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51-398: The name Langelinie goes back to the middle of the 17th century where it referred to an idyllic path along the Øresund coast that rounded the citadel Kastellet and continued towards a lime kiln north of the city. For a long time, the stretch was a military area where civilians were not granted unrestricted access. Under a general order from 1819, soldiers were required to "throw water in

102-486: A blockhouse that was constructed north of Christianshavn , which had just been founded on the other side of the strait between Zealand and Amager . At that time the fortifications only reached as far north as present day Nørreport station , and then returned south east to meet the coast at Bremerholm , the Royal Shipyard. However, part of the king's plan was to expand the area of the fortified city by abandoning

153-525: A commanding eminence, was important in the life of the people, serving as a lookout, a refuge, and a stronghold in peril, as well as containing military and food supplies, the shrine of the god and a royal palace . The most well known is the Acropolis of Athens , but nearly every Greek city-state had one – the Acrocorinth is famed as a particularly strong fortress. In a much later period, when Greece

204-515: A crown. It served as the official residence of the Chief of Defence until 2008. The Rows (Danish: Stokkene) are six two-storey terraces which were originally built by Henrik Ruise as barracks for the soldiers based at the Citadel. The dorms measured four by four metres and contained two triple beds, a small table and two benches. Over time they became known under individual names: General Stock where

255-528: A different part of Jerusalem. At various periods, and particularly during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance , the citadel – having its own fortifications, independent of the city walls – was the last defence of a besieged army, often held after the town had been conquered. Locals and defending armies have often held out citadels long after the city had fallen. For example, in the 1543 Siege of Nice

306-722: A marina, statues and a playground . Among these are the Gefion Fountain , the Ivar Huitfeldt Column and The Little Mermaid . Langelinie Marina was established in the 1890s in connection with the foundation of the Free Port and the Langelinie Quat. Its purpose was to provide the workers from the construction site as well as those from the Burmeister & Wain shipyard on the other side of

357-716: A number of statues and memorials. These include a cast bronze sculpture polar bear with cubs and memorials for MS Jutlandia , Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen . The polar bear has some bullet holes at the head, which were made by a German soldier under the Occupation of Denmark . The Langelinie Pavilion was designed by Nils and Rva Koppel . It is the third building of the name at the site. 55°41′32.6″N 12°35′55.47″E  /  55.692389°N 12.5987417°E  / 55.692389; 12.5987417 Kastellet, Copenhagen Kastellet ( Danish pronunciation: [kʰæˈsteˀlð̩] ; transl.  "The Citadel" )

408-557: Is a citadel located in Copenhagen , Denmark . It is one of the best preserved fortresses in Northern Europe. It is constructed in the form of a pentagon with bastions at its corners. Kastellet was continuous with the ring of bastioned ramparts which used to encircle Copenhagen but of which only the ramparts of Christianshavn remain today. A number of buildings are located within the grounds of Kastellet, including

459-405: Is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core. In a fortification with bastions , the citadel is the strongest part of the system, sometimes well inside the outer walls and bastions, but often forming part of the outer wall for the sake of economy. It is positioned to be the last line of defence, should the enemy breach the other components of the fortification system. Some of

510-441: Is a tradition to promenade on the ramparts on Store Bededag , a Danish holiday, which is also celebrated with music. 55°41′28″N 12°35′38″E  /  55.69111°N 12.59389°E  / 55.69111; 12.59389 Citadel A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city . It may be a castle , fortress , or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of city , meaning "little city", because it

561-686: Is better known as Kastellet ("the Citadel"). Kastellet was part of the defence of Copenhagen against the United Kingdom in the Battle of Copenhagen (1807) . Christen Købke (1810–1848), Danish painter associated with the Golden Age of Danish Painting , grew up in Kastellet and made many paintings of the area. During the German invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940, German troops landing at

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612-508: Is decorated with garlands and pilasters , and a bust of King Frederik III . The clock and two bells on the interior facade of the gate come from the Central Guard House at Kongens Nytorv and were installed in 1874 when the central guard moved to the Citadel. In front of the gate stand two so-called caponiers from where it was possible to keep assaulting troops under fire. The Norway Gate used to face open countryside outside

663-457: Is located close to Langelinie , The Little Mermaid , the Gefion Fountain . It is a popular place to go for a walk on a sunny day, and is very popular with children on account of the many animals and birds in the grounds, including Black-headed gull , Pomeranian duck , European herring gull , Grey heron and Mute swan . The site includes two small museums with limited opening hours. The Garrison's Historical Collections are on display in one of

714-673: Is still an active military area that belongs to the Ministry of Defence . Military activity in the area includes use by the Home Guard , Defence Intelligence Service , the Judge Advocate Corps , and the Royal Garrison Library. In spite of the continuous military presence in the area, the Citadel is today a peaceful, protected area, serving as a public park as well as a cultural-historical monument. It

765-468: The Citadel Church as well as a windmill. The area houses various military activities but it also serves as a public park and a historic site. King Christian IV of Denmark initiated Kastellet's construction in 1626 with the building of an advanced post, St. Anne's Redoubt ( Danish : Sankt Annæ Skanse ), on the coast north of the city. The redoubt guarded the entrance to the port, together with

816-574: The East Rampart exploded, causing damages in the Nyboder area and all the way to Bredgade , it was decided that it was too dangerous to store explosives at the Ramparts, and the powder houses at the Citadel instead came into use as a jailhouse. The Kastelskirken ("Citadel Church") was built in 1703–4 in heavy Baroque style during the reign of King Frederik IV . It includes sound holes to

867-785: The Parc de la Ciutadella . A similar example is the Citadella in Budapest , Hungary. The attack on the Bastille in the French Revolution – though afterwards remembered mainly for the release of the handful of prisoners incarcerated there – was to considerable degree motivated by the structure's being a Royal citadel in the midst of revolutionary Paris. Similarly, after Garibaldi 's overthrow of Bourbon rule in Palermo , during

918-669: The Spanish Civil War , in which the Nationalists held out against a much larger Republican force for two months until relieved, shows that in some cases a citadel can be effective even in modern warfare; a similar case is the Battle of Huế during the Vietnam War , where a North Vietnamese Army division held the citadel of Huế for 26 days against roughly their own numbers of much better-equipped US and South Vietnamese troops. The Citadelle of Québec (the construction

969-521: The 1860 Unification of Italy , Palermo's Castellamare Citadel – a symbol of the hated and oppressive former rule – was ceremoniously demolished. Following Belgium gaining its independence in 1830, a Dutch garrison under General David Hendrik Chassé held out in Antwerp Citadel between 1830 and 1832, while the city had already become part of independent Belgium. The Siege of the Alcázar in

1020-520: The Assyrian city of Kaneš in modern-day Kültepe , featured citadels. Kaneš' citadel contained the city's palace, temples, and official buildings. The citadel of the Greek city of Mycenae was built atop a highly-defensible rectangular hill and was later surrounded by walls in order to increase its defensive capabilities. In Ancient Greece , the Acropolis , which literally means "high city", placed on

1071-594: The Ottoman forces led by Barbarossa conquered and pillaged the town and took many captives, but the citadel held out. In the Philippines , the Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called idjangs on hills and elevated areas. These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually,

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1122-466: The Prince's Bastion ( Danish : Prinsens Bastion ). The Blacksmith's Line ( Danish : Smedelinien ) is a system of outworks , separating the inner and the outer moat, located to the south and southwest towards the city. It consisted of four ravelins and three counter guard interconnected by long, low earthworks . On Fyn's Ravelin, one of the eponymous forges has been preserved and is now used by

1173-542: The beach where the soldiers had been required to cool their feet had turned into harbour basins. Langelinie became now a pier on the other side of that harbour basin. The Langelinie Park (Danish: Langelinieparken) stretches from Esplanaden in the south to Langelinie Marina and the base of the Langelinie Pier in the north. Formally, it includes Kastellet although this site is generally referred to under its own name. The park contains numerous monuments , buildings,

1224-570: The boundaries of a country. These modern citadels are built to protect the command centre from heavy attacks, such as aerial or nuclear bombardment. The military citadels under London in the UK, including the massive underground complex Pindar beneath the Ministry of Defence , are examples, as is the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker in the US. On armoured warships, the heavily armoured section of

1275-455: The city, and has therefore been built to a more simple design. The caponiers of this gate were demolished in the late 19th century. The five bastions are named as follows: The King's Bastion ( Danish : Kongens Bastion ), The Queen's Bastion ( Danish : Dronningens Bastion ), The Count's Bastion ( Danish : Grevens Bastion ), the Princess's Bastion ( Danish : Prinsessens Bastion ) and

1326-468: The commanders resided until the Commander's House was built, Artillery Stock for the artillerists, and Star Stock, Elephant Stock, Swan Stock and Fortuna Stock. The Mansard roofs are not part of the original design but date from 1768 when the rows were altered. The original roof profile is today only seen at the end of Artillery Row as seen from the Prince's Bastion. The two storehouses also date from

1377-549: The event of siege , numerous windmills were constructed on the bastions. In 1800, a total of 16 windmills were found on the ramparts of Copenhagen. The mill at Kastellet is the last which is still working, while another one, Lille Mølle at the Christianshavn Rampart , was transformed into a private home in 1915 and now survives as a historic house museum . Russian Empress Consort Maria Feodorovna , daughter of Christian IX of Denmark , got her rye flour from

1428-531: The foundation of the Citadel. They were to store everything need in the event of a siege, and could when full feed the 1,800 men of the garrison, other personnel, and their families for four years. The Southern Storehouse (Danish: Søndre Magasin) served as an arsenal while the Northern Storehouse (Danish: Nordre Magasin) contained a granary . The Powder House at the Queen's Bastion, which was used for

1479-538: The guard buildings inside the North Gate. The other is the Livjæger Museum. There is a changing of the guard ceremony at the Central Guard House every day at 12.00. Military concerts take place at the drill grounds on summer afternoons at 14.00. The Citadel Church frequently arranges concerts as well. The Citadel's birthday on 28 October is marked with an annual concert and the wings of the windmill. It

1530-420: The harbour with a chance to have a small boat, enabling them to supplement their incomes with a bit of fishing. Copenhagen rowing clubs have for many years had their base at the marina. Today only B&Ws and DFDS' are left after ØK 's passed their premises to Langelinie Marina's Boat Huild. The Langelinie Pier (Danish: Langeliniekajen) has a water depth allowing big ocean-going vessels to tie up. The area has

1581-466: The head and on the breast and to cool their feet in the water". Eventually a beach promenade and a park for the Bourgeoisie were made but with access only on the payment of a toll to keep the more common people out. Not until a public uprising in 1848 did the area become open to everybody. The expansion of the city and the increasing industrialization soon made it clear that the city's harbour

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1632-765: The history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire . The Hellenistic garrison of Jerusalem and local supporters of the Seleucids held out for many years in the Acra citadel, making Maccabean rule in the rest of Jerusalem precarious. When finally gaining possession of the place, the Maccabeans pointedly destroyed and razed the Acra, though they constructed another citadel for their own use in

1683-820: The mill at Kastellet. The Army's Bread Factory would send it to the Imperial Court in Saint Petersburg where she was served øllebrød every morning in the Anichkov Palace . Located just inside the King's Gate, the Central Guard House was built from 1873 to 1874 with an attached jailhouse. The architect is unknown. It replaced the Central Guard house at Kongens Nytorv where the Central Guard had been stationed since 1724. The Citadel

1734-529: The most extensive period. He spent 32 years in the prison at Kastellet, 16 of the years in a wooden cage . On the King's Bastion, in the southwestern corner of Kastellet, stands a windmill . Built in 1847, it replaced another mill from 1718 which was destroyed by a storm the year before. The original mill was a post mill while the current mill is of the Dutch type. Since a fortified city needed secure supplies, including supplies of flour and rolled groats , in

1785-545: The nearby harbor captured The Citadel without resistance. Kastellet was renovated 1989–1999 with funds from the A.P. Møller and Wife Chastine McKinney Møllers General Fund. The Citadel has two gates, King's Gate on the south side, facing the city, and Norway Gate on the north side of the edifice, which both date from 1663 as part of Ruise's original citadel. They are built in the Dutch Baroque style, and are on their interior side flanked by guardhouses. The King's Gate

1836-586: The old East Rampart and instead extend the rampart straight north to connect it to St. Anne's Redoubt. This plan was not completed until the mid-1640s, shortly after King Frederick III succeeded King Christian IV. After the Swedish siege of Copenhagen (1658–1660) the Dutch engineer Henrik Rüse was called in to help rebuild and extend the construction. The fortification was named Citadellet Frederikshavn ( transl.  The Citadel Frederik's harbor ), but it

1887-702: The oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the Indus Valley civilisation , where citadels represented a centralised authority. Citadels in Indus Valley were almost 12 meters tall. The purpose of these structures, however, remains debated. Though the structures found in the ruins of Mohenjo-daro were walled, it is far from clear that these structures were defensive against enemy attacks. Rather, they may have been built to divert flood waters. Several settlements in Anatolia , including

1938-437: The only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders arrived. In times of war, the citadel in many cases afforded retreat to the people living in the areas around the town. However, citadels were often used also to protect a garrison or political power from the inhabitants of the town where it was located, being designed to ensure loyalty from

1989-599: The origins of the Celts were attributed to this period by John T. Koch and supported by Barry Cunliffe . The Ave River Valley in Portugal was the core region of this culture, with a large number of small settlements (the castros ), but also settlements known as citadels or oppida by the Roman conquerors. These had several rings of walls and the Roman conquest of the citadels of Abobriga, Lambriaca and Cinania around 138 BC

2040-545: The park authorities. Another forge was built on Falster's Counter Guard in 1709. Rebuilt in 1888, it now serves as residence of military employees. When the Free Port of Copenhagen was constructed, the northern portion of the Blacksmith's Line was dug away, but the remaining part was put at the disposal of the City of Copenhagen in 1918 and now serves as parkland. The Commander's House ( Danish : Kommandantboligen ) served as

2091-409: The prison to enable prisoners to follow services. A prison complex was built on the rear side of the church in 1725. Eye holes in the wall between the church and the prison cells made it possible for the prisoners to follow the church services . Struensee awaited his execution in Kastellet's prison. The English explorer and pirate John Norcross was the person to be imprisoned at Kastellet for

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2142-464: The residence of the commander of Kastellet. It was built in 1725 in the Baroque style by architect and master builder Elias Häuser who also designed the first Christiansborg Palace which burned in 1794. Built in yellow-dressed masonry with white detailing, it consists of two floors under a red tile roof. The triangular pediment is decorated with a relief and Christian VII's monogram under topped by

2193-436: The ship that protects the ammunition and machinery spaces is called the armoured citadel . A modern naval interpretation refers to the heaviest protected part of the hull as "the vitals", and the citadel is the semi-armoured freeboard above the vitals. Generally, Anglo-American and German languages follow this while Russian sources/language refer to "the vitals" as цитадель "citadel". Likewise, Russian literature often refers to

2244-547: The site of the Langelinie promenade. The beginning of the work was prompted by Germany 's construction of the Kiel Canal that was begun in 1887 and threatened Copenhagen's position. In 1894 the work was completed and Copenhagen had got an entirely new harbourfront. The old beach promenade with Bourgeois mansions had turned into the heavily trafficated street Strandboullevarden located several hundred metres inland and

2295-453: The storage of black powder , is the only surviving of originally two identical powder houses which were built by Domenico Pelli in 1712. The other one was located at the Count's Bastion. It was designed with massive walls and a slightly vaulted ceiling to ensure that a possible explosion would move upward and thereby cause a minimum of damages to the surroundings. When in 1779 a powder house at

2346-525: The town as well as on the sea approaches. Barcelona had a great citadel built in 1714 to intimidate the Catalans against repeating their mid-17th- and early-18th-century rebellions against the Spanish central government. In the 19th century, when the political climate had liberalized enough to permit it, the people of Barcelona had the citadel torn down, and replaced it with the city's main central park,

2397-609: The town that they defended. This was used, for example, during the Dutch Wars of 1664–1667, King Charles II of England constructed a Royal Citadel at Plymouth , an important channel port which needed to be defended from a possible naval attack. However, due to Plymouth's support for the Parliamentarians , in the then-recent English Civil War , the Plymouth Citadel was so designed that its guns could fire on

2448-416: Was becoming too small and in the same time old plans to create a free port were revived. In a plan from 1862 it was decided to dig out the area to allow access for the largest ocean-going vessels and use the materials removed for land fills along the coast. A suggestion to make all of Amager into a duty-free zone was abolished and instead it was decided to create a free port in the area north of Kastellet at

2499-403: Was possible only by prolonged siege . Ruins of notable citadels still exist, and are known by archaeologists as Citânia de Briteiros , Citânia de Sanfins , Cividade de Terroso and Cividade de Bagunte . Rebels who took power in a city, but with the citadel still held by the former rulers, could by no means regard their tenure of power as secure. One such incident played an important part in

2550-652: Was ruled by the Latin Empire , the same strong points were used by the new feudal rulers for much the same purpose. In the first millennium BC, the Castro culture emerged in northwestern Portugal and Spain in the region extending from the Douro river up to the Minho , but soon expanding north along the coast, and east following the river valleys. It was an autochthonous evolution of Atlantic Bronze Age communities. In 2008,

2601-657: Was started in 1673 and completed in 1820) still survives as the largest citadel still in official military operation in North America . It is home to the Royal 22nd Regiment of the Canadian Army and forms part of the Ramparts of Quebec City dating back to 1620s. Since the mid 20th century, citadels have commonly enclosed military command and control centres, rather than cities or strategic points of defence on

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