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83-526: At 15–17 lb (7–8 kg), the Lakeland Terrier is the smallest of the long legged, black and tan terriers. It is similar in appearance to the slightly larger Welsh Terrier but is finer-boned. The largest of the threesome in this similar group of Terriers is the Airedale. The Lakeland is a sturdy dog, compact, free moving and able to cover ground with little effort and much quickness. The dog

166-458: A 22–63 cm (8.7–24.8 in) wide base and a 14–32 cm (5.5–12.6 in) height. Three sleeping chambers occur in a family unit, some of which are open at both ends. The nesting chamber is located 5–10 m (16–33 ft) from the opening, and is situated more than a 1 m (3 ft 3 in) underground, in some cases 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in). Generally, the passages are 35–81 m (115–266 ft) long. The nesting chamber

249-461: A challenge to keep them entertained. For example, they love chasing toys and love swimming (a good example would be lake activities with their families). Welsh Terriers get along well with children; they love to play and follow a child as it plays, however, and they will often tug at pant legs and can knock young ones off their feet. If they are around young children at an early age, they will easily learn to play more gently. As with all breeds, it

332-464: A consequence, developing obedience in a Welsh Terrier is a long-term proposition and one has to constantly work on and reinforce the training. They rank 101st in Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs , being of average working/obedience intelligence. This, however, does not mean that Welsh Terriers fail to learn or understand commands, just that they tend to make their own decisions; thus

415-557: A few months later, but usually remain within the family group. The European badger has been known to share its burrow with other species, such as rabbits , red foxes , and raccoon dogs , but it can be ferocious when provoked, a trait which has been exploited in the now-illegal blood sport of badger-baiting . Like many wild and domesticated species of mammals, badgers can be carriers of bovine tuberculosis , which can spread between species and can be particularly detrimental to cattle. In England, badger populations are culled to try to reduce

498-506: A life expectancy of 14.2 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds . Welsh Terrier The Welsh Terrier ( Welsh : Daeargi Cymreig ) also known as the Welshie, is believed to have originated in the 1700s in Wales and was originally bred for hunting fox , rodents and badger ; in the remote mountains of northern Wales , but during

581-597: A peak just before the winter. During the summer, European badgers commonly weigh 7–13 kg (15–29 lb) and 15–17 kg (33–37 lb) in autumn. The average weight of adults in the Białowieża Forest was 10.2 kg (22 lb) in spring but up to 19 kg (42 lb) in autumn, 46% higher than the spring low mass. In Woodchester Park , England , adults in spring weighed on average 7.9 kg (17 lb) and in fall average 9.5 kg (21 lb). In Doñana National Park , average weight of adult badgers

664-546: A piercing scream when alarmed or frightened. Like other badger species, European badgers are burrowing animals. However, the dens they construct (called setts) are the most complex, and are passed on from generation to generation. The number of exits in one sett can vary from a few to fifty. These setts can be vast, and can sometimes accommodate multiple families. When this happens, each family occupies its own passages and nesting chambers. Some setts may have exits which are only used in times of danger or play. A typical passage has

747-601: A prominent role in Colin Dann 's The Animals of Farthing Wood series as second in command to Fox. The badger is also the house symbol for Hufflepuff in the Harry Potter book series. The Redwall series also has the Badger Lords, who rule the extinct volcano fortress of Salamandastron and are renowned as fierce warriors. The children's television series Bodger & Badger was popular on CBBC during

830-403: A provoked badger was once reported as biting down on a man's wrist so severely that his hand had to be amputated. The dental formula is 3.1.3.1 3.1.4.2 . Scent glands are present below the base of the tail and on the anus . The subcaudal gland secretes a musky-smelling, cream-coloured fatty substance, while the anal glands secrete a stronger-smelling, yellowish-brown fluid. In winter,

913-462: A quantity of food equal to 3.4% of its body weight. Badgers typically eat prey on the spot, and rarely transport it to their setts. Surplus killing has been observed in chicken coops. Badgers prey on rabbits throughout the year, especially during times when their young are available. They catch young rabbits by locating their position in their nest by scent, then dig vertically downwards to them. In mountainous or hilly districts, where vegetable food

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996-606: A reduction in rabies in Central Europe. In the UK, badgers experienced a 77% increase in numbers during the 1980s and 1990s. The badger population in Great Britain in 2012 is estimated to be 300,000. The European badger is found in deciduous and mixed woodlands, clearings, spinneys, pastureland and scrub, including Mediterranean maquis shrubland . It has adapted to life in suburban areas and urban parks, although not to

1079-556: A short tail. Its weight varies, being 7–13 kg (15–29 lb) (15–29 lb) in spring, but building up to 15–17 kg (33–37 lb) in autumn before the winter sleep period. It is nocturnal and is a social , burrowing animal that sleeps during the day in one of several setts in its territorial range. These burrows have multiple chambers and entrances, and are extensive systems of underground passages of 35–81 m (115–266 ft) length. They house several badger families that use these setts for decades. Badgers are fussy over

1162-502: A simple darker tan all over. The breed is a sturdy and compact dog of about medium size that can grow up to 15.5 in (39 cm) with a weight of 20–22 pounds (9.1–10.0 kg). The tail was usually docked until this was prohibited in the United Kingdom in 2006, being preferred in order to complete the image of a square dog, as tall as it is long. The body shape is rectangular, with an elongated, "brick-like" face. This shape

1245-540: A slightly lighter colored eye. The dog will not shed if properly groomed. It is suggested that "[r]egular stripping and trimming improves the texture and quality of the coat" and is "necessary to enhance the dog's utilitarian purposes" as well as "enhancing him for the show ring". The dogs are friendly, bold, and confident. Shyness is very atypical, as is aggressiveness. Very intelligent and independent minded, they are quick to learn and easy to train, though Lakelands often exhibit " selective deafness " when their interest level

1328-532: A source. A male badger is a boar, a female is a sow, and a young badger is a cub. A badger's home is called a sett. Badger colonies are often called clans. The far older name "brock" ( Old English : brocc ), ( Scots : brock ) is a Celtic loanword (cf. Gaelic broc and Welsh broch , from Proto-Celtic * brokko ) meaning 'grey'. The Proto-Germanic term was * þahsu- (cf. German Dachs , Dutch das , Norwegian svin-toks ; Early Modern English dasse ), probably from

1411-536: A threat to adult badgers, though deaths caused by them are quantitatively rare as these predators are often limited in population due to human persecution and usually prefer easier, larger prey like ungulates , while badgers may fight viciously if aware of a predator and cornered without an escape route. They may live alongside red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) in isolated sections of large burrows. The two species possibly tolerate each other out of commensalism ; foxes provide badgers with food scraps, while badgers maintain

1494-433: A wide range of animals and plants. Earthworms are their most important food source, followed by large insects , carrion , cereals , fruit and small mammals , including rabbits , mice , rats , voles , shrews , moles and hedgehogs . Insect prey includes chafers , dung and ground beetles , caterpillars , leatherjackets , and the nests of wasps and bumblebees . They are able to destroy wasp nests, consuming

1577-723: A wise hermit, a good leader and gentleman, embodying common sense. He is also brave and a skilled fighter, and helps rid Toad Hall of invaders from the wild wood. The "Frances" series of children's books by Russell and Lillian Hoban depicts an anthropomorphic badger family. In T. H. White 's Arthurian series The Once and Future King , the young King Arthur is transformed into a badger by Merlin as part of his education. He meets with an older badger who tells him "I can only teach you two things – to dig, and love your home." A villainous badger named Tommy Brock appears in Beatrix Potter 's 1912 book The Tale of Mr. Tod . He

1660-557: Is a cousin of Reynard the Fox , whom he uselessly tries to convince to return to the path of righteousness. In Kenneth Grahame 's The Wind in the Willows , Mr. Badger is depicted as a gruff, solitary figure who "simply hates society", yet is a good friend to Mole and Ratty. As a friend of Toad's now-deceased father, he is often firm and serious with Toad, but at the same time generally patient and well-meaning towards him. He can be seen as

1743-461: Is a lack of suitable burrowing grounds, badgers may move into haystacks in winter. They may share their setts with red foxes or European rabbits . The badgers may provide protection for the rabbits against other predators. The rabbits usually avoid predation by the badgers by inhabiting smaller, hard to reach chambers. Estrus in European badgers lasts four to six days and may occur throughout

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1826-516: Is aroused. The Lakeland is quite receptive to crate training . As with most terriers, the Lakeland is energetic; daily exercise and playtimes are a must, lest this active dog seek other outlets for their energy, with undesirable results for the owner. As one of the earliest Terriers (Latin derivation of earth), dating from the 1700s, this "earth" dog is a descendant of the old English Black and Tan and Fell Terriers . The Lakeland's original service

1909-429: Is formed by the whiskers and beard. With pedigrees the face can take a more oval shape and be finer boned and more distinct. The hair contains two layers, an undercoat that insulates and abrasive fur on top that protects against dirt, rain, and wind. Welsh Terriers are born mostly all black and during the first year they change colour to standard black and tan grizzle. This breed does not shed (see Moult ). However,

1992-543: Is hunted as a pest. Badgers play a part in European folklore and are featured in modern literature. In Irish mythology , badgers are portrayed as shape-shifters and kinsmen to Tadg, the king of Tara and foster father of Cormac mac Airt . In one story, Tadg berates his adopted son for having killed and prepared some badgers for dinner. In German folklore , the badger is portrayed as a cautious, peace-loving Philistine , who loves more than anything his home, family and comfort, though he can become aggressive if surprised. He

2075-475: Is important to socialize Welsh Terriers as early as possible to a wide range of dogs, people, and experiences. The body of the Welsh Terrier is normal and healthy so that the physique is durable and lasting. Some studies have suggested a genetic predisposition to primary lens luxation which results in secondary glaucoma . Onychodystrophy, a disorder of nail growth causing nails to be weak and brittle,

2158-537: Is largely associated with territorial defence and mating. When fighting, they bite each other on the neck and rump, while running and chasing each other and injuries incurred in such fights can be severe and sometimes fatal. When attacked by dogs or sexually excited, badgers may raise their tails and fluff up their fur. European badgers have an extensive vocal repertoire. When threatened, they emit deep growls and, when fighting, make low kekkering noises. They bark when surprised, whicker when playing or in distress, and emit

2241-464: Is more common—, Catalan toixó , Spanish tejón , Portuguese texugo ) except Asturian melandru . Until the mid-18th century, European badgers were variously known in English as brock, pate, grey, and bawson. The name "bawson" is derived from "bawsened", which refers to something striped with white. "Pate" is a local name that was once popular in northern England. The name "badget"

2324-460: Is on average 74 cm × 76 cm (29 in × 30 in), and are 38 cm (15 in) high. Badgers dig and collect bedding throughout the year, particularly in autumn and spring. Sett maintenance is usually carried out by subordinate sows and dominant boars. The chambers are frequently lined with bedding, brought in on dry nights, which consists of grass , bracken , straw , leaves and moss . Up to 30 bundles can be carried to

2407-535: Is relatively common in the breed. Eurasian badger Ursus meles Linnaeus, 1758 The European badger ( Meles meles ), also known as the Eurasian badger , is a badger species in the family Mustelidae native to Europe and West Asia and parts of Central Asia . It is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List , as it has a wide range and a large, stable population size which

2490-486: Is relatively narrow in the chest and has a broad muzzle, yet slightly narrower than the Welsh Terrier , with small, V-shaped ears. The Lakeland breed has a thick bushy wiry outer coat and a soft undercoat. It comes in a variety of colors. The Kennel Club lists the following as acceptable colors: black and tan, blue and tan, red, wheaten, red grizzle, liver, blue or black. Lakeland Terriers have an upright tail, which

2573-464: Is reported as 6 to 7.95 kg (13.2 to 17.5 lb), perhaps in accordance with Bergmann's rule , that its size decreases in relatively warmer climates. Sows can attain a top autumn weight of around 17.2 kg (38 lb), while exceptionally large boars have been reported in autumn. The heaviest verified was 27.2 kg (60 lb), though unverified specimens have been reported to 30.8 kg (68 lb) and even 34 kg (75 lb) (if so,

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2656-466: Is scarce, badgers rely on rabbits as a principal food source. Adult rabbits are usually avoided, unless they are wounded or caught in traps. They consume them by turning them inside out and eating the meat, leaving the inverted skin uneaten. Hedgehogs are eaten in a similar manner. In areas where badgers are common, hedgehogs are scarce. Some rogue badgers may kill lambs, though this is very rare; they may be erroneously implicated in lamb killings through

2739-641: Is shown kidnapping the children of Benjamin Bunny and his wife Flopsy, and hiding them in an oven at the home of Mr. Tod the fox, whom he fights at the end of the book. The portrayal of the badger as a filthy animal which appropriates fox dens was criticized from a naturalistic viewpoint, though the inconsistencies are few and employed to create individual characters rather than evoke an archetypical fox and badger. A wise old badger named Trufflehunter appears in C. S. Lewis ' Prince Caspian , where he aids Caspian X in his struggle against King Miraz . A badger takes

2822-400: Is thought to be increasing in some regions. Several subspecies are recognized, with the nominate subspecies ( M. m. meles ) predominating in most of Europe. In Europe, where no other badger species commonly occurs, it is generally just called the " badger ". The European badger is a powerfully built, black, white, brown, and grey animal with a small head, a stocky body, small black eyes, and

2905-558: Is uncommon, though badgers may temporarily visit other colonies. Badgers can live for up to about fifteen years in the wild. Badgers begin to prepare for winter sleep during late summer by accumulating fat reserves, which reach a peak in October. During this period, the sett is cleaned and the nesting chamber is filled with bedding. Upon retiring to sleep, badgers block their sett entrances with dry leaves and earth. They typically stop leaving their setts once snow has fallen. In Russia and

2988-580: The PIE root * tek'- 'to construct', which suggests that the badger was named after its digging of setts (tunnels); the Germanic term * þahsu- became taxus or taxō , -ōnis in Latin glosses , replacing mēlēs (' marten ' or 'badger'), and from these words the common Romance terms for the animal evolved ( Italian tasso , French tesson/taisson/tasson —now blaireau

3071-400: The fleas Paraceras melis (the badger flea), Chaetopsylla trichosa and Pulex irritans (the human flea), the lice Trichodectes melis and the ticks Ixodes ricinus , I. canisuga , I. hexagonus , I. reduvius and I. melicula . They also suffer from mange. They spend much time grooming, individuals concentrating on their own ventral areas, alternating one side with

3154-451: The 1990s and was set around the mishaps of a mashed potato -loving badger and his human companion. An unnamed badger is part of Bosnian Serb writer Petar Kočić 's satirical play Badger on Tribunal in which local farmer David Štrbac attempts to sue a badger for eating his crops. It is actually highly critical towards Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of

3237-550: The European badger as being of least concern . This is because it is a relatively common species with a wide range and populations are generally stable. In Central Europe it has become more abundant in recent decades due to a reduction in the incidence of rabies. In other areas it has also fared well, with increases in numbers in Western Europe and the United Kingdom. However, in some areas of intensive agriculture it has reduced in numbers due to loss of habitat and in others it

3320-791: The Lakeland Terrier Club suggests this was closer to 1928. The Lakeland Terrier Association (now defunct) was founded in 1921. In 1925 the breed attained homogeneity following a cross-breeding with the Fox Terrier and the Airedale Terrier . The Lakeland Terrier Club was founded in 1932 and promoted the breed nationally through Kennel-Club sanctioned shows. The American Kennel Club recognised the breed in 1934. Lakeland Terriers have twice won Best in Show at Crufts and at Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . A 2024 UK study found

3403-648: The Nordic countries, European badgers retire for winter sleep from late October to mid-November and emerge from their setts in March and early April. In areas such as England and Transcaucasia, where winters are less harsh, badgers either forgo winter sleep entirely or spend long periods underground, emerging in mild spells. European badgers are among the least carnivorous members of the Carnivora ; they are highly adaptable and opportunistic omnivores, whose diet encompasses

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3486-415: The black tones becoming brownish, sometimes with yellowish tinges. Partial melanism in badgers is known, and albinos and leucists are not uncommon. Albino badgers can be pure white or yellowish with pink eyes, while leucistic ones are the same but with normal eyes instead. Erythristic badgers are more common than the former, being characterized by having a sandy-red colour on the usually black parts of

3569-549: The body. Yellow badgers are also known. The European badger is native to most of Europe. Its range includes Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine. The distributional boundary between

3652-453: The breeding season. However, in general, animals within and outside a group show considerable tolerance of each other. Boars tend to mark their territories more actively than sows, with their territorial activity increasing during the mating season in early spring. Badgers groom each other very thoroughly with their claws and teeth. Grooming may have a social function. They are crepuscular and nocturnal in habits. Aggression among badgers

3735-1159: The burrowing habits of the species. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several badger type specimens were described and proposed as subspecies . As of 2005 , eight subspecies were recognized as valid taxa , but four ( canescens , arcalus , rhodius , severzovi ) are now considered to belong to a distinct species, the Caucasian badger ( M. canescens ). [REDACTED] taxus (Boddaert, 1785) alba (Gmelin, 1788) maculata (Gmelin, 1788) vulgaris (Tiedemann, 1808) europaeus (Desmarest, 1816) caninus (Billberg, 1827) communis (Billberg, 1827) typicus (Barrett-Hamilton, 1899) britannicus (Satunin, 1905) caucasicus (Ognev, 1926) tauricus (Ognev, 1926) danicus (Degerbøl, 1933) mediterraneus (Barrett-Hamilton, 1899) [REDACTED] European badgers are powerfully built animals with small heads, thick, short necks, stocky, wedge-shaped bodies and short tails. Their feet are plantigrade or semidigitigrade and short, with five toes on each foot. The limbs are short and massive, with naked lower surfaces on

3818-506: The cleanliness of their burrow, carrying in fresh bedding and removing soiled material, and they defecate in latrines strategically situated outside their setts or en route to other setts. Although taxonomically classified as a carnivoran , the European badger is an omnivore , feeding on a wide variety of plant and animal foods, including earthworms , large insects , small mammals , carrion , cereals , and tubers . Litters of up to five cubs are produced in spring. The young are weaned

3901-420: The coat requires regular grooming maintenance including brushing and hand stripping. An undocked Welsh Terrier tail is only an inch or so longer than a docked tail and does not make a great deal of difference to the overall appearance. The coat does not moult out but old hairs will eventually be stripped out through play and movement if the coat is not regularly raked. Ungroomed coats can also fade and thin out as

3984-424: The colour of the upper body. The front parts of the bands are 15 mm (0.59 in), and widen to 45–55 mm (1.8–2.2 in) in the ear region. A wide, white band extends from the nose tip through the forehead and crown. White markings occur on the lower part of the head, and extend backwards to a great part of the neck's length. The summer fur is much coarser, shorter and sparser, and is deeper in colour, with

4067-789: The countryside is waterlogged , cubs may be born above ground in buildings. Typically, only dominant sows can breed, as they suppress the reproduction of subordinate females. The average litter consists of one to five cubs. Although many cubs are sired by resident males, up to 54% can be fathered by boars from different colonies. Dominant sows may kill the cubs of subordinates. Cubs are born pink, with greyish, silvery fur and fused eyelids. Neonatal badgers are 12 cm (4.7 in) in body length on average and weigh 75 to 132 g (2.6 to 4.7 oz), with cubs from large litters being smaller. By three to five days, their claws become pigmented, and individual dark hairs begin to appear. Their eyes open at four to five weeks and their milk teeth erupt about

4150-499: The early Middle Pleistocene , with fossil sites occurring in Episcopia , Grombasek , Süssenborn , Hundsheim , Erpfingen , Koněprusy , Mosbach 2, and Stránská Skála . A comparison between fossil and living specimens shows a marked progressive adaptation to omnivory, namely in the increase in the molars ' surface areas and the modification of the carnassials . Occasionally, badger bones are discovered in earlier strata , due to

4233-518: The extent of red foxes. In mountainous areas it occurs up to an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). European badgers are the most social of badgers, forming groups of six adults on average, though larger associations of up to 23 individuals have been recorded. Group size may be related to habitat composition. Under optimal conditions, badger territories can be as small as 30 ha (74 acres), but may be as large as 150 ha (370 acres) in marginal areas. Badger territories can be identified by

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4316-652: The facial part of their skulls is elongated and narrow. Adults have prominent sagittal crests which can reach 15 mm tall in old males, and are more strongly developed than those of honey badgers. Aside from anchoring the jaw muscles, the thickness of the crests protect their skulls from hard blows. Similar to martens, the dentition of European badgers is well-suited for their omnivorous diets. Their incisors are small and chisel -shaped, their canine teeth are prominent and their carnassials are not overly specialized. Their molars are flattened and adapted for grinding. Their jaws are powerful enough to crush most bones;

4399-417: The feet. The claws are strong, elongated and have an obtuse end, which assists in digging. The claws are not retractable, and the hind claws wear with age. Old badgers sometimes have their hind claws almost completely worn away from constant use. Their snouts, which are used for digging and probing, are muscular and flexible. The eyes are small and the ears short and tipped with white. Whiskers are present on

4482-563: The foxes in their lair. In the Lake District of England , the mountainous, rocky terrain is unsuitable for fox hunting on horseback, and foxes were hunted on foot. It has been suggested that the Lakeland Terrier's great stamina derives from running all day with the hounds, unlike his close cousin, the fox terrier, who would have been carried in a saddle bag to be released only when the fox had gone to earth. The UK Kennel Club claims to have recognised Lakeland Terriers in 1921, whereas

4565-421: The fur on the back and flanks is long and coarse, consisting of bristly guard hairs with a sparse, soft undercoat. The belly fur consists of short, sparse hairs, with skin being visible in the inguinal region . Guard hair length on the middle of the back is 75–80 mm (3.0–3.1 in) in winter. Prior to the winter, the throat, lower neck, chest and legs are black. The belly is of a lighter, brownish tint, while

4648-523: The heaviest weight for any terrestrial mustelid). If average weights are used, the European badger ranks as the second largest terrestrial mustelid, behind only the wolverine. Although their sense of smell is acute, their eyesight is monochromatic as has been shown by their lack of reaction to red lanterns. Only moving objects attract their attention. Their hearing is no better than that of humans. European badger skulls are quite massive, heavy and elongated. Their braincases are oval in outline, while

4731-483: The incidence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, although the efficacy of this practice is strongly disputed, and badger culls are widely considered cruel and inhumane. The source of the word "badger" is uncertain. The Oxford English Dictionary states it probably derives from "badge" + -ard , a reference to the white mark on its forehead that resembles a badge, and may date to the early 16th century. The French word bêcheur ('digger') has also been suggested as

4814-401: The inguinal region is brownish-grey. The general colour of the back and sides is light silvery-grey, with straw-coloured highlights on the sides. The tail has long and coarse hairs, and is generally the same colour as the back. Two black bands pass along the head, starting from the upper lip and passing upwards to the whole base of the ears. The bands sometimes extend along the neck and merge with

4897-479: The last being in 1998 with Saredon Forever Young (Mel) owned by Judith Averis. It is on the UK Kennel Club's list of breeds that are in danger of dying out, having as few as 300 or so pups registered annually. The most popular breeds are registered in tens of thousands each year. The Welsh Terrier is coloured tan on the head, legs and underbelly with a black or sometimes grizzle saddle. Females are sometimes

4980-483: The last century, it has mainly been bred for showing. Despite this, it has retained its terrier strength of character. The Welsh Terrier has been claimed to be the oldest existing dog breed in the UK. The Welsh Terrier was a latecomer to the British show-ring (being primarily a working dog) and was not officially registered as a breed until the 19th century. The Breed has managed to win best in show at Crufts four times,

5063-509: The legs of their mothers, and even adult badgers may be attacked by this eagle species when emerging weak and hungry from hibernation. Eurasian eagle owls ( Bubo bubo ) may also take an occasional cub and other large raptors such as white-tailed eagles ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) and greater spotted eagle ( Clanga clanga ) are considered potential badger cub predators. Raccoon dogs may extensively use badger setts for shelter. There are many known cases of badgers and raccoon dogs wintering in

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5146-424: The mustelid herpesvirus -1, as well as rabies and canine distemper , though the latter two are absent in Great Britain. Other diseases found in European badgers include arteriosclerosis , pneumonia , pleurisy , nephritis , enteritis , polyarthritis and lymphosarcoma . Internal parasites of badgers include trematodes , nematodes and several species of tapeworm . Ectoparasites carried by them include

5229-469: The need for constant reinforcement. When acting on their own, they are quite creative and quick in decision making. They also have the potential for excessive barking. Like other terrier breeds, the Welsh Terrier enjoys digging. A Welsh Terrier is full of energy and requires regular exercise. A run around the yard during the day is insufficient. They become excited, and if bored, they may explore and potentially cause mischief and damage. Welsh Terriers need

5312-941: The occupants, combs, and envelope, such as that of Vespula rufa nests, since their thick skin and body hair protect the badgers from stings. Cereal food includes wheat, oats , maize and occasionally barley . Fruits include windfall apples, pears, plums , blackberries , bilberries , raspberries , cherries , strawberries , acorns , beechmast , pignuts and wild arum corms . Occasionally, they feed on medium to large birds , amphibians , fish , small reptiles including tortoises and lizards , snails , slugs , fungi, tubers and green food such as clover and grass , particularly in winter and during droughts . Badgers characteristically capture large numbers of one food type in each hunt. Generally, they do not eat more than 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) of food per day, with young specimens yet to attain one year of age eating more than adults. An adult badger weighing 15 kg (33 lb) eats

5395-612: The old hair loses colour and texture. The Welsh Terrier closely resembles a compact Airedale Terrier . The Welsh Terrier has a typical terrier temperament. In the right hands, it is a happy, lively, and seldom shy or timid dog, but sometimes can have an attitude. The Welsh Terrier is generally friendly with people and dogs but when a challenge is perceived, it will not back down. Dogs of this breed can be devoted friends and can function either as city dogs or as country dogs. Welsh Terriers were developed to hunt independently and this required that they be very assertive and stoic dogs. As

5478-441: The other, while social grooming occurs with one individual grooming another on its dorsal surface. Fleas tried to avoid the scratching, retreating rapidly downwards and backwards through the fur. This was in contrast to fleas away from their host, which ran upwards and jumped when disturbed. The grooming seems to disadvantage fleas rather than merely having a social function. The International Union for Conservation of Nature rates

5561-510: The pair may briefly copulate for a minute or two when the sow is not in estrus. A delay of two to nine months precedes the fertilized eggs implanting into the wall of the uterus , though matings in December can result in immediate implantation. Ordinarily, implantation happens in December, with a gestation period lasting seven weeks. Cubs are usually born in mid-January to mid-March within underground chambers containing bedding. In areas where

5644-441: The presence of communal latrines and well-worn paths. It is mainly males that are involved in territorial aggression. A hierarchical social system is thought to exist among badgers and large powerful boars seem to assert dominance over smaller males. Large boars sometimes intrude into neighbouring territories during the main mating season in early spring. Sparring and more vicious fights generally result from territorial defense in

5727-417: The presence of discarded wool and bones near their setts, though foxes, which occasionally live alongside badgers, are often the culprits, as badgers do not transport food to their setts. They typically kill lambs by biting them behind the shoulder. Poultry and game birds are also taken only rarely. Some badgers may build their setts in close proximity to poultry or game farms without ever causing damage. In

5810-700: The ranges of European and Asian badgers is the Volga River , the European species being situated on the western bank. The boundary between the ranges of the European and Caucasian badgers is in the North Caucasus , but a clear boundary has not been defined, and they are sympatric in some regions, potentially forming a hybrid zone . They are common in European Russia , with 30,000 individuals having been recorded there in 1990. They are abundant and increasing throughout their range, partly due to

5893-756: The rare instances in which badgers do kill reared birds, the killings usually occur in February–March, when food is scarce due to harsh weather and increases in badger populations. Badgers can easily breach bee hives with their jaws, and are mostly indifferent to bee stings , even when set upon by swarms. European badgers have few natural enemies. While normally docile, badgers can become extremely aggressive and ferocious when cornered, making it dangerous for predators to target them. Grey wolves ( Canis lupus ), Eurasian lynxes ( Lynx lynx ) and brown bears ( Ursus arctos ), Europe's three largest remaining land predators, and large domestic dogs ( C. familiaris ) can pose

5976-482: The same hole, possibly because badgers enter hibernation two weeks earlier than the latter, and leave two weeks later. In exceptional cases, badger and raccoon dog cubs may coexist in the same burrow. Badgers may drive out or kill raccoon dogs if they overstay their welcome. Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a major mortality factor in badgers, though infected badgers can live and successfully breed for years before succumbing. The disease

6059-400: The same time. They emerge from their setts at eight weeks of age, and begin to be weaned at twelve weeks, though they may still suckle until they are four to five months old. Subordinate females assist the mother in guarding, feeding and grooming the cubs. Cubs fully develop their adult coats at six to nine weeks. In areas with medium to high badger populations, dispersal from the natal group

6142-402: The sett on a single night. European badgers are fastidiously clean animals which regularly clear out and discard old bedding. During the winter, they may take their bedding outside on sunny mornings and retrieve it later in the day. Spring cleaning is connected with the birth of cubs, and may occur several times during the summer to prevent parasite levels building up. If a badger dies within

6225-448: The sett, its conspecifics will seal off the chamber and dig a new one. Some badgers will drag their dead out of the sett and bury them outside. A sett is almost invariably located near a tree, which is used by badgers for stretching or claw scraping. Badgers defecate in latrines , which are located near the sett and at strategic locations on territorial boundaries or near places with abundant food supplies. In extreme cases, when there

6308-420: The shared burrow's cleanliness. However, cases are known of badgers driving vixens from their dens and destroying their litters without eating them. In turn, red foxes are known to have killed badger cubs in spring. Golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) are known predators of European badgers and attacks by them on badger cubs are not infrequent, including cases where they have been pulled out directly from below

6391-1079: The snout and above the eyes. Boars typically have broader heads, thicker necks and narrower tails than sows, which are sleeker, have narrower, less domed heads and fluffier tails. The guts of badgers are longer than those of red foxes , reflecting their omnivorous diet. The small intestine has a mean length of 5.36 m (17.6 ft) and lacks a cecum . Both sexes have three pairs of nipples but these are more developed in females. European badgers cannot flex their backs as martens , polecats and wolverines can, nor can they stand fully erect like honey badgers , though they can move quickly at full gallop. Adults measure 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) in shoulder height, 60–90 cm (24–35 in) in body length, 12–24 cm (4.7–9.4 in) in tail length, 7.5–13 cm (3.0–5.1 in) in hind foot length and 3.5–7 cm (1.4–2.8 in) in ear height. Males (or boars) slightly exceed females (or sows) in measurements, but can weigh considerably more. Their weights vary seasonally, growing from spring to autumn and reaching

6474-524: The year, though the main peak occurs in February–May, when mature sows are in postpartal estrus and young animals experience their first estrus. Matings occurring outside this period typically occur in sows which either failed to mate earlier in the year or matured slowly. Badgers are usually monogamous ; boars typically mate with one female for life, whereas sows have been known to mate with more than one male. Mating lasts for fifteen to sixty minutes, though

6557-401: The year, though there is a peak in spring. Sexual maturity in boars is usually attained at the age of twelve to fifteen months but this can range from nine months to two years. Males are normally fecund during January–May, with spermatogenesis declining in summer. Sows usually begin ovulating in their second year, though some exceptionally begin at nine months. They can mate at any time of

6640-492: Was "going to ground" on the farm in hunt for vermin. Its size and energy make it popular as a hunter in hard to reach places; the breed is among those eligible for competition in sanctioned Earthdog trials . The working dog version of the Lakeland is often known as the Fell Terrier or Patterdale Terrier . Whereas most terrier breeds have only to bolt their quarry, or to mark it by baying, the Lakeland must be able to kill

6723-655: Was first observed in badgers in 1951 in Switzerland where they were believed to have contracted it from chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra ) or roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ). It was detected in the United Kingdom in 1971 where it was linked to an outbreak of bovine TB in cows. The evidence appears to indicate that the badger is the primary reservoir of infection for cattle in the southwest of England, Wales and Ireland. Since then there has been considerable controversy as to whether culling badgers will effectively reduce or eliminate bovine TB in cattle. Badgers are vulnerable to

6806-606: Was once common, but only used in Norfolk , while "earth dog" was used in southern Ireland. The badger is commonly referred to in Welsh as a mochyn daear ('earth pig'). Ursus meles was the scientific name used by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, who described the badger in his work Systema Naturae . The species likely evolved from the Chinese Meles thorali of the early Pleistocene . The modern species originated during

6889-510: Was previously customarily docked in the United Kingdom and continues to be customarily docked in the United States. Most Lakeland Terriers grow to between 13.5 and 15 inches (34 and 38 cm) in height, measured to the withers . The eyes are small and dark colored and of oval shape. The nose and pads of the feet are black except in liver colored dogs where the nose and pad coloring will be liver colored. Liver colored dogs will have

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