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121-1363: Latrobe or La Trobe may refer to: People [ edit ] Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764–1820), architect of the United States Capitol, brother of C. I. Latrobe Benjamin Henry Latrobe II (1806–1878), (or sometimes "Jr."), an engineer, son of B. H. Latrobe Charles La Trobe (1801–1875), first lieutenant-governor of Victoria, Australia, son of C. I. Latrobe Charles Hazlehurst Latrobe , (1833–1902), engineer, bridge-builder, architect, son of B. H. Latrobe II Christian Ignatius Latrobe (1758–1836), English clergyman and musician Ferdinand Claiborne Latrobe (1833–1911), seven-time mayor of Baltimore, son of John H. B. Latrobe Henry Sellon Latrobe (1792–1817), architect, eldest son of B. H. Latrobe John H. B. Latrobe (1803–1891), writer, lawyer, historian, artist, inventor, civic activist, son of B. H. Latrobe Geography [ edit ] Australia [ edit ] City of Latrobe , Victoria Latrobe River , West Gippsland, Victoria Latrobe Valley , Gippsland, Victoria Mount LaTrobe, Wilsons Promontory , Victoria Latrobe, Tasmania ,

242-713: A steamship venture based at Pittsburgh . While in Pittsburgh, Latrobe designed and built a theater for the Circus of Pepin and Breschard . After the U. S. Capitol and White House were burned by the British Army, Latrobe remained in Washington to help with rebuilding, and Latrobe's son took on much of the work for the New Orleans waterworks project. Latrobe faced further delays trying to get an engine built for

363-552: A civil engineer. In 1827, he joined the newly organized Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and designed the longest, most challenging bridge on its initial route: the curving Thomas Viaduct , (the third of four multi-arched " viaducts "). Another son, John Hazlehurst Boneval Latrobe (1803–1891), was a noted civic leader, lawyer, author, historian, artist, inventor, sometime architect, intellectual, and social activist in Maryland While Park Commissioner for

484-496: A consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience; however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with

605-581: A continental " Grand Tour ", visiting eastern Saxony, Paris , Italy , and other places. Through his education and travels, Latrobe mastered German, French, ancient and modern Greek, and Latin. He had advanced ability in Italian and Spanish and some knowledge of Hebrew. Latrobe was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815. His son, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, II , (sometimes referred to as "Junior"), also worked as

726-557: A design for a new bank building. At the time, the political climate in Philadelphia was quite different than Virginia, with a strong division between the Federalists and Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans , along with anti-French sentiment, thus the city was not entirely welcoming for Latrobe. On his way to Philadelphia, Latrobe passed through the national capital city of Washington, D.C. , then under construction (congress and

847-424: A discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum . These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte ( The Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed ). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicizing interiors of

968-633: A harrowing four-month journey aboard the ship, which was plagued with food shortages under near-starvation conditions. Latrobe initially spent time in Norfolk, where he designed the "William Pennock House," then set out for Richmond in April 1796. Soon after arriving in Virginia, Latrobe became friends with Bushrod Washington , nephew of President George Washington , along with Edmund Randolph and other notable figures. Through Bushrod Washington, Latrobe

1089-452: A member of the society in 1799. With his charming personality, Latrobe quickly made other friends among the influential financial and business families in Philadelphia, and became close friends with Nicholas Roosevelt , a talented steam-engine builder who would help Latrobe in his waterworks projects. Latrobe's first major project in Philadelphia was to design the Bank of Pennsylvania, which

1210-462: A mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces". High neoclassicism was an international movement. Architects reacted against the excesses and profuse ornament used in Late Baroque architecture . The new "classical" architecture emphasized planar qualities, rather than elaborate sculptural ornament in both the interior and

1331-589: A new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little direct knowledge of surviving Greek buildings before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe , when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce

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1452-664: A new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union , the Napoleonic Wars , and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins 's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge , that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of

1573-579: A reaction to the Rococo style can be detected in some European architecture of the earlier 18th century, most vividly represented in the Palladian architecture of Georgian Britain and Ireland . The name refers to the designs of the 16th-century Venetian architect Andrea Palladio . The Baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of

1694-670: A style known as Adam style . Latrobe was not interested in either the Palladian nor Adam style, but Neoclassicalism also was being introduced to Great Britain at the time by George Dance the Younger . Other British architects, including John Soane and Henry Holland , also designed in the Neoclassical style while Latrobe was in London. During his European tour, Latrobe gathered ideas on how American cities should be designed. He suggested city blocks be laid out as thin rectangles, with

1815-524: A style that was decelerated with the advent of Modernism . Yet still Neoclassical architecture is beginning to be practiced again in the 21st century more in the form of New Classical architecture and even in Gentrification and Historicism Architecture , the Neoclassical architecture or its important elements are still being used, even when Postmodern architecture is dominant throughout the world. A return to more classical architectural forms as

1936-514: A symbol of British Malta. Other 19th-century neoclassical buildings include the Monument to Sir Alexander Ball (1810), RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now-destroyed Royal Opera House, Valletta (1866). Neoclassicism gave way to other architectural styles by the late 19th century. Few buildings were built in the neoclassical style during

2057-873: A town Division of La Trobe , Victoria, an electoral division La Trobe Street , Melbourne United States [ edit ] Latrobe, California , an unincorporated community Latrobe, Pennsylvania , a city Latrobe, West Virginia , an unincorporated community and coal town Latrobe Park, Baltimore , a public park in Locust Point , Maryland Schools [ edit ] Banksia Latrobe Secondary College , Heidelberg West, Victoria, Australia Charles La Trobe College , Macleod, Victoria, Australia La Trobe University , Victoria, Australia La Trobe University College of Northern Victoria , Bendigo Sports [ edit ] Latrobe Football Club of Latrobe, Tasmania Latrobe Athletic Association of Latrobe, Pennsylvania, from 1895 to 1909, one of

2178-607: A waterworks project, and died there in 1820 from yellow fever . Latrobe has been called the "father of American architecture". He was the uncle of Charles La Trobe , who was the first Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria in Australia . Latrobe was born on May 1, 1764, at the Fulneck Moravian Settlement , near Pudsey in the city of Leeds , in the West Riding of Yorkshire , England. His parents were

2299-634: Is also an important example of Neoclassical architecture along with the islands of Poros and Syros (especially in the capital Ermoupoli ). The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác . In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the Baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in

2420-535: Is an outstanding example of the many Protestant churches that were built in the first half of the 19th century. This was the time of the first iron structures in Hungarian architecture, the most important of which is the Széchenyi Chain Bridge by William Tierney Clark . Although not a western country, due to Western influence Japan has had neoclassical architecture produced in it. This includes

2541-770: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Benjamin Henry Latrobe Benjamin Henry Boneval Latrobe (May 1, 1764 – September 3, 1820) was an Anglo-American neoclassical architect who immigrated to the United States . He was one of the first formally trained, professional architects in the new United States, drawing on influences from his travels in Italy, as well as British and French Neoclassical architects such as Claude Nicolas Ledoux . In his thirties, he immigrated to

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2662-960: Is difficult now to isolate Latrobe's work in the current designs. His designs were simpler than was typical at the time, and had influences of Robert Adam. Features in his designs often included as part of the front porticos , Greek ionic columns, as used in Ashdown House, or doric columns, seen in Hammerwood Park. The book, The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe , lists buildings he designed in England, including Grade II* listed Alderbury House (late 1800s) in Wiltshire. This structure had previously been misattributed to James Wyatt . It has been described as "one of Wiltshire's most elegant Georgian country houses". Latrobe continued to design houses after he immigrated to

2783-534: Is expressed in the Louis XV style of architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel ( Petit Trianon , 1762–1768); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and Empire , might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin 's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam , the second by those of Sir John Soane . The interior style in France

2904-706: The goût grec ("Greek taste"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette , his fashion-loving Queen, brought the Louis XVI style to court. However, there was no real attempt to employ the basic forms of Roman furniture until around the turn of the century, and furniture-makers were more likely to borrow from ancient architecture, just as silversmiths were more likely to take from ancient pottery and stone-carving than metalwork: "Designers and craftsmen [...] seem to have taken an almost perverse pleasure in transferring motifs from one medium to another". A new phase in neoclassical design

3025-461: The Baroque , or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts. The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in

3146-654: The Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa built between 1540–1844 by Lucas Poblete . Brazil , which became the seat of the court of the Portuguese monarchy , gaining independence from its metropolis as the Empire of Brazil , also used the resources of architecture for the glorification of political power, and it was decided to resort to architects trained in the Académie royale d'architecture . To this period belong

3267-691: The Basingstoke Canal in Surrey , together with engineers John Smeaton and William Jessop . In spring 1793, Latrobe was hired to plan improvements to the River Blackwater from Maldon to Beeleigh, so that the port of Maldon could compete with the Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation , which bypassed the town. The project lasted until early 1795, when Parliament denied approval of his plan. Latrobe had problems getting payment for his work on

3388-480: The Beaux-Arts architecture sparked by the return of massive number of architectural students to the islands from the western schools. It also became a symbol of democracy and the approaching republic during the commonwealth . The centre of Polish-Lithuanian Neoclassicism was Warsaw and Vilnius under the rule of the last Polish king and Lithuanian grand duke, Stanisław August Poniatowski . Vilnius University

3509-471: The Enlightenment , empiricism , and the study of sites by early archaeologists. Classical architecture after about 1840 must be classified as one of a series of "revival" styles, such as Greek , Renaissance , or Italianate . Various historians of the 19th century have made this clear since the 1970s. Classical architecture during the 20th century is classified less as a revival, and more a return to

3630-644: The National Library of Greece (1888), the third building of the trilogy being the National and Capodistrian University of Athens (1843), which was designed by his brother Christian Hansen . Also he designed the Zappeion Hall (1888). Ernst Ziller also designed many private mansions in the centre of Athens which gradually became public, usually through donations, such the mansion of Heinrich Schliemann , Iliou Melathron (1880). The city of Nauplio

3751-544: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were Dominik Merlini , Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer , Szymon Bogumił Zug , Jakub Kubicki , Antonio Corazzi , Efraim Szreger , Chrystian Piotr Aigner and Bertel Thorvaldsen . In the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century, neoclassical architecture was equal to Saint Petersburg architecture because this style was specific for a huge number of buildings in

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3872-604: The Saint Louis Cemetery in New Orleans , where his eldest son, architect Henry Sellon Boneval Latrobe (1792–1817), had been buried three years earlier, having also succumbed to yellow fever. While studying in Germany, Latrobe was mentored by Baron Karl von Schachmann, a classical scholar interested in art and collecting. Around 1783, Latrobe made the decision to become an architect, a decision influenced by

3993-690: The State Library Victoria , Australia Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Latrobe . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latrobe&oldid=1248560628 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Educational institution disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

4114-638: The Venetian Republic , building one of the first lapidariums in Europe in Verona , in the Doric style (1738). During the same period, neoclassical elements were introduced to Tuscany by architect Jean Nicolas Jadot de Ville-Issey , the court architect of Francis Stephen of Lorraine . On Jadot's lead, an original neoclassical style was developed by Gaspare Maria Paoletti , transforming Florence into

4235-727: The White House porticos. Private homes designed by Latrobe include commissions by John P. Van Ness and Peter Casanove . In June 1812, construction of the Capitol came to a halt with the outbreak of the War of 1812 and the failure of the First Bank of the United States . During the war, Latrobe relocated to Pittsburgh , and returned to Washington in 1815, as Architect of the Capitol , charged with responsibility of rebuilding

4356-833: The restoration of the Republic and the subsequent stability of the Pax Porfiriana that Mexico saw a significant number of new neoclassical buildings. The Academy of San Carlos saw a renewal of neoclassicism ideals under director Francesco Saverio Cavallari . During the Porfiriato, the predominant architectural taste favored Eclecticism . Buildings such as the Teatro Juárez , Museo Nacional de Arte and Palacio de Bellas Artes , are eclectic buildings that combine different architectural styles and are not solely neoclassical. An important unfinished neoclassical building

4477-421: The "Mill Hill" plantation house near Richmond. After spending a year in Virginia, the novelty of being in a new place wore off, and Latrobe was lonely and restless in Virginia. Giambattista Scandella , a friend, suggested Philadelphia as an ideal location for him. In April 1798, Latrobe visited Philadelphia for the first time, meeting with Bank of Pennsylvania president Samuel J. Fox, and presented to him

4598-537: The 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton 's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour , and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam , were pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann . The style

4719-782: The 1760s. Also the work of a French architect, Jean-Charles-Alexandre Moreau , is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architects of Neoclassicism in Hungary were Mihály Pollack and József Hild . Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom . The Reformed Great Church of Debrecen

4840-600: The 1799 design of Sedgeley , a country mansion in Philadelphia. The Gothic Revival style was used in Latrobe's design of the Philadelphia Bank building as well, which was built in 1807 and demolished in 1836. As a young architect, Robert Mills worked as an assistant with Latrobe from 1803 until 1808 when he set up his own practice. While in Philadelphia, Latrobe married Mary Elizabeth Hazlehurst (1771–1841), in 1800. The couple had several children together. In

4961-593: The 18th century in Germany, in what was then Prussia . Karl Friedrich Schinkel built many notable buildings in this style, including the Altes Museum in Berlin. While the city remained dominated by Baroque city planning, his architecture and functional style provided the city with a distinctly neoclassical center. Schinkel's work is very comparable to Neoclassical architecture in Britain since he drew much of his inspiration from that country. He made trips to observe

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5082-402: The 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell (1715), Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura ( The Four Books of Architecture , 1715), De re aedificatoria by Leon Battista Alberti (first published in 1452) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular

5203-713: The 20th century, such as the Domvs Romana museum (1922), and the Courts of Justice building (Valletta) (1965–1971). Neoclassical architecture in Mexico had two main eras, the first was toward the end of Spanish colonial rule and the second phase was during independent Mexico beginning in the mid-19th century. As part of the Spanish Enlightenment 's cultural impact on the Kingdom of New Spain (Mexico),

5324-416: The Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the Royal High School, Edinburgh (1823–1829). At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire , where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and

5445-524: The Capitol Building. One of the greatest problems with the overall city plan, in the view of Latrobe, was its vast interior distances, and Latrobe considered the Washington Canal as a key factor that, if successful, could help alleviate this issue. Latrobe also had concerns about the city's economic potential, and argued for constructing a road connecting Washington with Frederick to the northwest to enhance economic commerce through Washington. Latrobe saw great potential for growth in New Orleans, situated at

5566-450: The City of Baltimore he co-founded the Baltimore Zoo. Among his inventions and patents, he invented the Latrobe Stove, also known as the "Baltimore Heater", a cast iron coal fired parlor heater. A grandson, Charles Hazlehurst Latrobe (1834–1902), Benjamin Henry Latrobe II's son, continued the tradition of architect and engineer building bridges for the city of Baltimore and for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . Charles Hazlehurst fought on

5687-403: The Columbia Turnpike going through Bladensburg to Baltimore . Latrobe also provided consulting on the construction of the Washington Bridge across the Potomac River in a way that would not impede navigation and commerce to Georgetown . Benjamin Latrobe was responsible for several other projects located around Lafayette Square , including St. John's Episcopal Church , Decatur House , and

5808-482: The French Empire style . The term "neoclassical" is often used very loosely for any building using some of the classical architectural vocabulary. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts. The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of

5929-427: The French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into

6050-403: The Late Baroque architectural tradition. Therefore, the style is defined by symmetry, simple geometry, and social demands instead of ornament. In the 21st century, a version of the style continues, sometimes called New Classical architecture or New Classicism. Neoclassical architecture is a specific style and moment in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that was specifically associated with

6171-472: The Public Buildings of the United States, and to work as superintendent of construction of the United States Capitol . As construction of the capitol was already underway, Latrobe was tasked to work with William Thornton 's plans, which Latrobe criticized. In an 1803 letter to Vice President Aaron Burr , he characterized the plans and work done as "faulty construction". Nonetheless, President Thomas Jefferson insisted that Latrobe follow Thornton's design for

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6292-498: The Reverend Benjamin Latrobe, a leader of the Moravian Church who was of Huguenot (French Protestant ) ancestry, and Anna Margaretta Antes whose father was German and whose maternal line was Dutch. Antes was born in the American colony of Pennsylvania , but was sent to England by her father, a wealthy landowner, to attend a Moravian school at Fulneck. Latrobe's father, who was responsible for all Moravian schools and establishments in Britain, had an extensive circle of friends in

6413-578: The United States with the design of Sedgeley . The mansion was built in 1799 and demolished in 1857; however, the stone Porter's house at Sedgeley remains as his only extant building in Philadelphia. A theme seen in many of Latrobe's designs is plans with squarish-dimensions and a central, multi-story hall with a cupola to provide lighting, which was contrary to the popular trend of the time of building houses with long narrow plans. Neoclassical architecture The development of archaeology and published accurate records of surviving classical buildings

6534-464: The United States, Latrobe quickly achieved eminence as the first professional architect working in the country. Latrobe was a friend of Thomas Jefferson , influencing Jefferson's design for the University of Virginia . Latrobe also knew James Monroe , as well as New Orleans architect and pirate, Barthelemy Lafon , was Aaron Burr 's preferred architect, and he trained architect William Strickland . In 1803, Jefferson hired Latrobe as Surveyor of

6655-426: The United States, mostly using Greek Revival designs. Four houses still stand that Latrobe designed: the Decatur House in Washington, D.C.; Adena in Chillicothe, Ohio; the Pope Villa in Lexington, Kentucky; and the Sedgeley Porter's house in Philadelphia. As one of Latrobe's most avant-garde designs, the Pope Villa has national significance for its unique design. He also introduced Gothic Revival architecture to

6776-510: The adaptation to the local architectural language, which during previous centuries had made a synthesis or syncretism of European and pre-Columbian elements in the so-called Colonial Baroque. Two more Classical criteria belong, in Chile , the La Moneda Palace (1784–1805) and the Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral (1748–1899), both works by the Italian architect Joaquín Toesca . In Ecuador, the Quito's Palacio de Carondelet (Ecuador's Government Palace) built between 1611–1801 by Antonio García. At

6897-442: The architecture. However, a style of its own was not conceived, but the Classical canon was introduced, not in the form of a replica of buildings from Antiquity, but with a classical predominance and a lot of influence from French Classicism ; which lasted until the 20th century. Like most western tradition, it arrived in the Pacific Archipelagos via rule from New Spain (Mexico) during the period of governance by Mexico City as one of

7018-523: The baron. While Latrobe was in Germany, a new architectural movement, led by Carl Gotthard Langhans and others, was emerging with return to more Classical or Vitruvian designs. In 1784, Latrobe set off on a Grand Tour around Europe, visiting Paris where the Panthéon , a church dedicated to St. Genevieve , was nearing completion. The Panthéon in Paris, designed by Jacques Germain Soufflot and Jean-Baptiste Rondelet , represented an early example of Neoclassicism . At that time, Claude Nicolas Ledoux

7139-422: The best preferred architecture in the Spanish East Indies , manifested in churches, civic buildings and one of the popular architectural ornament for newer styled Bahay na bato and Bahay kubo . When the power over the archipelago was transferred from Spain to the United States of America, the style became more popular and developed from slightly simple approach during the Spanish era, to a more ornamented style of

7260-486: The buildings and develop his functional style. From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture from the Palladian architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart 's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood 's Palmyra and Baalbec . A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment

7381-409: The canal was built with wooden locks, which were subsequently destroyed in a heavy storm in 1811. Latrobe also designed the main gate of the Washington Navy Yard . Latrobe worked on other transportation projects in Washington, D.C., including the Washington and Alexandria Turnpike, which connected Washington with Alexandria , as well as a road connecting with Frederick, Maryland , and a third road,

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7502-492: The capitol after it was destroyed in the war. Latrobe was given more freedom in rebuilding the capitol, to apply his own design elements for the interior. Through much of Latrobe's time in Washington, he remained involved with his private practice to some extent and with other projects in Philadelphia and elsewhere. His clerk of works, John Lenthal, often urged Latrobe to spend more time in Washington. By 1817, Latrobe had provided President James Monroe with complete drawings for

7623-458: The capitol. Although Latrobe's major work was overseeing construction of the United States Capitol , he also was responsible for numerous other projects in Washington. In 1804, became chief engineer in the United States Navy . As chief surveyor, Latrobe was responsible for the Washington Canal . Latrobe faced bureaucratic hurdles in moving forward with the canal, with the directors of the company rejecting his request for stone locks . Instead,

7744-481: The children. In 1795, Latrobe suffered a breakdown and decided to immigrate to America, departing on November 25 aboard the Eliza . In America, Latrobe was known for his series of topological and landscape watercolors; the series started with a view of the White Cliffs of the south coast of England viewed from the Eliza . The series was preceded by a watercolor of East Grinstead, dated September 8, 1795. Latrobe arrived in Norfolk, Virginia , in mid-March 1796 after

7865-783: The classical revival in America took on a national form". The American form of Greek Revival architecture that Latrobe developed became associated with political ideals of democracy —a meaning that was less apparent in Britain. The direct link between the Greek Revival architecture and American democracy has been disputed by recent scholars such as W. Barksdale Maynard, who sees the Greek Revival as an international phenomenon. When Latrobe began private practice in England, his first projects were alterations to existing houses, designing Hammerwood Park , and designing Ashdown House, East Sussex . Alterations completed early in his career may have included Tanton Hall, Sheffield Park, Frimley, and Teston Hall, although these homes have since been altered and it

7986-411: The construction of major neoclassical buildings came to an end as a result of interruptions to the operation of the Academy of San Carlos and economic turmoil caused by the War of Independence. The economic slump was worsened by a succession of wars, including the Spanish reconquest attempts , First French Intervention , First American Intervention and Reform War . It was not until the late 1860s, with

8107-454: The construction, although he continued to do occasional projects for clients in Virginia. By the time he arrived in Philadelphia, Latrobe's two friends, Scandella and Volney, had left due to concerns regarding the Alien and Sedition Acts , but Latrobe made friends with some of their acquaintances at the American Philosophical Society . Latrobe submitted several papers to the society, on his geology and natural history observations, and became

8228-428: The crown established the Academy of San Carlos in 1785 to train painters, sculptors, and architects in New Spain, under the direction of the peninsular Gerónimo Antonio Gil . The academy emphasized neoclassicism, which drew on the inspiration of the clean lines of Greek and Roman architecture, but also, for some monuments, from the Aztec and Maya architectural traditions. The preeminent Neoclassical architect in Mexico

8349-429: The dawn of the independence of Hispanic America, constructive programs were developed in the new republics. Neoclassicism was introduced in New Granada by Marcelino Pérez de Arroyo . Later, in Colombia , the Capitolio Nacional was built in Bogotá between 1848–1926 by Thomas Reed , trained at the Berlin Bauakademie ; the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá (1807–1823), designed by Friar Domingo de Petrés ; and in Peru

8470-446: The decorative arts, neoclassicism is exemplified in French furniture of the Empire style; the English furniture of Chippendale , George Hepplewhite and Robert Adam , Wedgwood 's bas reliefs and "black basaltes" vases , and the Biedermeier furniture of Austria. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine the Great in Saint Petersburg . Indoors, neoclassicism made

8591-412: The earliest professional American football teams Latrobe (horse) , thoroughbred racehorse, winner of the 2018 Irish Derby Other uses [ edit ] HMAS Latrobe , a Royal Australian Navy corvette Latrobe Brewing Company in Latrobe, Pennsylvania Latrobe Stove , a cast-iron stove for home or room heating invented in the early 1800s The La Trobe Journal , a scholarly journal of

8712-604: The entire building. He resigned as Architect of the Capitol on November 20, 1817, and without this major commission, Latrobe faced difficulties and was forced into bankruptcy. Latrobe left Washington, for Baltimore in January 1818. Latrobe left Washington with pessimism, with the city's design contradicting many of his ideals. Latrobe disliked the Baroque-style plan for the city, and other aspects of L'Enfant 's plan, and resented having to conform to Thornton's plans for

8833-436: The eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke 's conception of the sublime . Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally, such ideas give rise to architecture parlante ("speaking architecture"). From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through

8954-574: The exterior. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flat and tended to be framed by friezes, tablets or panels. This was the first "stripped down" classical architecture, and appeared to be modern in the context of the Revolutionary period in Europe. At its most elemental, as in the work of Etienne-Louis Boullée , it was highly abstract and geometrically pure. Neoclassicism also influenced city planning. The ancient Romans had used

9075-765: The final years of Hospitaller rule . Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as

9196-561: The first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi the Elder and John Soane , but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century. Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded

9317-761: The forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington ; in 1729, he and William Kent designed Chiswick House . This house was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra "La Rotonda" , but purified of 16th-century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of Palladianism. In 1734, William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture, Holkham Hall in Norfolk . The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicizing vein

9438-461: The higher ranks of society. He stressed the importance of education, scholarship, and the value of social exchange; while Latrobe's mother instilled in her son a curiosity and interest in America. From a young age, Benjamin Henry Latrobe enjoyed drawing landscapes and buildings. He was a brother of Moravian leader and musical composer Christian Ignatius Latrobe . In 1776, at the age of 12, Latrobe

9559-549: The importance of public buildings. Many of these urban planning patterns found their way into the first modern planned cities of the 18th century. Exceptional examples include Karlsruhe , Washington, D.C., Saint Petersburg, Buenos Aires, Havana, and Barcelona. Contrasting models may be found in Modernist designs exemplified by Brasília , the Garden city movement , and levittowns . The first phase of neoclassicism in France

9680-414: The long side of the blocks oriented east–west so that as many houses as possible could face south. For a city to succeed, he thought it needed to be established only in places with good prospects for commerce and industrial growth, and with a good water supply. Public health was another key consideration of Latrobe, who believed that the eastern shores of rivers were unhealthy, due to prevailing direction of

9801-490: The medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism that is called the Greek Revival . Although several European cities – notably Saint Petersburg , Athens , Berlin and Munich – were transformed into veritable museums of Greek revival architecture, the Greek Revival in France was never popular with either the state or the public. Neoclassical architecture became a symbol of national pride during

9922-734: The most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal , Covent Garden (1808–1809), the General Post Office (1824–1829) and the British Museum (1823–1848), Wilkins University College London (1826–1830) and the National Gallery (1832–1838). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780–1848) and Hugh William Williams (1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance;

10043-527: The most important centre of neoclassicism in the peninsula. In the second half of the century, Neoclassicism flourished also in Turin , Milan ( Giuseppe Piermarini ) and Trieste ( Matteo Pertsch ). In the latter two cities, just as in Tuscany, the sober neoclassical style was linked to the reformism of the ruling Habsburg enlightened monarchs. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to

10164-472: The mouth of the Mississippi River , with the advent of the steamboat and great interest in steamboat technology. Latrobe's first project in New Orleans was the first New Orleans United States Customs building, constructed in 1807. In 1810, Latrobe sent his son, Henry Sellon "Boneval" Latrobe, to the city to present a plan for a waterworks system to the New Orleans city council. Latrobe's plan for

10285-879: The new United States and designed the United States Capitol , on " Capitol Hill " in Washington, D.C. , as well as the Old Baltimore Cathedral or The Baltimore Basilica , (later renamed the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary). It is the first Cathedral constructed in the United States for any Christian denomination. Latrobe also designed the largest structure in America at

10406-539: The office of neoclassical architect Samuel Pepys Cockerell for a brief time. In 1790, Latrobe was appointed Surveyor of the Public Offices in London, and established his own private practice in 1791. Latrobe was commissioned in 1792 to design Hammerwood Lodge , near East Grinstead in Sussex , his first independent work, and he designed nearby Ashdown House in 1793. Latrobe was involved in construction of

10527-667: The portal of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro made in 1826 and the Imperial Palace of Petrópolis built between 1845–1862. Argentina is another of the countries that seeks to shed its colonial past, but in the context of the reorganization of the country after independence in 1810, an aspect of power was sought that transmitted the presence of the State, inspiring respect and devotion, including of course

10648-569: The preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams. From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave

10769-475: The president would not arrive until the year 1800), where he met with the first architect of the capitol, William Thornton , and viewed the United States Capitol for the first time. He stopped by Washington again on his way back to Richmond. Latrobe remained in Richmond, Virginia, until November 1798, when his design was selected for the Bank of Pennsylvania. He moved to Philadelphia , so that he could supervise

10890-399: The project immediately and faced financial problems in securing enough investors for the project. His work on the United States Capitol was completed shortly before the War of 1812 started, ending his source of steady income. During the war Latrobe unsuccessfully tried several wartime schemes to make money, including some steamboat projects. In 1814, Latrobe partnered with Robert Fulton in

11011-434: The project, and faced bankruptcy. In February 1790, Latrobe married Lydia Sellon, and they lived a busy social life in London. The couple had a daughter (Lydia Sellon Latrobe) and a son ( Henry Sellon Boneval Latrobe ), before she died giving birth during November 1793. Lydia had inherited her father's wealth, which in turn was to be left to the children through a trust with the children's uncles, but never ended up going to

11132-548: The side of the confederacy during the Civil War. Another grandson, Ferdinand Claiborne Latrobe , was a seven-term mayor of Baltimore. Latrobe Park in south Baltimore is named for the family, as is Latrobe Park, New Orleans , in the French Quarter . Latrobe returned to England in 1784, and was apprenticed to John Smeaton , an engineer known for designing Eddystone Lighthouse . Then in 1787 or 1788, he worked in

11253-408: The style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze -like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style,

11374-753: The time, the "Merchants' Exchange" in Baltimore. With extensive balconied atriums through the wings and a large central rotunda under a low dome which dominated the city, it was completed in 1820 after five years of work and endured into the early twentieth century. Latrobe immigrated to America from England in 1796, initially settling in Virginia where he worked on the Virginia State Penitentiary in Richmond . Latrobe then moved to Philadelphia where he established his practice. In 1803, he

11495-524: The time. It is particularly evident in Dublin , which is a largely neoclassical and Georgian city. After the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece in 1832, the architecture of Greece was mostly influenced by the Neoclassical architecture. For Athens, the first King of Greece, Otto I , commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert to design a modern city plan. The Old Royal Palace

11616-547: The unique Hiko Shrine  [ ja ] which is a Shinto shrine based on Greek temples . It later developed into the Imperial Crown Style which contains elements of both Eastern and Western design Roofs are notably distinctly Asian in this style and it was used heavily by the Japanese Empire in its colonies. Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during

11737-575: The use of solitary confinement in the Richmond penitentiary. While in Virginia, Latrobe worked on the Green Spring mansion near Williamsburg , which had been built by Governor Sir William Berkeley in the seventeenth century but fell into disrepair after the American Revolutionary War . Latrobe created designs for Fort Nelson in Virginia in 1798. He also made drawings for a number of houses that were not built, including

11858-489: The waterworks system was based on that of Philadelphia, which he earlier designed. The system in Philadelphia was created as a response to yellow fever epidemics affecting the city. Latrobe's system used steam pumps to move water from the Schuylkill River to a reservoir, located upstream; so that gravity could be used to transmit the water from there to residents in the city. The New Orleans waterworks project also

11979-583: The waterworks, which he finally accomplished in 1819. The process of designing and constructing the waterworks system in New Orleans spanned eleven years. In addition to this project, Latrobe designed the central tower of the St. Louis Cathedral , which was his last architectural project. Latrobe died September 3, 1820, from yellow fever , while working in Louisiana. He was buried in the Protestant section of

12100-430: The wind, and recommended cities be built on the western shores of rivers. Latrobe brought from England influences of British Neoclassicism, and was able to combine it with styles introduced by Thomas Jefferson, to devise an American Greek Revival style. John Summerson described the Bank of Pennsylvania, as an example of how Latrobe "married English Neo-Classicism to Jeffersonian Neo-Classicism [and] ... from that moment,

12221-916: Was Manuel Tolsá . Neoclassicism in Mexican architecture was directly linked to crown policies that sought to rein in the exuberance of the New Spanish Baroque , and to create public buildings of "good taste" funded by the crown, such as the Palacio de Minería in Mexico City, the Hospicio Cabañas in Guadalajara, and the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato , all built in the late colonial era. Following Independence ,

12342-401: Was Italy, especially Naples , where by the 1730s court architects such as Luigi Vanvitelli and Ferdinando Fuga were recovering classical, Palladian and Mannerist forms in their Baroque architecture. Following their lead, Giovanni Antonio Medrano began to build the first truly neoclassical structures in Italy in the 1730s. In the same period, Alessandro Pompei introduced neoclassicism to

12463-582: Was able to pay a visit to Mount Vernon to meet with the president in the summer of 1796. Latrobe's first major project in the United States was the State Penitentiary in Richmond, commissioned in 1797. The penitentiary included many innovative ideas in penal reform , then being espoused by Thomas Jefferson and various other figures, including cells arranged in a semicircle, that allowed for easy surveillance , as well as improved living conditions for sanitation and ventilation. He also pioneered

12584-522: Was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam brothers , James Wyatt , Sir William Chambers , George Dance the Younger , James Gandon , and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester . In Scotland and the north of England, where the Gothic Revival

12705-515: Was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia . International neoclassical architecture was exemplified in Karl Friedrich Schinkel 's buildings, especially the Altes Museum in Berlin, Sir John Soane 's Bank of England in London and the newly built White House and Capitol in Washington, D.C. of the nascent American Republic . The style was international. The Baltimore Basilica , which

12826-578: Was also detectable, to a lesser degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris, such as in the Louvre Colonnade . This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran . By the mid-18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece . An early centre of neoclassicism

12947-558: Was another important centre of Neoclassical architecture in Europe, led by the notable professors of architecture Marcin Knackfus , Laurynas Gucevičius and Karol Podczaszyński . The style was expressed in the shape of main public buildings, such as the Vilnius University Astronomical Observatory , Vilnius Cathedral and the town hall . The best-known architects and artists, who worked in

13068-414: Was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture. In many countries, there was an initial wave essentially drawing on Roman architecture, followed, from about the start of the 19th century, by a second wave of Greek Revival architecture . This followed increased understanding of Greek survivals. As the 19th century continued, the style tended to lose its original rather austere purity in variants like

13189-615: Was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1806, is considered one of the finest examples of neoclassical architecture in the world . A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the First French Empire . In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style , and the second in the styles called Directoire and Empire . Its major proponents were Percier and Fontaine , court architects who specialized in interior decoration. In

13310-560: Was designed by Latrobe in a Greek Revival style. It drew water from the Schuylkill River , a mile away, and contained two steam engines that pumped it into wooden tanks in its tower. Gravity then fed the water by wooden mains into houses and businesses. Following his work on the Philadelphia water works project, Latrobe worked as an engineer of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal . In addition to Greek Revival designs, Latrobe also used Gothic Revival designs in many of his works, including

13431-520: Was designed to desalinate water , using steam-powered pumps. While in New Orleans, Latrobe's son participated in the Battle of New Orleans against British forces in 1815, and took on other projects including building a lighthouse, a new Charity Hospital, and the French Opera House . New Orleans agreed to commission the waterworks project in 1811, although Latrobe was not ready to take on

13552-584: Was designing numerous houses in France, in Neoclassical style. Latrobe also visited Rome , where he was impressed by the Roman Pantheon and other ancient structures with Greek influence. Influential architects in Britain, at the time when Latrobe returned in 1784, adhered to a number of different styles. Sir William Chambers was at the forefront, designing in Palladianism style, while Chambers' rival, Robert Adam 's designs had Roman influence, in

13673-581: Was hired as Surveyor of the Public Buildings of the United States, and spent much of the next fourteen years working on projects in the new national capital of Washington, D.C. , (in the newly-laid out Federal capital of the District of Columbia ) where he served as the second Architect of the Capitol . He also was responsible for the design of the White House porticos. Latrobe spent the later years of his life in New Orleans , Louisiana working on

13794-442: Was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam , who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam style available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the Rococo and Baroque styles which had been fashionable in

13915-552: Was initially a Parisian style, the " Goût grec " ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young King Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774 did Marie Antoinette , his fashion-loving Queen, bring the Louis XVI style to court. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux . The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates

14036-442: Was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair . The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric. In Ireland , where Gothic Revival was also less popular, a refined, restrained form of the neoclassical developed, and can be seen in the works of James Gandon and other architects working at

14157-770: Was sent away to the Moravian School at Niesky in Silesia near the border of Saxony and Poland . At age eighteen, he spent several months traveling around Germany, and then joined the Royal Prussian Army , becoming close friends with a distinguished officer in the United States Army . Latrobe also may have served briefly in the Austrian Imperial Army , and suffered some injuries or illness. After recovering, he embarked on

14278-489: Was the first example of Greek Revival architecture in the United States. It was demolished in 1870. This commission is what convinced him to set up his practice in Philadelphia, where he developed his reputation. Latrobe also was hired to design the Center Square Water Works in Philadelphia. The Pump House, located on the common at Broad and Market Streets (now the site of Philadelphia City Hall ),

14399-558: Was the first important public building to be built, between 1836 and 1843. Later, in the mid- and late 19th century, Theophil Hansen and Ernst Ziller took part in the construction of many neoclassical buildings. Theophil Hansen designed his first building, the National Observatory of Athens , and two of the three contiguous buildings forming the so-called "Athens Classical Trilogy", namely the Academy of Athens (1859) and

14520-439: Was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones , but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain. At

14641-615: Was the planned Palacio Legislativo Federal by Émile Bénard . Construction was halted by the Mexican Revolution and it was eventually turned into the Monumento a la Revolución . The Neoclassical style arrived in the American empires of Spain and Portugal through projects designed in Europe or carried out locally by European or Criollo architects trained in the academies of the metropolis . There are also examples of

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