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87-727: Traditionally the home of the Lugbara , Kakwa, Bari , and Moru peoples , the area became part of the Ottoman- Egyptian province of Equatoria , and was first visited by Europeans in 1841/42, becoming an ivory and slave trading centre. Lado, as part of the Bahr-el-Ghazal , came under the control of the Khedivate of Egypt and in 1869 Sir Samuel Baker created an administration in the area, based in Gondokoro , suppressed

174-466: A British protectorate. However, in reality, following Leopold's death and the subsequent withdrawal of Belgian colonial troops, British authorities neglected to administer the area, leaving the enclave to become a "no man's land". Ivory hunters moved in and shot almost all of an estimated herd of 2000 elephants resident in the enclave, netting the hunters large profits. In 1912 Captain Harry Kelly of

261-739: A Syrian passport who lacked a visa. After the signing of the historic Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLA), the Government of Sudan began a massive development project. In 2007, the biggest projects in Khartoum were the Al-Mogran Development Project , two five-star hotels, a new airport, El Mek Nimr Bridge (finished in October 2007) and

348-467: A barrier to further travel. Rejaf was the seat of the commander, the only European colonial official within the enclave, who were in place from 1897 to June 1910. Efforts were made to properly defend Lado against any possible incursion by another colonial power, with twelve heavy Krupp fort guns installed in November 1906. However, there continued to be uncertainty in the enclave with the knowledge that

435-415: A byword for an exotic region, and was used as a setting for their stories. Winston Churchill travelled through the enclave, declaring it "present(ed) splendid and alluring panoramas". Lord Kitchener travelled to Lado for hunting, and shot a large white rhinoceros considered a "splendid trophy", with the horn being "some twenty seven inches long" and the rhinoceros standing six feet tall. Additionally,

522-910: A few living in South Sudan . They speak the Lugbara language , a Central Sudanic language similar to the language spoken by the Madi , with whom they also share many cultural similarities. Traditionally, the Lugbara are farmers who rear some livestock and poultry, mainly guineafowl locally known as ope ; they are the predominant keepers of guineafowl in Uganda. Lugbara occupy the West Nile region of Uganda (Arua City, Arua, Maracha, Terego, Madi-Okollo, Yumbe and Koboko districts of Uganda to be specific). The Lugbara are divided into many dialects which are easily understandable to each other. These include: Ayivu, Maracha, Terego, Vurra and Aringa. Tribes related to

609-411: A market four miles away, a vast journey in the desert heat." Many residents were reduced to having only burlap sacks as housing. The intentional displacement was part of a large urban renewal plan backed by the housing minister, Sharaf Bannaga. The sudden death of SPLA head and vice-president of Sudan John Garang in late July 2005, was followed by three days of violent riots in the capital. Order

696-628: A military expedition to the enclave. Kiro had been the location of the British residence in the region but following the move to Congo Free State rule, a post (also called Kiro) was established a few kilometres north of the Lado Enclave's Kiro on the west bank of the Nile. However, in April 1901 it was discovered that this post lay within the enclave's territory and a new British post was created across

783-533: A new subspecies of Temminck's courser within the enclave. Tsetse flies were common in the enclave and African trypanosomiasis (also known as sleeping sickness), the medical condition that can occur as a result of a tsetse fly bite, led to a number of fatal cases recorded in the enclave. Malaria was the most common disease in the region, with about 80 per cent of the sickness in the neighboring Bahr El Ghazal due to malaria. Those suffering from malaria also faced Blackwater fever , whereby red blood cells burst in

870-477: A priority, with the start of commercial farming of cotton , sesame and durra and the introduction of livestock farming. Although Gordon stationed over three hundred soldiers throughout the region his efforts to consolidate Egyptian control over the area were unsuccessful and when he resigned as governor in 1876, only Lado and the few garrison settlements along the Nile could be considered administered. Emin Pasha

957-407: A standing army in their chiefdoms. Every able-bodied man had the duty to protect his village hence all able-bodied men were automatically considered a soldier though this was not a permanent duty. The Lugbara were originally animists as their mythology attests. However, Christianity is now the predominant religion amongst them with Islam another major religion. According to the 2002 Census of Uganda,

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1044-583: A tacit understanding, the State was permitted to remain in occupation of the Lado Enclave. "The Bahr-el-Ghazal has never ceased to be British, and any extension of the sphere of influence of the Congo State beyond the limits of the Lado Enclave, without the express sanction of the British Government is a wholly unjustifiable, and indeed, filibustering proceeding." In 1899, Leopold wanted to annul

1131-748: Is an economic and trade center in North Africa , with rail lines from Port Sudan and El-Obeid . It is served by Khartoum International Airport with the New Khartoum International Airport under construction. Several national and cultural institutions are in Khartoum and its metropolitan area, including the National Museum of Sudan , the Khalifa House Museum , the University of Khartoum , and

1218-486: Is home to the largest airport in Sudan, Khartoum International Airport . It is the main hub for Sudan Airways , Sudan's main carrier. A new airport was planned for the southern outskirts of the city, but with Khartoum's rapid growth and consequent urban sprawl , the airport is still located in the heart of the city. Khartoum's transportation is limited to the vehicular road system, with buses and personal vehicles comprising

1305-566: Is located in northern Khartoum. The Souq al Arabi is Khartoum's largest open air market. The souq is spread over several blocks in the center of Khartoum proper just south of the Great Mosque (Mesjid al-Kabir) and the minibus station. It is divided into separate sections, including one focused entirely on gold. Al Qasr Street and Al Jamhoriyah Street are considered the most famous high streets in Khartoum State . Afra Mall

1392-523: Is located in the southern suburb of Arkeweet. The Afra Mall has a supermarket, retail outlets, coffee shops, a bowling alley, movie theaters, and a children's playground. In 2011, Sudan opened the Hotel Section and part of the food court of the new, Corinthia Hotel Tower. The Mall/Shopping section is still under construction. Khartoum is the main location for most of Sudan's top educational bodies. There are four main levels of education: Khartoum

1479-467: Is the National Museum of Sudan . Founded in 1971, it contains works from different epochs of Sudanese history. Among the exhibits are two Egyptian temples of Buhen and Semna , originally built by Pharaoh Hatshepsut and Pharaoh Tuthmosis III , respectively, but relocated to Khartoum upon the flooding of Lake Nasser . The Republican Palace Museum , opened in 2000, is located in the former Anglican All Saints' cathedral on Sharia al-Jama'a, next to

1566-717: Is the capital city of Sudan . With a population of 6,344,348, Khartoum's metropolitan area is the largest in Sudan. Khartoum is located at the confluence of the White Nile – flowing north from Lake Victoria – and the Blue Nile , flowing west from Lake Tana in Ethiopia . Divided by these two parts of the Nile, the Khartoum metropolitan area is a tripartite metropolis consisting of Khartoum proper and linked by bridges to Khartoum North ( الخرطوم بحري al-Kharṭūm Baḥrī ) and Omdurman ( أم درمان Umm Durmān ) to

1653-406: Is very low, with only 121.3 mm (4.78 in) of precipitation. Khartoum records on average six days with 10 mm (0.39 in) or more and 19 days with 1 mm (0.039 in) or more of rainfall. The highest temperatures occur during two periods in the year: the first at the late dry season, when average high temperatures consistently exceed 40 °C (104 °F) from April to June, and

1740-598: The 1998 U.S. embassy bombings , the United States accused bin Laden's al-Qaeda group and, on 20 August, launched cruise missile attacks on the al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum North . The factory's destruction created diplomatic tension between the U.S. and Sudan. The factory ruins are now a tourist attraction. In November 1991, the government of President Omar al-Bashir sought to remove half

1827-650: The Blue Nile region and the Nuba Mountains , as well as down the White Nile (the Dinka and Shilluk territories). According to the British explorer Samuel Baker , who visited Khartoum in 1862, slavery was the industry "that kept Khartoum going as a bustling town". On 13 March 1884, troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad began the siege of Khartoum against the Egyptian garrison led by

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1914-522: The Darfur rebel group Justice and Equality Movement attacked the city with the goal of toppling Omar al-Bashir 's government. The Sudanese government held off the assault. On 23 October 2012, an explosion at the Yarmouk munitions factory killed two people and injured another person. The Sudanese government claimed that the explosion was the result of an Israeli airstrike. On 3 June 2019, Khartoum

2001-559: The Democratic Republic of Congo , a faction of the Lugbara were called "The Naked People", due to their attitude towards clothing. Most women did not wear shirts and many of them did not wear even dresses, but they were covered with grass skirts or leaves. Taller than many Congolese , the Lugbara men are great hunters as well, using powerful bows with long arrows that have fishing hooks type tips. This ethnic group straddles

2088-469: The Egyptian Army . Egypt shifted the seat of the colonial government from Wad Madani to Khartoum in 1823, which became a permanent settlement and underwent rapid development in the next decades. With its elevation to capital status, Khartoum quickly grew into a regional center of trade, serving as a rest area on the caravan route from Ethiopia to Egypt , but also becoming a major focal point for

2175-763: The Italian attack was repelled by British forces in Sudan. The fourth Arab League summit was held in Khartoum on 29 August 1967. In 1973, the city was the site of a hostage crisis in which members of Black September held 10 hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five of them diplomats. The US ambassador, the US deputy ambassador, and the Belgian chargé d'affaires were murdered. The remaining hostages were released. A 1973 United States Department of State document, declassified in 2006, concluded: "The Khartoum operation

2262-784: The Justice and Equality Movement engaged in combat in the city with the Sudanese Armed Forces as part of the War in Darfur . The Khartoum massacre occurred in 2019 during the Sudanese Revolution . The city saw extensive combat during the 2023 Sudan conflict between the armed forces and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), affecting Khartoum International Airport and other critical sites. Khartoum

2349-579: The Maasai people , khartoum means "we have acquired" and that the geographical location of Khartoum is where Maasai oral tradition claims that the ancestors of the Maasai first acquired cattle . In 1821, Khartoum was established 24 km (15 mi) north of the ancient city of Soba , by Isma'il Kamil Pasha , the third son of Egypt's ruler, Muhammad Ali Pasha , who had just incorporated Sudan into his realm. Originally, Khartoum served as an outpost for

2436-546: The Siege of Khartoum in 1884 resulted in the capture of the city by Mahdist forces and a massacre of the defending Anglo-Egyptian garrison. In 1898 it was reoccupied by British forces and was the seat of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan's government until 1956. In 1956, the city was designated as the capital of an independent Sudan . Three hostages were killed during the attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum in 1973. In 2008,

2523-511: The Sudan University of Science and Technology . The origin of the word Khartoum is uncertain. Scholars posit that the name derives from the Dinka words khar-tuom (Dinka-Bor dialect) or khier-tuom (as is the pronunciation in various Dinka dialects), translating to "place where rivers meet". This is supported by historical accounts which place the Dinka homeland in central Sudan (around present-day Khartoum) as recently as

2610-482: The Tuti Bridge that links Khartoum to Tuti Island . In the 21st century, Khartoum developed based on Sudan's oil wealth (although the independence of South Sudan in 2011 affected the economy of Sudan negatively ). The center of the city has tree-lined streets. Khartoum has the highest concentration of economic activity in the country. This has changed as major economic developments take place in other parts of

2697-589: The slave trade . A significant change took place in 1854, when most of the city was destroyed by heavy rains and floods. It was rebuilt with houses made out of mud and stones, replacing those made out of thatch and straw. Khartoum also became the seat of several European consulates and the Apostolic Vicariate of Central Africa . European pressure and influence forced Egypt to close the city's public slave market in 1854, although slaves continued to be sold and trafficked in large numbers, specifically from

Lado Enclave - Misplaced Pages Continue

2784-610: The 13th-17th centuries A.D. One folk etymology is that it is derived from Arabic khurṭūm ( خرطوم ' trunk ' or ' hose ' ), probably referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles. Captain J.A. Grant , who reached Khartoum in 1863 with Captain Speke 's expedition, thought the name was most probably from the Arabic qurtum ( قرطم ' safflower ' , i.e., Carthamus tinctorius ), which

2871-646: The 1894 British-Congolese Treaty, signed on 12 May, under which the British leased all of the Nile basin south of the 10° north latitude to King Leopold II of the Belgians , sovereign of the Congo Free State, for the period of his lifetime. This area, called the Lado Enclave, linked the Congo with the navigable Nile. The treaty also dictated that the whole of the Bahr-el-Ghazal (with the exception of

2958-473: The 1960s; millet and sorghum used to be their staple food. Chicken , pigs , goats , and at higher elevations, cattle are also important. Groundnuts, Simsim [sesame], chick peas and sweet potatoes are also grown. Maize is grown for brewing beer , and tobacco is a very important cash crop . Emerging cash crops are avocado, pineapple, and mangoes. In early days of 1874 the North Eastern side of

3045-732: The 3000-metre steeple chase world champion in Helsinki 2005 and Jackson Asiku, the previous Commonwealth boxing light-weight champion. Another important Lugbara is John Munduga, an international boxer plus Idi Amin Dada , former president of Uganda mostly remembered/ known for expelling the Asians. The cultural symbol of the Lugbara is a leopard with 300 spots. Khartoum Khartoum or Khartum ( / k ɑːr ˈ t uː m / kar- TOOM ; Arabic : الخرطوم , romanized :  al-Khurṭūm , pronounced [al.xur.tˤuːm] )

3132-584: The British General Charles George Gordon . Despite being fortified by trenches and a wall connecting the Blue and White Niles, the city was conquered by the Mahdists on 26 January 1885. Many of the inhabitants were massacred or enslaved and the survivors were deported to the newly established Omdurman , while Khartoum was largely destroyed and abandoned. With the reconquest of Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1898, Khartoum

3219-537: The British Royal Engineers was sent to the region to adjust the Sudan-Uganda border, with the plan to grant Uganda a southern part of the enclave, which Uganda could more easily administer, and in return to transfer part of northern Uganda to the Sudan, thereby placing all navigable parts of the Nile under Sudanese control. This was achieved on 1 January 1914 when Sudan formally exchanged part of

3306-404: The British agreed to remove their troops from the area while Leopold considered the offer. However, instead of considering, Leopold immediately ordered his troops to occupy the now vacant military posts, which was seen as a "futile and disastrous outbreak of Leopold's lust for short-term advantages. Its inevitable result was a sharp British order to Congolese forces to retreat southwards, followed by

3393-602: The Congo Free State nor the Sudanese introduced money taxation, preferring instead to collect grain and livestock as taxation. On 10 June 1910, following Leopold's death, the district officially became a province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , with British Army veteran Captain Chauncey Hugh Stigand appointed administrator. In 1912 the southern half of the Lado Enclave was ceded to Uganda , then

3480-535: The Franco-Congolese Treaty, allowing him to gain more territory but the British opposed it, claiming that "serious consequences" would occur if Leopold attempted to expand the enclave's borders. In January 1900, some bored officials who had decided to explore the swamps beyond the Lado border were found by a British patrol. British officials believed this to be an official sortie and considered sending

3567-828: The Indian Ocean. Dhanis' expedition mutinied in 1897. Later in 1897, troops of the Congo Free State under Louis Napoléon Chaltin attempted to physically take control of the enclave. Chaltin's forces reached the Nile at the town of Bedden in the enclave in February 1897 and defeated the Mahdists in the Battle of Rejaf . This consolidated Léopold's claim to the Upper Nile , but although he had instructed Chaltin to continue on towards Khartoum , Chaltin did not have

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3654-445: The Lado Enclave was also a popular attraction for the wealthy classes, with reports stating that "still more exhilarating was to be taken to the Lado Enclave, East Africa's equivalent to the badlands". The enclave was the site of "the last big elephant hunt on the continent", as dozens of hunters from around the world converged on the enclave over the years 1907 to 1909, killing several thousand elephants. The publicity from this hunt and

3741-598: The Lado Enclave) be ceded to the Congo State during the lifetime of King Leopold "and his successors". The British knew that the Congo Free State would be unable to occupy Lado "for some time". French concern about Leopold's aspirations in Africa led to the 1894 Franco-Congolese Treaty, signed on 14 August, in which Leopold was forced to renounce all right to occupy north of the 5° 30" north latitude in exchange for French acceptance of Leopold's ownership of Lado. However, it

3828-547: The Lugbara in language include Madi and Kaliko in South Sudan . The Lugbara also have a special name-giving ceremony called Cikiri every time a child is born. In the early days, the Lugbara were a mainly chiefdom-based community. They did not have kingdoms and kings presiding over them like other ethnic groups in Uganda. They mainly had chiefs who were their leaders. They formed friendly alliances with neighboring tribes so as to ensure their security against attacks from other ethnic groups. The earlier Lugbara did not have soldiers or

3915-410: The Nile up to the 25th meridian east of Greenwich, and that meridian up to its intersection by the 10th parallel north, whence it shall run along that parallel directly to a point to be determined to the north of Fashoda. Thence it shall follow the thalweg of the Nile southward to Lake Albert, and the western shore of Lake Albert to the point above indicated south of Mahagi." A landlocked territory, it

4002-656: The Sudanese Armed Forces and the RSF broke out across Sudan, including in Khartoum . Fighting was reported at the presidential palace, the RSF's headquarters, Khartoum International Airport and Merowe Airport , the last two of which the RSF claimed to have captured. Gunfire and clashes were also reported at El Obeid Airport in North Kordofan . Khartoum is located at the confluence of the Blue Nile and

4089-770: The Victory Bridge, and the Al-Dabbasin Bridge span the White Nile, connecting Khartoum to Omdurman. The Tuti Bridge connects Tuti Island with Khartoum. Prior to the construction of the Tuti Bridge in 2008, residents of Tuti Island relied on water taxis to cross the Blue Nile into Khartoum. Khartoum has rail lines from Wadi Halfa , Port Sudan on the Red Sea , and El Obeid . All are operated by Sudan Railways . The architecture of Khartoum reflects

4176-399: The White Nile. Khartoum is relatively flat, at elevation 385 m (1,263 ft), as the Nile flows northeast past Omdurman to Shendi , at elevation 364 m (1,194 ft) about 163 km (101 mi) away. Khartoum features a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ) with a dry season occurring during winter, typical of the Saharo-Sahelian zone, which marks

4263-440: The area. One of the most prolific was the Scottish adventurer W. D. M. Bell . Hippopotami were described as having been "extremely numerous and particularly obtrusive" in the enclave but their presence had dropped to almost zero during the enclave's existence. In 1912, renowned naturalist Dr Edgar Alexander Mearns travelled through the enclave as part of his expedition through eastern Africa searching for new fauna, and reported

4350-415: The average monthly high temperature fall below 30 °C (86 °F). This is something not seen in other major cities with hot desert climates, such as Riyadh , Baghdad and Phoenix . Almost 250,000 Syrians lived in Khartoum as of 2019, representing 5% of the total population of the city. Most are young men who have fled war in Syria. Sudan was the only country in the world to accept travelers carrying

4437-430: The bloodstream, releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine, frequently leading to kidney failure. Captain Harry Ranken , who would later be awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry in World War I , was posted to the enclave in 1911 and 1914 as a member of the Sudan Sleeping Sickness Commission, where he was based in Yei and researched methods of treatment for sleeping sickness and yaws . He

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4524-433: The city's history since the early 1820s and is marked by both native Sudanese, Turkish, British and modern buildings. In general, the architecture of Sudan reflects a wide diversity in its shapes, materials, and use. Since independence, the people of Sudan have introduced new infrastructure and technology, which has led to new and innovative building concepts, ideas and construction techniques. The largest museum in Sudan

4611-413: The city's outskirts. Since the mid-1980s, large numbers of refugees from South Sudan and Darfur – fleeing the violence of the Second Sudanese Civil War and Darfur conflict – have settled around Khartoum. In 1991, Osama bin Laden purchased a house in the affluent al-Riyadh neighborhood of the city and another in Soba . He lived there until 1996, when he was banished from the country. Following

4698-407: The closing of the Nile to Congolese transport." In May 1906 the British cancelled the lease of the Bahr-el-Ghazal, although Leopold refused to evacuate the region until the promised railway between the Lado Enclave and the Congo frontier was built. The Lado Enclave was important to the Congo Free State as it included Rejaf , which was the terminus for boats on the Nile , as the rapids there proved

4785-446: The common border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo with the majority of their population in the Congo side of the border. Some live in South Sudan. A collection of the proverbs of the Lugbara have been published, and also a description of how their proverbs relate to ethics. The same author has described other parts of traditional Lugbara customs and society. Famous and well known Lugbara include Dorcus Inzikuru ,

4872-423: The country, like oil exploration in the south, the Giad Industrial Complex in Al Jazirah state and White Nile Sugar Project in Central Sudan, and the Merowe Dam in the North. Among the city's industries are printing, glass manufacturing, food processing, and textiles. Petroleum products are now produced in the far north of Khartoum state, providing fuel and jobs for the city. One of Sudan's largest refineries

4959-420: The enclave as the possible locale of the legendary Elephants' graveyard . Commandants of the Lado Enclave: 4°50′N 29°50′E  /  4.833°N 29.833°E  / 4.833; 29.833 Lugbara people The Lugbara are a Central Sudanic ethnic group who live primarily in the West Nile region of Uganda , in the adjoining area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) with

5046-428: The enclave for a stretch of the Upper Nile. The area of the Lado Enclave integrated into Uganda was renamed West Nile , best known as the ancestral home of Idi Amin . Later Gondokoro, Kiro, Lado and Rejaf were abandoned by the Sudanese government, and no longer appear on modern maps. Although the Lado Enclave was a small, remote area in central Africa, it captured the imagination of world leaders and authors, becoming

5133-450: The enclave would revert to British rule upon Leopold's death. As a result, the Congo Free State was unable to create an effective government, leading to civil unrest within the enclave. There were also rumours of gold deposits in Lado which led to great interest in the region in the early years of the twentieth century. The enclave had an area of about 15,000 square miles (39,000 km), a population of about 250,000 and had its capital at

5220-413: The enclave, escaping Congo Free State rule, and settled on the eastern (Sudanese) shore of the Nile. The enclave was an area of seismological activity, particularly around Rejaf (which means "earthquake" in Arabic ). A fault line runs as a notable escarpment west of Rejaf south to Lake Albert, and while no major tremors occurred during the existence of the Lado Enclave, there was a noticeable earthquake in

5307-443: The forces to do so, and instead chose to heavily fortify Lado (which had ceased to exist under the Mahdists), Rejaf, Kiro, Loka, and Yei, and occupied Dufile . By 1899, the British Government was claiming that the Congo State had not fulfilled its obligations of the Anglo-Congolese Treaty and therefore had no right to claim the Bahr-el-Ghazal. At the same time the convention was signed, the Congo State forces had occupied Rejaf, and by

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5394-440: The main types of vehicles. As with many cities in the continent, parts of Khartoum are connected through privately owned buses. Khartoum has a number of bridges across both tributaries of the Nile. The Mac Nimir Bridge , the Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge , the Cooper Bridge (also known as the Armed Forces Bridge), and the Elmansheya Bridge span the Blue Nile, connecting Khartoum to Khartoum North. The Omdurman Bridge ,

5481-429: The majority of Lugbara people at around 48.6% are Roman Catholic , while 21.4% are Anglican and 29.1% are Sunni Muslim . They are settled subsistence farmers . Cassava is now the traditional staple. They also grow millet , sorghum , legumes , pigeon peas, beans and a variety of root crops . Before cassava was introduced to the Lugbara to manage famine when the cereals millet and sorghum failed due to drought in

5568-401: The population from the city. The residents, deemed squatters , were mostly southern Sudanese whom the government feared could be potential rebel sympathizers. Around 425,000 people were placed in five "Peace Camps" in the desert an hour's drive from Khartoum. The camps were watched over by heavily armed security guards, many relief agencies were banned from assisting, and "the nearest food was at

5655-426: The progressive passage between the Sahara Desert 's vast arid areas and the Sahel 's vast semi-arid areas. The climate is extremely dry for most of the year, with about eight months when average rainfall is lower than 5 mm (0.20 in). The very long dry season is itself divided into a warm, very dry season between November and February, as well as a very hot, dry season between March and May. During this part of

5742-440: The region, centered on Rejaf, on 21 May 1914, which destroyed or damaged most of the buildings in the town. The enclave was well known for its enormous herds of elephants which drew big-game hunters from around the world. Starting about six weeks after Leopold's death in December 1909, from the years 1910 to 1912, hunters arrived in great numbers and shot thousands of elephants before Sudanese officials were able to take control of

5829-503: The region. Junker wrote complimentarily of Lado town, in particular its brick buildings and neat streets. During the Mahdist rule of the region, Lado was allowed to fall into disuse but Rejaf was made into a penal settlement. British desire for a Cape to Cairo railway led them to negotiate with the Congo Free State to exchange the area that became known as the Lado Enclave for a narrow strip of territory in eastern Congo between Lakes Albert and Tanganyika . These negotiations resulted in

5916-402: The resulting public outrage led to the beginnings of the conservation movement. In his novel Elephant Song , Wilbur Smith refers to the slaughter of elephants in the Lado Enclave following the withdrawal of the Belgian colonial service in 1910, Ernest Hemingway , in his novel True at First Light , references the enclave as a wild place while the 1936 story "The Curse of Simba", refers to

6003-420: The river at Mongalla. The British were quick to populate and arm Mongalla, with a British Inspector, police officer, two companies of the Sudanese battalion under a British officer and a gunboat stationed there. In 1905, the strategic importance of the Lado Enclave became clear enough for the British to consider offering Leopold a small part of the Bahr-el-Ghazal in exchange for the enclave. As part of this offer,

6090-460: The second at the early dry season, when average high temperatures exceed 39 °C (102 °F) in September and October. Temperatures cool off somewhat during the night, with Khartoum's lowest average low temperature of the year, in January, just above 15 °C (59 °F). Khartoum is one of the hottest major cities on Earth, with annual mean temperatures hovering around 30 °C (86 °F). The city also has very warm winters. In no month does

6177-418: The slave trade and opened up the area to commerce. Charles George Gordon succeeded Baker as Governor of Equatoria in 1874 and noting the unhealthy climate of Gondokoro, moved the administrative centre downstream to a spot he called Lado , laying the town out in the pattern of an Indian cantonment , with short, wide and straight streets, and shady trees. Gordon made the development of primary industry in Lado

6264-404: The south and Kiro to the north, but on the east shore of the river. By his account "Kiro, the most northern station of the Congo on the Nile, is very pretty and clean. Lado, the second station, is prettier still". However, he said that although the buildings were well made, they were too closely crowded together. While a large percentage of its population were Indigenous inhabitants, many Bari left

6351-412: The town of Lado which is near to the modern-day city of Juba . Under the 1894 Anglo-Congolese Treaty, the enclave's territory was dictated as "bounded by a line starting from a point situated on the west shore of Lake Albert, immediately to the south of Mahagi, to the nearest point of the frontier defined in paragraph (a) of the preceding Article. Thence it shall follow the watershed between the Congo and

6438-647: The west. The place where the two Niles meet is known as al-Mogran or al-Muqran ( المقرن ; English: "The Confluence"). Khartoum was founded in 1821 by Muhammad Ali Pasha , north of the ancient city of Soba . In 1882 the British Empire took control of the Egyptian government, leaving the administration of Sudan in the hands of the Egyptians. At the outbreak of the Mahdist War , the British attempted to evacuate Anglo-Egyptian garrisons from Sudan but

6525-585: The year, hot, dry continental trade winds from deserts, such as the harmattan , sweep over the region; the weather is stable and very dry. The very irregular, very brief, rainy season lasts about 1 month as the maximum rainfall is recorded in August, with about 48 mm (1.9 in). The rainy season is characterized by a seasonal reverse of wind regimes, when the Intertropical Convergence Zone goes northerly. Average annual rainfall

6612-441: Was a slave trader and the al-Zibar Basha street leads to the military base where the 2019 Khartoum massacre took place. On 26 October 2021, the city was locked down following a military coup that left at least 7 dead, triggering protests and calls for a general strike. Prime minister Abdalla Hamdok was arrested during the coup, and held along with other cabinet members in an unknown location. On 15 April 2023, fighting between

6699-494: Was appointed as governor to replace Gordon and began to build up the region's defences and developed Lado into a modern town, founding a mosque, Koranic school and a hospital, so by 1881 Lado boasted a population of over 5000 tokuls (round mud huts common to the region). Russian explorer Wilhelm Junker arrived in the Lado area in 1884, fleeing the Mahdist uprising in the Sudan, and made it his base for his further explorations of

6786-409: Was bordered on the north by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan province of Bahr-el-Ghazal and on the east by the Nile. The shifting sandbanks of the Nile led to islands on the border of the enclave and the Sudan regularly created or destroyed and made navigability difficult. Described variously as "a small muddy triangle along the Nile, ... a chain of desolate mudforts" and "shaped like a leg of mutton". Lado

6873-403: Was comparatively cool, and the temperature was said to "very seldom rise" to 100 °F (38 °C). The economy of the Lado Enclave was based on ivory and rubber. As a small region, the enclave's trading ability was small, although a lively trading community of "Egyptians, Copts and Greeks" was recorded. Cotton, alcohol and utensils were the most popular items traded into the enclave. Neither

6960-677: Was cultivated extensively in Egypt for its oil to be used as fuel. Some scholars speculate that the word derives from the Nubian word Agartum , meaning "the abode of Atum ", Atum being the Nubian and Egyptian god of creation. Other Beja scholars suggest Khartoum is derived from the Beja word hartoom , "meeting". Sociologist Vincent J. Donovan notes that in the Nilotic Maa language of

7047-487: Was due to return to the enclave in 1915 to complete his research but died from shrapnel wounds in France while serving on the front line. The seasons in the Lado Enclave were similar to neighboring regions of East Africa, whereby there were two seasons, with the dry season occurring from December to February and the wet season from March to November, although daily rain storms usually did not occur until June. The temperature

7134-561: Was finally restored after southern Sudanese politicians and tribal leaders sent strong messages to the rioters. The death toll was at least 24, as youths from southern Sudan attacked northern Sudanese and clashed with security forces. The African Union summit of 16–24 January 2006 was held in Khartoum; as was the Arab League summit of 28–29 March 2006, during which they elected Sudan the Arab League presidency. On 10 May 2008,

7221-456: Was not until 1896 that Leopold had the resources to assemble an expedition to the enclave; "an expedition which was without doubt the greatest that nineteenth century Africa had ever seen", under Baron Dhanis . The official plan was to occupy the enclave, but the ultimate aim was to use Lado as a springboard to capturing Khartoum to the north and control a strip of Africa from the Atlantic to

7308-662: Was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of Yasser Arafat ." In 1977, the first oil pipeline between Khartoum and Port Sudan was completed. The Organization of African Unity summit of 18–22 July 1978 was held in Khartoum, during which Sudan was awarded the OAU presidency. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Khartoum was the destination of hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing conflicts in neighboring nations such as Chad , Eritrea , Ethiopia and Uganda . Many Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees assimilated into society, while others settled in large slums on

7395-546: Was reinstated as the capital, and was rebuilt according to a street plan in the shape of the Union Jack . Khartoum Bahri was established as a garrison comprising a dockyard and a railhead to Egypt , while Omdurman, remained the most populous part and largely kept its old shape. During World War II, the Italian Empire attempted to advance into Sudan from Ethiopia , with the end goal of capturing Khartoum. However,

7482-498: Was the largest town in the enclave, while Yei , a fortified military station on the Yei River , was considered the second most important town. The northernmost post was Kiro , on the west bank of the Nile nineteen kilometres above the British post at Mongalla , while Dufile , Ismailia and Wadelai were other settlements. English traveler Edward Fothergill visited the Sudan around 1901, basing himself at Mongalla between Lado to

7569-461: Was the site of the Khartoum massacre , where over 100 dissidents were murdered (the government said 61 were killed), hundreds more injured and 70 women raped by Rapid Support Forces (RSF) soldiers in order to forcefully disperse the peaceful protests calling for a civilian government. On 1 July 2020, activists demanded that al-Zibar Basha street in Khartoum be renamed. Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur

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