99-578: Laramie ( / ˈ l ær ə m i / ) is a city in and the county seat of Albany County, Wyoming , United States, known for its high elevation at 7,200 feet (2,200 m), railroad history, and as the home of the University of Wyoming . The population was 31,407 at the 2020 census , making it the fourth-most populous city in Wyoming . Located on the Laramie River in southeastern Wyoming,
198-618: A Human Rights Watch report from 2001: During the First Intifada , before the PA was established, hundreds of alleged collaborators were lynched, tortured or killed, at times with the implied support of the PLO . Street killings of alleged collaborators continue into the current intifada ... but at much fewer numbers. On October 12, 2000, the Ramallah lynching took place. This happened at
297-478: A punishment without trial . Two Americans during this era are generally credited for coining the phrase: Charles Lynch (1736–1796) and William Lynch (1742–1820), both of whom lived in Virginia in the 1780s. Charles Lynch is more likely to have coined the phrase, as he was known to have used the term in 1782, while William Lynch is not known to have used the term until much later. There is no evidence that death
396-552: A 1,000-ton pile of contaminated flue dust from Bunker Hill Mine and Smelting Complex , an Idaho superfund site , under a tarp since the 1980s. In 2011 L.C. Holdings entered the DEQ's "Voluntary Remediation Program". Laramie has a council–manager form of government. The council, the city's legislative body, consists of nine members who serve overlapping four-year terms. The council members set policy, approve budgets, pass ordinances, appoint citizen volunteers to advisory boards, and oversee
495-671: A 2010 news story, CNN reported, "At least 45 people, most of them Vodou priests, have been lynched in Haiti since the beginning of the cholera epidemic by angry mobs blaming them for the spread of the disease , officials said. The practice of whipping and necklacing offenders and political opponents evolved in the 1980s during the apartheid era in South Africa . Residents of Black townships formed "people's courts" and used whip lashings and deaths by necklacing in order to terrorize fellow Blacks who were seen as collaborators with
594-621: A 2014 Latinobarómetro survey, the Dominican Republic had the highest rate of acceptance in Latin America of such unlawful measures. These issues are particularly evident in the Northern Region . After the 2010 earthquake the slow distribution of relief supplies and the large number of affected people created concerns about civil unrest , marked by looting and mob justice against suspected looters. In
693-434: A Palestinian (later identified as Aziz Salha), appeared at the window, displaying his blood-soaked hands to the crowd, which erupted into cheers. The crowd clapped and cheered as one of the soldier's bodies was then thrown out the window and stamped and beaten by the frenzied crowd. One of the two was shot, set on fire, and his head beaten to a pulp. Soon after, the crowd dragged the two mutilated bodies to Al-Manara Square in
792-535: A charter school, serves children in grades K –7. The University of Wyoming also offers a Lab School (colloquially referred to as "Prep") for K–9 students. St. Laurence, a Catholic school of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cheyenne , formerly served children in grades K–6. It opened in 1951 and in 2016 it had 30 students. It closed on June 30, 2016, as its costs had increased and the numbers of students had declined. Laramie Montessori School now occupies
891-641: A massacre if the authorities tried to rescue the men from the mob. According to The Wall Street Journal , "Over the past 60 years, as many as 1.5 million Brazilians have taken part in lynchings...In Brazil, mobs now kill—or try to kill—more than one suspected lawbreaker a day, according to University of São Paulo sociologist José de Souza Martins, Brazil's leading expert on lynchings." Extrajudicial punishment , including lynching, of alleged criminals who committed various crimes, ranging from theft to murder , has some endorsement in Dominican society. According to
990-676: A member of the Mountain West Conference . UW offers 17 NCAA-sanctioned sports teams – nine women's sports and eight men's sports. Wyoming's nine NCAA sports for women include basketball; cross country; golf; soccer; swimming and diving; tennis; indoor track & field; outdoor track and field; and volleyball. UW's eight NCAA sports for men include basketball; cross country; football; golf; swimming and diving; indoor track and field; outdoor track and field; and wrestling. Sports enthusiasts find much to do in and near Laramie, nestled at 7,165 feet (2,184 m) above sea level between
1089-477: A movie, The Laramie Project . In 2004, Laramie became the first city in Wyoming to pass a law to prohibit smoking in enclosed workplaces, including bars, restaurants and private clubs. Opponents of the clean indoor air ordinance , funded in part by the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company , immediately petitioned to have the ordinance repealed. However, the voters upheld the ordinance in a citywide referendum which
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#17327652350581188-408: A narcotics-related crime were lynched in the town of San Juan Ixtayopan (Mexico City) by an angry crowd who saw them taking photographs and suspected that they were trying to abduct children from a primary school. The agents immediately identified themselves, but they were held and beaten for several hours before two of them were killed and set on fire. The incident was covered by the media almost from
1287-420: A pageant illuminating the tyranny of white supremacy ". The state of Mississippi tried two defendants, but they were acquitted by an all-White jury . David Jackson writes that it was the photograph of the "child's ravaged body, that forced the world to reckon with the brutality of American racism ." Most lynchings ceased by the 1960s, but even in 2021 there were claims that racist lynchings still happen in
1386-528: A plaster mill, as well as the railroad yards. In 1886, a plant to produce electricity was built. Several regional railroads were based in Laramie, including the Laramie, North Park and Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Company founded in 1880 and the Laramie, North Park and Western Railroad established in 1901. Governor Francis E. Warren signed a bill that established the University of Wyoming (UW) in 1886,
1485-499: A pliable instrument, to chastise or to maltreat, has been proposed as the etymological source; but there is no evidence that the word has survived into modern times, so this claim is also considered implausible. Since the 1970s, and especially since the 1990s, there has been a false etymology claiming that the word lynching comes from a fictitious William Lynch speech that was given by an especially brutal slaveholder to other slaveholders to explain how to control their slaves. Although
1584-662: A real person named William Lynch might have been the origin of the word lynching, the real life William Lynch definitely did not give this speech, and it is unknown whether the real William Lynch even owned slaves at all. Lynchings took place in many parts of the world over the centuries. Lynchings took place in the United States both before and after the American Civil War , most commonly in Southern states and Western frontier settlements and most frequently in
1683-568: A stagecoach station 12 miles (19 km) east of the city. In July 2017, the 83-year-old Fuller visited the city for the first time, serving as grandmaster of Laramie's annual Jubilee Days parade and festivities. List of municipalities in Wyoming Wyoming is a state in the Western United States . According to the 2020 United States Census , Wyoming is the least populous state with 576,851 inhabitants but
1782-505: A street fair , a parade, a softball tournament, and rodeo events. The Geological Museum at the University of Wyoming is open to the public and houses more than 50,000 catalogued mineral, rock, and fossil specimens, including a dinosaur exhibit. The university's art museum offers gallery exhibits, lectures, workshops, classes, and public tours year-round. The Fine Arts Concert Hall on campus presents frequent concerts and recitals during
1881-440: A transmitter near Laramie known as KWYP-DT. Many radio stations broadcast from Laramie. Three are Wyoming Public Radio stations: KUWR ( 91.9 FM ); KUWY ( 88.5 FM ); and KUWL ( 90.1 FM ). The others are KOCA-LP ( 93.5 FM ); KCGY ( 95.1 FM ); KIMX ( 104.5 FM ); KLMI ( 106.1 FM ); KRQU ( 98.7 FM ); KARS ( 102.9 FM ); KHAT ( 1210 AM ); and KOWB ( 1290 AM ). The Man from Laramie
1980-462: A variety of specialized industry programs—including High-Performance Power Trains, Street Rod, Trim and Upholstery, Chassis Fabrication, and Applied Service Management. The Laramie Boomerang is Laramie's main newspaper. The Branding Iron is a student-run newspaper at the University of Wyoming. Wyoming Public Television station KCWC-DT , licensed to Central Wyoming College in Riverton , has
2079-514: A year. Although he lacked proper jurisdiction for detaining these persons, he claimed this right by arguing wartime necessity. Lynch was concerned that he might face legal action from one or more of those whom he had imprisoned, notwithstanding that the Patriots had won the war. This action by the Congress provoked controversy, and it was in connection with this that the term Lynch law , meaning
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#17327652350582178-591: Is Casper , which spans 26.9 sq mi (70 km ), while the smallest municipality in both categories is Lost Springs with 6 residents and an area of 0.09 sq mi (0.23 km ). A Wyoming statute indicates towns are municipalities with populations of less than 4,000. Municipalities of 4,000 or more residents are considered "first-class cities". State capital and county seat ‡ County seat † 2010 Wyoming Statutes Lynching Note: Varies by jurisdiction Note: Varies by jurisdiction Lynching
2277-471: Is 21.1 °F (−6.1 °C), and in July it is 64.0 °F (17.8 °C). Annual snowfall averages 48 inches (122 cm). Because of the high elevation, winters are long, and summers are short and relatively cool. The growing season is short, as the average window for freezing temperatures is September 14 through June 6, while for accumulating (≥0.1 inches (2.5 mm)) it is October 5 through May 12. As of
2376-476: Is an extrajudicial killing by a group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged or convicted transgressor or to intimidate others. It can also be an extreme form of informal group social control, and it is often conducted with the display of a public spectacle (often in the form of a hanging) for maximum intimidation. Instances of lynchings and similar mob violence can be found in all societies. In
2475-699: Is another popular sport in and near Laramie. The Laramie River, which flows north into Wyoming from Colorado, is fished as are the smaller streams in both mountain ranges and the many small plains lakes in the Laramie Basin. Other outdoor activities popular near Laramie include camping, picnicking, rafting on the Laramie River and the North Platte River, viewing of wildlife such as mule deer, elk, moose, and pronghorn, and general sightseeing. For 27 miles (43 km) of its length as it crosses
2574-481: Is named for Jacques LaRamie , a French or French-Canadian trapper who disappeared in the Laramie Mountains in the early 1820s. He was one of the first Europeans to visit the area. European-American settlers named a river, mountain range, peak, US Army fort, county, and city for him. More Wyoming landmarks are named for him than for any other trapper but Jim Bridger . Because the name was used so frequently,
2673-645: Is near downtown Laramie; the system's branch libraries are in Centennial , 28 miles (45 km) west of Laramie and Rock River , 32 miles (51 km) northwest of Laramie. William Robertson Coe Library, the main library of the University of Wyoming, has materials for general research in business, education, fine arts, science, humanities, and the social sciences as well as audio visual and government documents collections. The Brinkerhoff Geology Library specializes in geology, geophysics, physical geography, mining and petroleum geology, and geological engineering. Also at
2772-482: Is open to the general public. According to a 2012 report by the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), a former industrial site for the production of aluminum, arsenic acid, strategic metals and cement now owned by L.C. Holdings, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Laramie had arsenic concentrations in on-site water well samples 3,100-times higher than DEQ cleanup levels. The site has been storing
2871-579: Is referred to as ' jungle justice ' in Nigeria. The practice is widespread and "an established part of Nigerian society", predating the existence of the police. Exacted punishments vary between a "muddy treatment", that is, being made to roll in the mud for hours and severe beatings followed by necklacing . The case of the Aluu four sparked national outrage. The absence of a functioning judicial system and law enforcement, coupled with corruption are blamed for
2970-592: The 2010 Census , there were 30,816 people, 13,394 households, and 5,843 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,737.1 inhabitants per square mile (670.7/km). There were 14,307 housing units at an average density of 806.5 per square mile (311.4/km). The racial makeup of the city was 89.5% White , 3.2% Asian , 2.8% from two or more races, 2.5% from other races , 1.3% African American , 0.7% Native American , and 0.1% Pacific Islander . 9.2% of residents were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 13,394 households, of which 20.4% had children under
3069-432: The 9th largest by land area spanning 97,093.14 square miles (251,470.1 km ) of land. Wyoming has 23 counties and 99 municipalities consisting of cities and towns. Wyoming's municipalities cover only 0.3% of the state's land mass but are home to 68.3% of its population. Wyoming's largest municipality by population is the capital city Cheyenne with 65,132 residents, and the largest municipality by land area
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3168-1038: The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The prison site includes buildings and other exhibits from a frontier community of the late 19th century. The other sites are the Downtown Laramie Historic District , the Ivinson Mansion and Grounds , Old Main on the University of Wyoming campus, the Barn at Oxford Horse Ranch , Bath Ranch , Bath Row , Charles E. Blair House , John D. Conley House , Cooper Mansion , East Side School , Fort Sanders Guardhouse , William Goodale House , Lehman-Tunnell Mansion , Lincoln School , Richardson's Overland Trail Ranch , St. Matthew's Cathedral Close , St. Paulus Kirche , Snow Train Rolling Stock , Union Pacific Athletic Club , and
3267-691: The United States Senate Committee. Its passage was blocked by White Democratic senators from the Solid South , the only representatives elected since the southern states had disenfranchised African Americans around the start of the 20th century. The Dyer Bill influenced later anti-lynching legislation, including the Costigan-Wagner Bill , which was also defeated in the US Senate. The song " Strange Fruit "
3366-811: The Vee Bar Ranch Lodge . Two other Albany County sites near Laramie are on the NRHP. About 20 miles (32 km) east of the city is the Ames Monument , a large granite pyramid dedicated to brothers Oakes Ames , a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts , and Oliver Ames Jr. , who were influential in building the Union Pacific portion of the First transcontinental railroad . Oakes Ames
3465-552: The el-Bireh police station, where a Palestinian crowd killed and mutilated the bodies of two Israel Defense Forces reservists , Vadim Norzhich (Nurzhitz) and Yosef "Yossi" Avrahami, who had accidentally entered the Palestinian Authority -controlled city of Ramallah in the West Bank and were taken into custody by Palestinian Authority policemen. The Israeli reservists were beaten and stabbed. At this point,
3564-696: The town was called Laramie City for decades to distinguish it from other uses. The city was founded in the mid-1860s as a tent city near the Overland Stage Line route, the Union Pacific portion of the first transcontinental railroad , and just north of Fort Sanders army post. The rails reached Laramie on May 4, 1868, when construction crews worked through town. A few passengers arrived on that same day. The first regular passenger service began on May 10, 1868, by which time entrepreneurs were building more permanent structures. Laramie City (as it
3663-491: The "red shirt" bands began to appear in many southern states at the time of when voting became a right for black men, a key historical turn of events that gave uprise to lynching. Initially intended as scare tactics, this outrage continues to grow more and more violent to the point of men being take from their homes, beaten, exiled, and even assassinated. Mob violence arose as a means of enforcing White supremacy and it frequently verged on systematic political terrorism. After
3762-488: The 1950s, the civil rights movement was gaining new momentum. It was spurred by the lynching of Emmett Till , a 14-year-old youth from Chicago who was killed while visiting an uncle in Mississippi. His mother insisted on having an open-casket funeral so that people could see how badly her son had been beaten. The Black community throughout the U.S. became mobilized. Vann R. Newkirk wrote "the trial of his killers became
3861-675: The American Civil War, secret white supremacist terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan , previously known as the "red-shirt bands" instigated extrajudicial assaults and killings due to a perceived loss of white power in America. Mobs usually alleged crimes for which they lynched Black people in order to instill fear. In the late 19th century, however, journalist Ida B. Wells showed that many presumed crimes were either exaggerated or had not even occurred. The magnitude of
3960-620: The Laramie Bicycling Network, is a non-profit volunteer organization that works with the Forest Service to patrol and maintain biking trails east of Laramie. The Medicine Bow Rail–Trail is a mountain bike trail, 21 miles (34 km) long, built between 2005 and 2007 on the bed of an abandoned railroad southwest of Laramie. It starts near the town of Albany and Lake Owen and extends south to the town of Mountain Home near
4059-675: The Laramie Range (Laramie Mountains) and the Snowy Range (Medicine Bow Mountains). Popular activities include skiing, snowmobiling , mountain biking , hunting , fishing, and hiking. Rock climbing, hiking, and camping are among the attractions of Vedauwoo , an assemblage of weathered granite slabs, boulders, and cliffs covering 10 square miles (26 km) in the Medicine Bow – Routt National Forest , about 16 miles (26 km) east of Laramie off Interstate 80. Volunteers from
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4158-593: The Medicine Bow Nordic Association, in cooperation with the Forest Service , maintain groomed cross-country ski trails in a sector of the Laramie Range about 10 miles (16 km) east of the city. To the west, Snowy Range cross-country trails run through the national forest west of Centennial, and other trails follow gentle terrain 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Laramie near Woods Landing . Miles of snowmobile trails wind through
4257-471: The Snowy Range, the Highway 130 corridor has been designated a National Forest Scenic Byway . Laramie has 14 city parks. In addition to a public country club and golf course, Laramie residents also have access to the University of Wyoming's 18-hole golf course and to a wide variety of university recreation sites. The Community Recreation Center has pools and several other facilities. The Community Ice Arena
4356-573: The Union Pacific Railroad line. Laramie has a semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSk ) with long, cold, dry winters and short, warm, somewhat wetter summers. Laramie's total precipitation averages about 11 inches (279 mm) a year, and the average number of rainy days per year is about 86. The city experiences a day that is 90 °F (32 °C) or warmer 2.2 times a year. The average temperature in December
4455-586: The United States , where the word for "lynching" likely originated, lynchings of African Americans became frequent in the South during the period after the Reconstruction era , especially during the nadir of American race relations . The origins of the word lynch are obscure, but it likely originated during the American Revolution . The verb comes from the phrase Lynch Law , a term for
4554-650: The United States, being covered up as suicides. In 2018, the National Memorial for Peace and Justice was opened in Montgomery, Alabama, a memorial that commemorates the victims of lynchings in the United States. On March 29, 2022, President Joe Biden signed the Emmett Till Antilynching Act of 2022 into law, which classified lynching as a federal hate crime . In Liverpool , a series of race riots broke out in 1919 after
4653-483: The University of Wyoming. His murder generated an international outcry. It became the symbolic focus for a nationwide campaign against gay hate crimes . Federal hate crimes legislation was signed into law in 2009. As of May 2023, Wyoming does not have a hate crimes law, having failed to pass its most recent attempt at a hate crimes law in March 2021. Shepard's murder was the subject of the award-winning play, later adapted as
4752-901: The Wyoming–Colorado border. The Laramie Enduro 111K, an endurance mountain bike race of 111 kilometres (69 mi) is held annually on Laramie Range trails. Other annual events include the Poker Run recreational ski race held in the Snowy Mountains each February, and the Tour De Laramie, a bicycle rally with stops at local pubs held in May. The Wyoming Marathon Races , a series of running and ultra-running events held in Medicine Bow National Forest , are held annually each Memorial Day weekend. Trout fishing
4851-424: The age of 18 living with them, 33.0% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 56.4% were non-families. 36.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age in
4950-403: The age of 18 living with them, 38.3% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.5% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.83. In the city, 17.5% of the population was under
5049-461: The age of 18, 31.8% was from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 27,319, and the median income for a family was $ 43,395. Males had a median income of $ 30,888 versus $ 22,009 for females. The per capita income for
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#17327652350585148-528: The anti-Apartheid movement's leaders opposed. A tremendous controversy arose when the practice was endorsed by Winnie Mandela , then the wife of the then-imprisoned Nelson Mandela and a senior member of the African National Congress . More recently, drug dealers and other gang members have been lynched by People Against Gangsterism and Drugs , a vigilante organization. The practice of extrajudicial punishments, including lynching,
5247-651: The area an attractive place for settlement. It is home to the University of Wyoming , WyoTech , and a branch of Laramie County Community College . Laramie Regional Airport serves Laramie. The ruins of Fort Sanders , an army fort predating Laramie, lie just south of the city along Route 287. Located in the Laramie Valley between the Snowy Range and the Laramie Range , the city draws outdoor enthusiasts with its abundance of outdoor activities. Laramie
5346-553: The assumption of extrajudicial authority, came into common parlance in the United States. Lynch was not accused of racist bias. He acquitted Black people accused of murder on three occasions. He was accused, however, of ethnic prejudice in his handling of Welsh miners. William Lynch from Virginia claimed that the phrase was first used in a 1780 compact signed by him and his neighbors in Pittsylvania County . A 17th-century legend of James Lynch fitz Stephen , who
5445-456: The beginning, including their pleas for help and their murder. By the time police rescue units arrived, two of the agents were reduced to charred corpses and the third was seriously injured. Authorities suspect that the lynching was provoked by the persons who were being investigated. Both local and federal authorities had abandoned the agents, saying that the town was too far away for them to try to intervene. Some officials said they would provoke
5544-481: The campus. The main campus of the University of Wyoming is in Laramie. In 2009, about 13,400 students were enrolled there at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels. A branch campus of Laramie County Community College is also in Laramie. The WyoTech campus offers 9-month courses in Automotive Technology, Collision & Refinishing Technology, and Diesel Technology, as well as
5643-494: The caste system and attributed such events to intra-racial ethno-cultural conflicts. There have been numerous lynchings in relation to cow vigilante violence in India since 2014, mainly involving Hindu mobs lynching Indian Muslims . Some notable examples of such attacks include the 2015 Dadri mob lynching , the 2016 Jharkhand mob lynching , 2017 Alwar mob lynching . and the 2019 Jharkhand mob lynching . Mob lynching
5742-510: The city center and began an impromptu victory celebration. Police officers proceeded to try and confiscate footage from reporters. On October 18, 2015, an Eritrean asylum seeker, Haftom Zarhum, was lynched by a mob of vengeful Israeli soldiers in Be'er Sheva 's central bus station. Israeli security forces misidentified Haftom as the person who shot an Israeli police bus and shot him. Moments after, other security forces joined shooting Haftom when he
5841-574: The city is west of Cheyenne and 25 miles (40 km) north of the Colorado state line, at the junction of Interstate 80 and U.S. Route 287 . After 12,000 years or more of Indigenous populations living in the area, Laramie was settled by European Americans in 1868 with the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad line to the area, which crosses the Laramie River at Laramie. The river and several creeks fed by freshwater springs made
5940-571: The city staff. Two members of the council are elected from each of three wards. The council picks a mayor and vice-mayor once every two years at the first council meeting in January. Laramie is the county seat of Albany County and houses county offices, courts, and the county library. In 2015, Laramie passed an LGBT anti-discrimination bill. The ordinance bans discrimination against LGBT people in employment, housing and public accommodations such as bars and restaurants. Albany County School District#1 ,
6039-473: The city was $ 16,036. About 11.1% of families and 22.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over. Laramie Jubilee Days started in 1940 to celebrate Wyoming Statehood Day on July 10. Since then, Jubilee Days has expanded to include several days around the Fourth of July . Events typically include food, live music, games, carnival rides,
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#17327652350586138-403: The city was 25.4 years. 15.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 32.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.5% were from 25 to 44; 17.4% were from 45 to 64; and 7.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.0% male and 48.0% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 27,204 people, 11,336 households, and 5,611 families residing in the city. The population density
6237-574: The continuing existence of the practice. There are frequent lynchings in Kenya, often as a mob executes a person they feel is guilty. McKee (2024) is written largely with reference to a Kenya Lynchings Database that includes reports of over 3,100 lynched persons for Kenya for the years ca. 1980–2024. That number, however, is just a fraction of the total for that period, which may well exceed 10,000. Palestinian lynch mobs have murdered Palestinians suspected of collaborating with Israel . According to
6336-510: The crowd, dragged out, beaten, kicked, stabbed and eventually shot dead at a waste ground. Lynching of members of the Turkish Armed Forces occurred in the aftermath of the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt . Lynchings have been present since the colonial period. Lynchings are a persistent form of extralegal violence in post-Revolutionary Mexico. A number of them have involved religious motivations. During and following
6435-465: The deeds to their property to them. Any who refused were killed, usually goaded into a gunfight by Long. By October 1868, Long had killed 13 men. The first Albany County sheriff , rancher N. K. Boswell , organized a "Vigilance Committee" in response. On October 28, 1868, Boswell led the committee into the Bucket of Blood, overwhelmed the three brothers, and lynched them at an unfinished cabin down
6534-442: The east. The city's elevation above sea level is approximately 7,165 feet (2,184 m). The Laramie River runs through Laramie toward its confluence with the North Platte River east of the Laramie Range. The city is about 50 miles (80 km) west of Cheyenne , and 130 miles (209 km) north of Denver, Colorado . Laramie lies along U.S. Route 30 , Interstate 80, and U.S. Route 287, and it remains an important junction on
6633-457: The end of the First World War between White and Black sailors, many of whom had been demobilized. After a Black sailor had been stabbed by two White sailors in a pub for refusing to give them a cigarette, his friends attacked them the next day in revenge, wounding a policeman in the process. The police responded by launching raids on lodging houses in primarily Black neighborhoods, with casualties on both sides. A White lynch mob gathered outside
6732-424: The end of the Second World War , five of the perpetrators were hanged at Pentonville Prison – the largest multiple execution in 20th-century Britain. The situation is less clear with regards to reported "lynchings" in Germany. Nazi propaganda sometimes tried to depict state-sponsored violence as spontaneous lynchings. The most notorious instance of this was " Kristallnacht ", which the government portrayed as
6831-409: The extralegal violence which occurred during election campaigns, to prevent blacks from voting, reached epidemic proportions. The ideology behind lynching directly connected to the denial of political and social equality, was stated forthrightly in 1900 by United States Senator Benjamin Tillman , who was previously governor of South Carolina as quoted below: We of the South have never recognized
6930-409: The first women in the world to serve on a jury. As Laramie was the first town in Wyoming to hold a municipal election, on September 6, 1870, Laramie resident Louisa Swain was the first woman in the United States to cast a legal vote in a general election. Early businesses included rolling mills, a railroad-tie treatment plant, a brick yard, a slaughterhouse, a brewery, a glass manufacturing plant, and
7029-444: The forests, and many forest areas are open to travel by snowshoe . The Snowy Range Ski Area, about 30 miles (48 km) west of Laramie off Wyoming Highway 130, offers downhill skiing and snowboarding on 27 trails ranging in difficulty from beginner to expert. Laramie is a center for mountain biking. Mountain bike trails meander through forests in the Laramie Range and the Snowy Range. The Medicine Bow Mountain Bike Patrol, part of
7128-458: The government. Necklacing is the torture and execution of a victim by igniting a kerosene-filled rubber tire that has been forced around the victim's chest and arms. Necklacing was used to punish victims who were alleged to be traitors to the Black liberation movement along with their relatives and associates. Sometimes the "people's courts" made mistakes, or they used the system to punish those whom
7227-696: The houses during the raids and chased a Black sailor, Charles Wootton, into the Mersey River where he drowned. The Charles Wootton College in Liverpool has been named in his memory. In 1944, Wolfgang Rosterg, a German prisoner of war known to be unsympathetic to the Nazi regime , was lynched by other German prisoners of war in Cultybraggan Camp , a prisoner-of-war camp in Comrie , Scotland. At
7326-466: The late 19th century. They were often performed by self-appointed commissions, mobs , or vigilantes as a form of punishment for presumed criminal offenses. From 1883 to 1941 there were 4,467 victims of lynching. Of these, 4,027 were male, and 99 female. 341 were of unknown sex but are assumed to be likely male. In terms of ethnicity, 3,265 were black, 1,082 were white, 71 were Mexican or of Mexican descent, 38 were American Indian, ten were Chinese, and one
7425-539: The only public university in the state. Laramie was chosen as its site, and UW opened there in 1887. Under the terms of the Morrill Act , also known as the Land Grant College Act, in 1891 UW added an agricultural college and experiment station to gain benefits as a land grant college. The city was covered by international media in 1998 after the murder of Matthew Shepard , who was a gay student at
7524-418: The only school district in the county, is headquartered in Laramie. It governs 19 public schools in an area of 4,000 square miles (10,000 km) including Laramie, Centennial, Rock River, and rural locations. A total of about 4,000 students attend these schools, the Laramie fraction of which includes seven elementary schools, one middle school, Laramie High School , and Whiting High School. Snowy Range Academy,
7623-520: The ordinance to allow smoking in bars and private clubs. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 17.76 square miles (46.00 km), of which 17.74 square miles (45.95 km) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km) is water. Laramie is on a high plain between two mountain ranges, the Snowy Range , about 30 miles (48 km) to the west, and the Laramie Range , 7 miles (11 km) to
7722-424: The other officials elected alongside him on May 2 were guilty of "incapacity and laxity" in dealing with the city's problems. This was due to the threat to the community from three half-brothers, early Old West gunman "Big" Steve Long , Con Moyer and Ace Moyer. Long was Laramie's first marshal , and with his brothers owned the saloon Bucket of Blood. The three began harassing settlers, forcing them to sign over
7821-566: The period of the Cristero War . On September 14, 1968, five employees from the Autonomous University of Puebla were lynched in the village of San Miguel Canoa, in the state of Puebla , after Enrique Meza Pérez, the local priest, incited the villagers to murder the employees, who he believed were communists. The five victims intended to enjoy their holiday climbing La Malinche , a nearby mountain, but they had to stay in
7920-616: The result of "popular wrath" against Jews, but it was carried out in an organized and planned manner, mainly by SA and SS men. Similarly, the approximately 150 confirmed murders of surviving crew members of crashed Allied aircraft in revenge for what Nazi propaganda called "Anglo-American bombing terror" were chiefly conducted by German officials and members of the police or the Gestapo , although civilians sometimes took part in them. The execution of enemy aircrew without trial in some cases had been ordered by Hitler personally in May 1944. It
8019-435: The right of the negro to govern white men, and we never will. We have never believed him to be the equal of the white man, and we will not submit to his gratifying his lust on our wives and daughters without lynching him. Members of mobs that participated in lynchings often took photographs of what they had done to their victims. Souvenir taking, such as the taking of pieces of rope, clothing, branches and sometimes body parts
8118-696: The school year. Housed in the Ivinson Mansion near the center of town is the Laramie Plains Museum. The Wyoming Children's Museum and Nature Center has interactive exhibits and pottery classes for children aged three and older. In 2012, the Wyoming House for Historic Women was opened in downtown Laramie. The central library of the Albany County Library system, with a wide range of materials for adults and children,
8217-445: The street. Through a series of other lynchings and other forms of intimidation, the vigilantes reduced the "unruly element" and established a semblance of law and order. By the end of the decade, Laramie became the cultural and economic center of the newly organized Wyoming Territory . In 1869, Wyoming's first legislature passed a bill granting equal political rights to women in the territory. In March 1870, five Laramie residents became
8316-889: The university are the George W. Hooper Law Library, the Library Annex, a high-density storage facility located in the basement of the UW Science Complex, the Rocky Mountain Herbarium Library, a learning resources center with materials for teachers and children, and an archives, rare book, and manuscript repository known as the American Heritage Center. Twenty-one sites in Laramie, including the Wyoming Territorial Penitentiary , are included on
8415-935: The victim until eighteen minutes after the first shooting although the victim received 8 shots. In January 2016 four security forces were charged in connection with the lynching. The Israeli civilian who was involved in lynching the Eritrean civilian was sentenced to 100 days community service and 2,000 shekels. In August 2012, seven Israeli youths were arrested in Jerusalem for what several witnesses described as an attempted lynching of several Palestinian teenagers. The Palestinians received medical treatment and judicial support from Israeli facilities. In India , lynchings may reflect internal tensions between ethnic communities. Communities sometimes lynch individuals who are accused or suspected of committing crimes. Sociologists and social scientists reject attributing racial discrimination to
8514-510: The village due to adverse weather conditions. Two of the employees, and the owner of the house where they were staying for the night, were killed; the three survivors sustained serious injuries, including finger amputations. The alleged main instigators were not prosecuted. The few arrested were released after no evidence was found against them. On November 23, 2004, in the Tláhuac lynching , three Mexican undercover federal agents investigating
8613-515: Was Mayor of Galway in Ireland in 1493, says that when his son was convicted of murder, the mayor hanged him from his own house. The story was proposed by 1904 as the origin of the word "lynch". It is dismissed by etymologists, both because of the distance in time and place from the alleged event to the word's later emergence, and because the incident did not constitute a lynching in the modern sense. The archaic verb linch , to beat severely with
8712-470: Was 2,442.5 people per square mile (942.9/km). There were 11,994 housing units at an average density of 1,076.9 per square mile (415.7/km). The racial makeup of the city was 90.81% White, 1.24% African American, 0.89% Native American, 1.92% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.89% from other races, and 2.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 7.94% of the population. There were 11,336 households, out of which 23.0% had children under
8811-448: Was Japanese. At the first recorded lynching, in St. Louis in 1835, a Black man named McIntosh who killed a deputy sheriff while being taken to jail was captured, chained to a tree, and burned to death on a corner lot downtown in front of a crowd of over 1,000 people. Universal suffrage indicated the beginning of mass lynching across southern United States. The rise to mobs of outrage such as
8910-493: Was a 1955 western film starring James Stewart . It was shot in the Bonanza Creek Ranch and other places near Santa Fe, New Mexico . From 1958 to 1962, Laramie was the setting for ABC TV series Lawman , starring John Russell and Peter Brown , and from 1959 to 1963, Laramie was also the name of an NBC western television series , starring John Smith and Robert Fuller as ranch partners who operate
9009-600: Was also implicated in the Credit Mobilier scandal and censured by the U.S. House. The other site is Como Bluff , a long ridge extending east–west between Rock River and Medicine Bow . Geologic formations in the ridge contain fossils, including dinosaurs, from the Late Jurassic . The University of Wyoming Cowboys compete at the NCAA Division I level (FBS-Football Bowl Subdivision for football) as
9108-419: Was bleeding on the ground. Then, a soldier hit him with a bench nearby when two other soldiers approached the victim then forcefully kicked his head and upper body. Another soldier threw a bench over him to prevent his movement. At that moment a bystander pushed the bench away, but the security forces put back the chair and kicked the victim again and pushed the stopper away. Israeli medical forces did not evacuate
9207-611: Was composed by Abel Meeropol in 1937, inspired by the photograph of a lynching in Marion, Indiana. Meeropol said that the photograph "haunted me for days". It was published as a poem in the New York Teacher and later in the magazine New Masses , in both cases under the pseudonym Lewis Allan. The poem was set to music, also by Meeropol, and the song was performed and popularized by Billie Holiday . The song has been performed by many other singers, including Nina Simone . By
9306-474: Was conducted concurrently with the 2004 general election. The opponents challenged the validity of the election in court, claiming various irregularities. The judge ruled that the opponents had failed to meet their burden of showing significant problems with the election, and the ordinance, which had become effective in April 2005, remained in effect. In August 2005, Laramie's City Council defeated an attempt to amend
9405-483: Was imposed as a punishment by either of the two men. In 1782, Charles Lynch wrote that his assistant had administered Lynch's law to Tories "for Dealing with the negroes &c ". Charles Lynch was a Virginia Quaker , planter , and Patriot who headed a county court in Virginia which imprisoned Loyalists during the American Revolutionary War , occasionally imprisoning them for up to
9504-571: Was known in early years) soon had stores, houses, a school, and churches. Laramie's fame as the western terminal of the Union Pacific Railroad, acquired when the 268-mile (431 km) section from North Platte, Nebraska , was opened in May, ended in early August 1868 when a 93-mile (150 km) section of track was opened to Benton, 6 miles (9.7 km) east of present-day Sinclair, Wyoming . The frontier town initially suffered from lawlessness. Its first mayor , M. C. Brown , resigned his office on June 12, 1868, after six turbulent weeks, saying that
9603-474: Was not uncommon. Some of those photographs were published and sold as postcards . Instances of The Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill was first introduced to the United States Congress in 1918 by Republican Congressman Leonidas C. Dyer of St. Louis, Missouri . The bill was passed by the United States House of Representatives in 1922, and in the same year it was given a favorable report by
9702-624: Was publicly announced that enemy pilots would no longer be protected from "public wrath". There were secret orders issued that prohibited policemen and soldiers from interfering in favor of the enemy in conflicts between civilians and Allied forces , or prosecuting civilians who engaged in such acts. In summary: On March 19, 1988 , two plain-clothes British soldiers drove straight towards a Provisional IRA funeral procession near Milltown Cemetery in Andersonstown , Belfast. The men were mistaken for Special Air Service members, surrounded by
9801-605: Was reported for the third time in Alwar in July 2018, when a group of cow vigilantes killed a 31-year-old Muslim man named Rakbar Khan. In 2006, four members of a Dalit family were slaughtered by Kunbi caste members in khairlanji , a village in the Bhandara district of Maharashtra . In the 2015 Dimapur mob lynching , a mob in Dimapur , Nagaland , broke into a jail and lynched an accused rapist on March 5, 2015, while he
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