or to Canada . From 1755 to 1757, most Acadians were deported to the Thirteen Colonies . From 1758 to 1762, most were sent to France. Between 1763 and 1785, many deported Acadians relocated to join their compatriots in Louisiana . Their descendants became Cajuns . In
7626-590: Was a poor environment for agriculture and mining. Its fishery was also far inferior to that of Nova Scotia's. New Brunswick's forests were rich in wood, but as wood is a bulky and low-value commodity, accessible markets were limited. Essentially, in the late 1700s, New Brunswick was a peripheral corner of the British Empire and North American world. Geopolitical events in Europe would change this situation. In 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte 's continental blockade forced
7719-594: Was also a strong bias in favour of commemorating sites in Ontario over other parts of the country. At one point, some members of the HSMBC concluded that there were no sites at all in Prince Edward Island worthy of designation. The then prominence of sites in Ontario related to the War of 1812 and the United Empire Loyalists has been attributed to the influence of Cruikshank, resulting in a "veritable palisade of historical markers along
7812-426: Was anxious to transfer old forts, and the associated expenses, to the Parks Branch. Roche asked James B. Harkin , the first Commissioner of Dominion Parks, to develop a departmental heritage policy. Harkin believed that the Parks Branch did not have the necessary expertise to manage historic resources; he was troubled by the relatively weak historic value of Fort Howe, the country's first historic park, and feared that
7905-436: Was granted. The 1850s saw the emergence of political parties largely organised along religious and ethnic lines. From the late 1700s to mid 1800s, Acadians became a minority, and they lived largely on the fringes of society, fearful of the English. They were mostly illiterate due to laws preventing them from opening schools. They were also not part of the economic boom, and had troubles asserting their land rights. During
7998-475: Was held to discuss a possible Maritime Union between Nova Scotia , New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island . However, the Province of Canada , caught wind of the conference and decided to send representatives to attend. They asked that the agenda be expanded to discuss a union that would also include them. In 1866, the United States cancelled the Reciprocity Treaty, leading to a loss of trade and
8091-609: Was high for a long time and increased during the Great Depression of the 1930s. By the end of the Great Depression, the New Brunswick standard of living was much lower than the Canadian average. In 1937, New Brunswick had the highest infant mortality and illiteracy rates in Canada. In 1940, the Rowell–Sirois Commission reported grave flaws in the Canadian constitution. While the federal government had most of
8184-462: Was initially named New Ireland; it was not long until the name was then changed to New Brunswick. The original Brunswick is known as Braunschweig , but also Brunswiek (in Low German ), and also Bronswiek (in the local dialect). Paleo-Indians are believed to have been the first humans on the land of New Brunswick, settling there roughly 10,000 years ago. Because their descendants did not leave
8277-610: Was instrumental in stopping the demolition of the fortifications of Quebec City , and he was the first public official to call for the creation of a park on the lands next to Niagara Falls . The 1908 tricentennial of the founding of Quebec City , and the establishment that same year of the National Battlefields Commission to preserve the Plains of Abraham , acted as a catalyst for federal efforts to designate and preserve historic sites across Canada. At
8370-514: Was made by Jacques Cartier in 1534, when his party set foot in Miscou and explored the coasts of Chaleur Bay . They made contact with aboriginals, who from this point on began to trade with Europeans. This also exposed them to Old World diseases. Acadia , a colonial division of New France covering the Maritimes , was founded in 1604 by Samuel de Champlain and Pierre Dugua de Mons with
8463-714: Was no National Park Service in the United States until 1916, battlefields of the Civil War were designated and managed by the War Department : Chickamauga and Chattanooga (created 1890), Antietam (1890), Shiloh (1894), Gettysburg (1895), Vicksburg (1899), and Chalmette (1907). Domestically, Lord Dufferin , the Governor General from 1872 to 1878, initiated some of the earliest, high-profile efforts to preserve Canada's historic sites. He
8556-515: Was routinely a war zone between the French and the English and would often change hands. However, Acadia would definitively fall into British hands following Queen Anne's War , a conquest of most of the Acadian peninsula, formalized by the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 . After the war, Acadia was reduced to Île Saint-Jean ( Prince Edward Island ) and Île-Royale ( Cape Breton Island ), with the ownership of continental Acadia (New Brunswick) being disputed between France and Britain, with an informal border on
8649-460: Was used as servants' quarters, containing five rooms. There is speculation that one of these rooms was a servants' dining room and lounge. The adjacent room, which is small and houses numerous shelves, is joined to it by a window as if it were a bar. While this floor features numerous skylights added by the later Merritts, originally it would have had no windows. Also on the property is a carriage house . Originally double its current length, it housed
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