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90-663: The lower section of the small river Levensau was extended between 1777 and 1784 to become part of the Eider Canal . Between 1887 and 1895 the Eider Canal was further extended and straightened to become part of the Kiel Canal (then Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal ). The extended canal necessitated a fixed link for the Kiel–Flensburg railway as well as the principal road from Kiel to Eckernförde . Historic pictures Being

180-695: A Greater German Reich briefly existed until the end of the war. After 1945, the German national camp was revived in the Federation of Independents and the Freedom Party of Austria . In addition to a form of nationalism in Austria that looked toward Germany, there have also been forms of Austrian nationalism that rejected unification of Austria with Germany and German identity on the basis of preserving Austrians ' Catholic religious identity from

270-598: A great power inside Europe and in the world; its role in the European debt crisis and in the European migrant crisis have led to criticism of German authoritarian abuse of its power, especially with regard to the Greek debt crisis , and raised questions within and outside Germany as to Germany's role in the world. Due to post-1945 repudiation of the Nazi regime and its atrocities, German nationalism has been generally viewed in

360-552: A parallel society inside Germany, and issues of using education or legal penalties to drive integration have roiled Germany from time to time, and issues of what a "German" is, accompany debates about "the Turkish question". Pride in being German remained a difficult issue; one of the surprises of the 2006 FIFA World Cup which was held in Germany, were widespread displays of national pride by Germans, which seemed to take even

450-635: A German national movement evolved in Austria. Led by the radical German nationalist and anti-semite Georg von Schönerer , organisations like the Pan-German Society demanded the link-up of all German-speaking territories of the Danube Monarchy to the German Empire, and decidedly rejected Austrian patriotism. Schönerer's völkisch and racist German nationalism was an inspiration to Hitler's ideology. In 1933, Austrian Nazis and

540-480: A conversation between any native speakers of any of these dialects and a person who speaks only standard German, the latter will be able to understand slightly less than half of what is being said without any prior knowledge of the dialect, a situation which is likely to have been similar or greater in the 19th century. To a lesser extent, however, this fact hardly differs from other regions in Europe. Nationalism among

630-412: A first modification a barrier between road and railway was installed, however this limited the width of the road to 4.5 metres (15 ft) so that lorries were unable to pass each other on the bridge. Furthermore, the pedestrian way was only 90 centimetres (35 in) wide. In 1954, the bridge was extensively reworked to allow for independent use by road, rail and pedestrians. The towers were torn down and

720-604: A fourth lock at Klein Königsförde. From there it followed a long stretch of the Eider, a small detour northward from Königsförde to Grünhorst, and then a bend southward on Sehestedt to the fifth lock at Kluvensiek. The section from Klein Königsförde via Kluvensiek to Hohenfelde is still preserved today, along with remains of the lock system. From here the canal followed the Eider's natural river bed, flowing past Schirnau, Lehmbek, and Borgstedt before finally coming to Rendsburg, where

810-681: A given time and save Germany) and the legend of the Lorelei (by Brentano and Heine ) among others. The Nazi movement later appropriated the nationalistic elements of Romanticism, with Nazi chief ideologue Alfred Rosenberg writing: "The reaction in the form of German Romanticism was therefore as welcome as rain after a long drought. But in our own era of universal internationalism , it becomes necessary to follow this racially linked Romanticism to its core, and to free it from certain nervous convulsions which still adhere to it." Joseph Goebbels told theatre directors on 8 May 1933, just two days before

900-528: A landmark on the Kiel canal, the bridge was depicted on postcards and also used as a popular background for pictures of ships transiting the canal. Construction of the bridge took 1 1 ⁄ 2  years. Work on the abutments was started in June 1893 and bricklaying lasted until end of that year. On top of the abutments the bridge featured four towers by architect Hermann Muthesius . The scaffolding that supported

990-514: A national debate, called Historikerstreit , over how to regard its Nazi past, with one side claiming that there was nothing specifically German about Nazism, and that the German people should let go its shame over the past and look forward, proud of its national identity, and others holding that Nazism grew out of German identity and the nation needed to remain responsible for its past and guard carefully against any recrudescence of Nazism. This debate did not give comfort to those concerned about whether

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1080-480: A period of refusal, finally accepted the border (with reservations) in 1970. The desire of the German people to be one nation again remained strong, but was accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness through the 1970s and into the 1980s; Die Wende , when it arrived in the late 1980s driven by the East German people, came as a surprise, leading to the 1990 elections which put a government in place that negotiated

1170-722: A response to the French occupation of German territories in his Addresses to the German Nation (1808), evoking a sense of German distinctiveness in language, tradition, and literature that composed a common identity. After the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars at the Congress of Vienna , German nationalists tried but failed to establish Germany as a nation-state, instead the German Confederation

1260-531: A reunited Germany might be a danger to other countries, nor did the rise of skinhead neo-nazi groups in the former East Germany, as exemplified by riots in Hoyerswerda in 1991. An identity-based nationalist backlash arose after unification as people reached backward to answer "the German question", leading to violence by four Neo-Nazi / far-right parties which were all banned by Germany's Federal Constitutional Court after committing or inciting violence:

1350-597: A timber frame, with three full floors and an attic. The packing houses in Holtenau and Tönning are comparable in size, with approximately 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft) of floor space each; the Rendsburg packing house is substantially smaller than the other two. The canal's eastern end was in the Kieler Förde at the mouth of the river Levensau. The canal ran westward in the small river's natural bed to

1440-530: A united Germandom still seemed elusive. Nationalists did seize power in a number of German states, and assembled an all-German parliament in Frankfurt in May 1848. The Frankfurt Parliament attempted to write a national constitution for all German states , but rivalry between Prussian and Austrian interests resulted in the parliament advocating a "small German" solution (a monarchical German nation-state without

1530-587: A very broad manner. In his view, there existed a dichotomy between the people of Germanic descent. There were those who had left their fatherland (which Fichte considered to be Germany) during the time of the Migration Period and had become either assimilated or heavily influenced by Roman language , culture and customs , and those who stayed in their native lands and continued to hold on to their own culture. Later German nationalists were able to define their nation more precisely, especially following

1620-629: A very young age. He was greatly influenced by many other Austrian pan-German nationalists in Austria-Hungary , notably Georg Ritter von Schönerer and Karl Lueger . Hitler's pan-German ideas envisioned a Greater German Reich which was to include the Austrian Germans, Sudeten Germans and other ethnic Germans. The annexing of Austria ( Anschluss ) and the Sudetenland ( annexing of Sudetenland ) completed Nazi Germany's desire to

1710-472: A water-carrying cross-section of 83 square metres (890 sq ft). Ships of up to 28.7 metres (94 ft) length, 7.5 metres (25 ft) width, 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) draft and 140 tonnes (310,000 lb) displacement were allowed to pass through the channel. A passage through the canal and along the Eider took three days or more; in unfavorable wind ships were drawn by horses on the accompanying towpaths . In more than one hundred years of operation,

1800-505: A wise soul Like you, and I have little patience, So, please, come back soon, after all! ... Restore the old Holy Roman Empire , As it was, whole and immense. Bring back all its musty junk, And all its foolish nonsense. The Middle Ages I’ll endure, If you bring back the genuine item; Just rescue us from this bastard state, And from its farcical system... The Revolutions of 1848 led to many revolutions in various German states, but widespread national feeling for

1890-542: Is also a direct webcam displaying the bridge and the current construction zone. Inside the old brick abutments a mixed colony of roughly 5,000 bats hibernate. The colony is protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES , and includes Microbats , Common nocturles , Daubenton bats and Natterer bats . The population was examined by scientists of

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1980-515: The Zollverein . A division developed among German nationalists: one group led by the Prussians supported a "Lesser Germany" that excluded Austria or its German-speaking part, and another group advocated for a " Greater Germany " that included Austria. The Prussians sought a Lesser Germany to allow Prussia to assert hegemony over Germany that would not be guaranteed in a Greater Germany. This

2070-531: The Correlates of War project, patriotism in Germany before World War I ranked at or near the top, whereas today it ranks at or near the bottom of patriotism surveys. However, there are also other surveys according to which modern Germany is indeed very patriotic. Defining a German nation based on internal characteristics presented difficulties. In reality, most group memberships in "Germany" centered on other, mostly personal or regional ties (for example, to

2160-530: The Duke of Holstein-Gottorp was a vassal of the Kingdom of Denmark , but the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein were perennial enemies to their Danish suzerains, and the political fragmentation of the region and the ongoing conflict over its rightful rule posed an insurmountable obstacle to such a large project. The prospect of a canal was again raised in the 1600s under King Christian IV and Duke Frederick III . After

2250-568: The Enlightenment era philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau 's and French Revolutionary philosopher Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès ' ideas of naturalism and that legitimate nations must have been conceived in the state of nature . This emphasis on the naturalness of ethno-linguistic nations continued to be upheld by the early-19th-century Romantic German nationalists Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Ernst Moritz Arndt , and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn , who all were proponents of Pan-Germanism . The invasion of

2340-717: The European Economic Community , and latterly the European Union , was driven in part by forces inside and outside Germany that sought to embed Germany identity more deeply in a broader European identity, in a kind of "collaborative nationalism". The reunification of Germany became a central theme in West German politics, and was made a central tenet of the East German Socialist Unity Party of Germany , albeit in

2430-856: The European Parliament , but lost it again in the 2019 EU election. After the Revolutions of 1848/49 , in which the liberal nationalistic revolutionaries advocated the Greater German solution, the Austrian defeat in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) with the effect that Austria was now excluded from Germany, and increasing ethnic conflicts in the Habsburg monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire ,

2520-481: The Greek government-debt crisis , led to criticism from some quarters, especially within Greece, of Germany wielding its power in a harsh and authoritarian way that was reminiscent of its authoritarian past and identity. Tensions over the European debt crisis and the European migrant crisis and the rise of right-wing populism sharpened questions of German identity around 2010. The Alternative for Germany party

2610-509: The Holy Roman Empire (HRE) by Napoleon's French Empire and its subsequent dissolution brought about a German liberal nationalism as advocated primarily by the German middle-class bourgeoisie who advocated the creation of a modern German nation-state based upon liberal democracy , constitutionalism , representation, and popular sovereignty while opposing absolutism . Fichte in particular brought German nationalism forward as

2700-737: The Kiel University and is considered the largest in Northern Europe. Contemporary pictures The Levensau Motorway Bridge, built in 1984, can be seen on some of the newer pictures Eider Canal The Eider Canal (also called the Schleswig-Holstein Canal ) was an artificial waterway in southern Denmark (later northern Germany ) which connected the North Sea with the Baltic Sea by way of

2790-743: The Lehnsherren ) - before the formation of modern nations. Indeed, quasi-national institutions are a basic prerequisite for the creation of a national identity that goes beyond the association of persons. Since the start of the Reformation in the 16th century, the German lands had been divided between Catholics and Lutherans and linguistic diversity was large as well. Today, the Swabian , Bavarian , Saxon and Cologne dialects in their most pure forms are estimated to be 40% mutually intelligible with more modern Standard German , meaning that in

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2880-765: The Nationalist Front , National Offensive , German Alternative , and the Kamaradenbund. One of the key questions for the reunified government, was how to define a German citizen. The laws inherited from the Weimar republic that based citizenship on heredity had been taken to their extreme by the Nazis and were unpalatable and fed the ideology of German far-right nationalist parties like the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) which

2970-585: The Nazi book burnings in Berlin, that: "German art of the next decade will be heroic, it will be like steel, it will be Romantic, non-sentimental, factual; it will be national with great pathos, and at once obligatory and binding, or it will be nothing." German fascism extracted Romanticism from the naphthalene of the past, established its ideological kinship with it, included it in its canon of forerunners, and after some cleansing on racial grounds, absorbed it into

3060-566: The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and reunited East and West Germany, and the process of inner reunification began. The reunification was opposed in several quarters both inside and outside Germany, including Margaret Thatcher , Jürgen Habermas , and Günter Grass , out of fear of that a united Germany might resume its aggression toward other countries. Just prior to reunification West Germany had gone through

3150-544: The anti-Napoleonic struggle of 1813-15 were all instrumental in shaping the character of German nationalism for the next one-and-a-half century in a racialized ethnic rather than civic nationalist direction. Romanticism also played a role in the popularization of the Kyffhäuser myth , about the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa sleeping atop the Kyffhäuser mountain and being expected to rise in

3240-506: The carriageway was enlarged. In 1984 a four lane road bridge was opened for road traffic, taking over the role as main canal crossing for the Kiel–Schleswig road (route 76). The current bridge is still used for the railway and local road traffic including bicycles. Its span is too short for the canal expansion to a width of 162 metres (531 ft). In 2009 the cost estimate for the replacement stood at 42 million Euros. The replacement of

3330-568: The history of German literature from a fascist point of view, considers the most valuable for fascism that stage in the development of German Romanticism when it freed itself from the influences of the French Revolution and thanks to Adam Müller, Görres , Arnim and Schelling began to create truly German national literature on the basis of German medieval art , religion and patriotism. This made scholars and critics like Fritz Strich , Thomas Mann and Victor Klemperer , who before

3420-410: The patriotism and national identity of Germans as one nation and one people. The earliest origins of German nationalism began with the birth of romantic nationalism during the Napoleonic Wars when Pan-Germanism started to rise. Advocacy of a German nation-state began to become an important political force in response to the invasion of German territories by France under Napoleon Bonaparte . In

3510-594: The 19th century, Germans debated the German question over whether the German nation-state should comprise a " Lesser Germany " that excluded the Austrian Empire or a "Greater Germany" that included the Austrian Empire or its German speaking-part. The faction led by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck succeeded in forging a Lesser Germany. Aggressive German nationalism and territorial expansion

3600-554: The Baltic shore north of Kiel , proceeding to Knoop by the following autumn. This section partly followed the small river Levensau that emptied into the Kieler Förde. The section from Knoop to Rathmannsdorf was built between 1778 and 1779, and the highest segment (connecting to the Flemhuder See ) was completed in 1780. Finally, locks were installed along the upper Eider's natural course, starting at Rendsburg, to raise and deepen

3690-518: The Baltic. In 1887 Kaiser Wilhelm I inaugurated construction on a new canal through Schleswig-Holstein called the Kiel Canal . Though the new canal's western end is farther south (at the mouth of the Elbe ), much of the Eider Canal's watercourse was reused for the new waterway. Many sections were deepened, and some were straightened, cutting off bends that still exist as oxbow lakes . The new canal

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3780-648: The Eider and the need to navigate through the Frisian Islands at the canal's west end added to the travel time, and the drafts of late-nineteenth-century warships precluded their using the canal. In 1866 the Second Schleswig War resulted in Schleswig-Holstein's becoming part of Prussia , after which the German government explored a number of options for renovating or replacing the canal to improve commercial and military access to

3870-477: The German nationalism of the German Volksdeutsche (people/folk). The Generalplan Ost called for the extermination, expulsion, Germanization or enslavement of most or all Czechs, Poles, Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians for the purpose of providing more living space for the German people. After WWII, the German nation was divided into two states, West Germany and East Germany , and

3960-479: The Germans as a "Sprachnation" (a people unified by the same language), a "Kulturnation" (a people unified by the same culture) or an "Erinnerungsgemeinschaft" (a community of remembrance, i.e. sharing a common history). Johann Gottlieb Fichte  – considered the founding father of German nationalism  – devoted the 4th of his Addresses to the German Nation (1808) to defining the German nation and did so in

4050-517: The Germans first developed not among the general populace but among the intellectual elites of various German states. The early German nationalist Friedrich Karl von Moser , writing in the mid 18th century, remarked that, compared with "the British, Swiss, Dutch and Swedes", the Germans lacked a "national way of thinking". However, the cultural elites themselves faced difficulties in defining the German nation, often resorting to broad and vague concepts:

4140-461: The Germans themselves by surprise and cautious delight. In a 2011 article published by the University of Pennsylvania, it was stated that: "Patriotism in Germany has been a taboo topic since the time of Adolf Hitler, with the vast majority of Germans accepting that they cannot express any form of national pride". Germany's role in managing the European debt crisis , especially with regard to

4230-564: The Holocaust during World War II . After the defeat of Nazi Germany , the country was divided into East and West Germany in the opening acts of the Cold War , and each state retained a sense of German identity and held reunification as a goal, albeit in different contexts. The creation of the European Union was in part an effort to harness German identity to a European identity . West Germany underwent its economic miracle following

4320-664: The Weimar Republic collapsed under these pressures and the political maneuverings of leading German officials and politicians. The Nazi Party (NSDAP), led by Austrian-born Adolf Hitler , believed in an extreme form of German nationalism. The first point of the Nazi 25-point programme was that "We demand the unification of all Germans in the Greater Germany on the basis of the people's right to self-determination". Hitler, an Austrian-German by birth, began to develop his strong patriotic German nationalist views from

4410-623: The canal from Knoop to the Rathmannsdorf lock has been preserved, with remains of the locks still standing. West of Rathmannsdorf the canal rejoined the riverbed of the Levensau and followed it westward until connecting with the Flemhuder See, which provided the reservoir of water for the operation of the canal's most elevated segment. From the Flemhuder See the canal proceeded westward to the south of Gut Rosenkranz until it came to

4500-468: The canal was crossed by about 300,000 ships. Significant parts of the former Eider Canal, along with four of its locks, are now in protected areas as important elements of the historical and cultural landscape in Schleswig-Holstein. The Holtenau lock, the Rathmannsdorf lock by Altenholz , the lock at Klein Königsförde in Krummwisch , and the Kluvensiek lock in Bovenau (along with its drawbridge ) are now under cultural monument protection. Segments of

4590-426: The concepts of a people's community ( Volksgemeinschaft ). An important element of German nationalism, as promoted by the government and intellectual elite, was the emphasis on Germany asserting itself as a world economic and military power, aimed at competing with France and the British Empire for world power. German colonial rule in Africa (1884–1914) was an expression of nationalism and moral superiority that

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4680-403: The construction of six locks, located at Rendsburg, Kluvensiek, Königsförde, Rathmannsdorf, Knoop, and Holtenau (from west to east). All construction work was completed by the fall of 1784. The Eider Canal soon carried a considerable volume of shipping, and as decades passed the growing number and size of the ships wanting to make the crossing strained the canal's capacity. The winding course of

4770-477: The construction, led by Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann . Preparations for the canal began in 1776 with dredging of the lower Eider between Friedrichstadt and Rendsburg . The artificial canal was then excavated and fitted with locks to allow ships to cross the peninsula's drainage divide and descend to the Kieler Förde on the Baltic coast. Construction on the artificial segment, eventually 34 kilometres (21 mi) long, began in July 1777 at Holtenau on

4860-437: The context of a Marxist vision of history in which the government of West Germany would be swept away in a proletarian revolution. The question of Germans and former German territory in Poland, as well as the status of Königsberg as part of Russia, remained hard, with people in West Germany advocating to take that territory back through the 1960s. East Germany confirmed the border with Poland in 1950, while West Germany, after

4950-456: The country as taboo and people within Germany have struggled to find ways to acknowledge its past but take pride in its past and present accomplishments; the German question has never been fully resolved in this regard. A wave of national pride swept the country when it hosted the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Far-right parties that stress German national identity and pride have existed since the end of World War II but have never governed. According to

5040-402: The duchies of Schleswig and Holstein , and from the time of its construction it was known as the "Schleswig-Holstein Canal". After the First Schleswig War , the Danish government renamed the waterway the "Eider Canal" to resist the German nationalist idea of Schleswig-Holstein as a single political entity; but, when the region passed into Prussian control after the Second Schleswig War ,

5130-400: The first lock, by the Holtenau packing house, and on to the second, by Gut Knoop. At both of these sites there were pre-existing bridges across the Levensau. Then, for a short distance the canal separated from the Levensau to run northwest from Achtstückenberg to the third lock at Rathmannsdorf, where the canal reached its maximum elevation of 7 metres (23 ft) above sea level. The section of

5220-448: The former German territories east of the Oder–Neisse line were made part of Poland and Russia. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany which served as the constitution for West Germany was conceived and written as a provisional document, with the hope of reuniting East and West Germany in mind. Saarland was separated by France to become its protectorate in 1946, but later joined West Germany in early 1957. The formation of

5310-404: The incorporation of Holstein into the Danish crown by the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo , geopolitical conditions at last permitted a canal's construction and operation. Surveying and planning for the canal began in 1773, with a preliminary plan for the canal proposed in February 1774. On 14 April 1774, King Christian VII of Denmark issued a cabinet order establishing a Canal Commission to oversee

5400-512: The laws were intended to include Germans who had immigrated and to exclude immigrant groups. These laws remained the basis of German citizenship laws until after reunification. The government and economy of the Weimar republic was weak; Germans were dissatisfied with the government, the punitive conditions of war reparations and territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles as well as the effects of hyperinflation . Economic, social, and political cleavages fragmented Germany's society. Eventually

5490-510: The multi-ethnic Austria of the Habsburgs ) with the imperial crown of Germany being granted to the King of Prussia . The King of Prussia refused the offer, and efforts to create a leftist German nation-state faltered and collapsed. In the aftermath of the failed attempt to establish a liberal German nation-state, rivalry between Prussia and Austria intensified under the agenda of Otto von Bismarck , who became Minister President of Prussia from 1862 and blocked all attempts by Austria to join

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5580-401: The name was reverted to the "Schleswig-Holstein Canal." In modern historiography the canal is referred to by either name. As early as 1571 Duke Adolf I of Holstein-Gottorp proposed to build an artificial waterway across Schleswig-Holstein by connecting an eastward bend of the River Eider to the Baltic Sea, so as to compete with the nearby Stecknitz Canal for merchant traffic. At the time

5670-415: The national movement's martial pride and desire for unity and glory to weaken the political threat the liberal opposition posed to Prussia's conservatism. Prussia achieved hegemony over Germany in the "wars of unification": the Second Schleswig War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 (which effectively excluded Austria from Germany), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870 - 1871). A German nation-state

5760-410: The national-liberal Greater German People's Party formed an action group, fighting together against the Austrofascist regime which imposed a distinct Austrian national identity. Whilst it violated the Treaty of Versailles terms, Hitler, a native of Austria, unified the two German states together "( Anschluss )" in 1938. This meant the historic aim of Austria's German nationalists was achieved and

5850-422: The old bridge with a substitute was decided in 2018. The replacement was also deemed necessary due to technical reasons. However, in addition to taking the geological condition of the subsoil into consideration the project also has to respect environmental aspects (for instance the presence of bats). The project itself with a number of illustrations and some information in English is presented by its engineers. There

5940-472: The old canal in Bovenau and in Altenholz have been designated as landscape conservation areas. 54°20′37″N 9°49′47″E  /  54.3435°N 9.8298°E  / 54.3435; 9.8298 German nationalist German nationalism ( German : Deutscher Nationalismus ) is an ideological notion that promotes the unity of Germans and of the Germanosphere into one unified nation-state . German nationalism also emphasizes and takes pride in

6030-419: The policy of Kulturkampf in Prussia by German Chancellor and Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck , that sought to dismantle Catholic culture in Prussia, that provoked outrage amongst Germany's Catholics and resulted in the rise of the pro-Catholic Centre Party and the Bavarian People's Party . There have been rival nationalists within Germany, particularly Bavarian nationalists who claim that

6120-429: The rise of Prussia and formation of the German Empire in 1871 which gave the majority of German-speakers in Europe a common political, economic and educational framework. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, some German nationalists added elements of racial ideology, ultimately culminating in the Nuremberg Laws , sections of which sought to determine by law and genetics who was to be considered German. It

6210-440: The river and make its upper reaches navigable as far as the western end of the artificial canal. Including 130 kilometres (81 mi) of the Eider and a 9-kilometre (5.6 mi) stretch passing through the Upper Eider Lakes at Rendsburg, the shipping route covered a total length of 173 kilometres (107 mi). Between the Baltic and the upper Eider there was a difference in elevation of about 7 metres (23 ft), which required

6300-415: The rivers Eider and Levensau . Constructed between 1777 and 1784, the Eider Canal was built to create a path for ships entering and exiting the Baltic that was shorter and less storm-prone than navigating around the Jutland peninsula. In the 1880s the canal was replaced by the enlarged Kiel Canal , which includes some of the Eider Canal's watercourse. The canal's watercourse followed the border between

6390-430: The sixth and final lock stood, along with a second packing house. From Rendsburg the waterway followed the natural river Eider down to its confluence with the North Sea at Tönning , where a third packing house was built. The artificial canal had a length of 34 kilometres (21 mi), a water-level width of 28.7 metres (94 ft), a bottom width of 18 metres (59 ft) and a depth of 3.45 metres (11.3 ft), making

6480-460: The steel elements during construction was erected from November 1893 and assembly of the steel construction started in May 1894. The bridge was inaugurated by Emperor Wilhelm II in December 1894. Originally the carriageway was designed in such a way that it could not be used by road and rail traffic simultaneously - if a train approached, the bridge was closed for cars and lorries. In the course of

6570-450: The system of its ideology and thereby gave this trend, which in its time was not apolitical, a purely political and topical meaning ... Schelling , Adam Müller and others thanks to the fascists again became our contemporaries, though in the specific sense in which every corpse taken out of its century-old coffin for any need becomes a "contemporary". In his book The Tasks of National Socialist Literary Criticism , Walther Linden, who revised

6660-614: The terms that Bavaria entered into Germany in 1871 were controversial and have claimed the German government has long intruded into the domestic affairs of Bavaria. German nationalists in the German Empire who advocated a Greater Germany during the Bismarck era focused on overcoming dissidence by Protestant Germans to the inclusion of Catholic Germans in the state by creating the Los von Rom! (" Away from Rome! ") movement that advocated assimilation of Catholic Germans to Protestantism. During

6750-473: The time of the German Empire , a third faction of German nationalists (especially in the Austrian parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire ) advocated a strong desire for a Greater Germany but, unlike earlier concepts, led by Prussia instead of Austria; they were known as Alldeutsche . Social Darwinism , messianism , and racialism began to become themes used by German nationalists after 1871 based on

6840-416: The war were supporters of Romanticism, to reconsider their stance after the war and the Nazi experience and to adopt a more anti-Romantic position. Heinrich Heine parodied such Romantic modernizations of medieval folkloric myths by 19th century German nationalists in the " Barbarossa " chapter of his large 1844 poem Germany. A Winter's Tale : Forgive, O Barbarossa , my hasty words! I do not possess

6930-409: The war, which led to the creation of a guest worker program ; many of these workers ended up settling in Germany which has led to tensions around questions of national and cultural identity, especially with regard to Turks who settled in Germany . German reunification was achieved in 1990 following Die Wende ; an event that caused some alarm both inside and outside Germany. Germany has emerged as

7020-515: The widespread acceptance among intellectuals of social Darwinism justified Germany's right to acquire colonial territories as a matter of the ‘survival of the fittest’, according to historian Michael Schubert. The government established after WWI, the Weimar republic , established a law of nationality that was based on pre-unification notions of the German volk as an ethno-racial group defined more by heredity than modern notions of citizenship ;

7110-449: Was a key factor leading to both World Wars. Prior to World War I , Germany had established a colonial empire in hopes of rivaling Britain and France. In the 1930s, the Nazis came to power and sought to unify all ethnic Germans under the leadership of Adolf Hitler eventually leading to the extermination of Jews , Poles , Romani , and other people deemed Untermenschen (subhumans) in

7200-412: Was a major propaganda point later asserted by Hitler. By the late 1850s German nationalists emphasized military solutions. The mood fed on hatred of the French, a fear of Russia, a rejection of the 1815 Vienna settlement, and a cult of patriotic hero-warriors. War seemed a desirable means of speeding up change and progress. Nationalists thrilled to the image of an entire people in arms. Bismarck harnessed

7290-658: Was conservative, reactionary , anti-Catholic , anti-liberal and anti-socialist in nature. The German Empire's supporters advocated a Germany based upon Prussian and Protestant cultural dominance. This German nationalism focused on German identity based upon the historical crusading Teutonic Order . These nationalists supported a German national identity claimed to be based on Bismarck's ideals that included Teutonic values of willpower, loyalty, honesty, and perseverance. The Catholic - Protestant divide in Germany at times created extreme tension and hostility between Catholic and Protestant Germans after 1871, such as in response to

7380-521: Was created in 2013 as a backlash against further European integration and bailouts of other countries during the European debt crisis; from its founding to 2017 the party took on nationalist and populist stances, rejecting German guilt over the Nazi era and calling for Germans to take pride in their history and accomplishments. In the 2014 European Parliament election , the NPD won their first ever seat in

7470-633: Was created that was a loose collection of independent German states that lacked strong federal institutions. Economic integration between the German states was achieved by the creation of the Zollverein ("Custom Union") of Germany in 1818 that existed until 1866. The move to create the Zollverein was led by Prussia and the Zollverein was dominated by Prussia, causing resentment and tension between Austria and Prussia. The Romantic movement

7560-477: Was elected throughout the 1990s did not change the laws, but around 2000 a new coalition led by the Social Democratic Party of Germany came to power and made changes to the law defining who was a German based on jus soli rather than jus sanguinis . The issue of how to address its Turkish population has remained a difficult issue in Germany; many Turks have not integrated and have formed

7650-405: Was essential in spearheading the upsurge of German nationalism in the 19th century and especially the popular movement aiding the resurgence of Prussia after its defeat to Napoleon in the 1806 Battle of Jena . Johann Gottlieb Fichte 's 1808 Addresses to the German Nation , Heinrich von Kleist 's fervent patriotic stage dramas before his death, and Ernst Moritz Arndt 's war poetry during

7740-462: Was founded in 1871 called the German Empire . It embodied a "Lesser Germany", with the King of Prussia taking the throne as German Emperor ( Deutscher Kaiser ) and Bismarck becoming Chancellor of Germany . Unlike the prior German nationalism of 1848 that was based upon liberal values, the German nationalism utilized by supporters of the German Empire was based upon Prussian authoritarianism , and

7830-600: Was founded in 1964 from other far-right groups. Additionally, West Germany had received large numbers of immigrants (especially Turks ), membership in the European Union meant that people could move more or less freely across national borders within Europe, and due to its declining birthrate even united Germany needed to receive about 300,000 immigrants per year in order to maintain its workforce. (Germany had been importing workers ever since its post-war "economic miracle" through its Gastarbeiter program. ) The Christian Democratic Union / Christian Social Union government that

7920-496: Was justified by constructing and employing an image of the natives as "Other". This approach highlighted racist views of mankind. German colonization was characterized by the use of repressive violence in the name of ‘culture’ and ‘civilization’, concepts that had their origins in the Enlightenment. Germany's cultural-missionary project boasted that its colonial programs were humanitarian and educational endeavors. Furthermore,

8010-410: Was not until the concept of nationalism itself was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder that German nationalism began. German nationalism was Romantic in nature and was based upon the principles of collective self-determination, territorial unification and cultural identity, and a political and cultural programme to achieve those ends. The German Romantic nationalism derived from

8100-583: Was opened by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1895. In 1783, as part of the canal's development, three warehouses (called "packing houses" in German) were built along the watercourse: one at the Kiel-Holtenau lock, one at the Rendsburg lock, and one in the harbor area of Tönning . These structures allowed for the storage and handling of bulk goods transiting the canal, such as wool , cereals , coffee and salt . All three packing houses are made of bricks over

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