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60-550: A decentralized commuter center was established in 1935 called Dudley Hall, named after the former Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony Thomas Dudley . Coinciding with the founding of the Dudley Co-operative Society (Dudley Co-op)—Harvard's off-campus cooperative housing dormitory—it was renamed Dudley House and officially became part of the Harvard House system in 1958. It moved from Dunster Street to

120-461: A steward responsible for managing some of the earl's estates. Although there is a likely blood connection, the reason for the appointment may be that Dudley's soldier grandfather Henry had served under Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln . The earl's estate in Lincolnshire was a center of Nonconformist thought, and Dudley was already recognized for his Puritan virtues by the time he entered

180-500: A "covenant of grace" following her mentor, John Cotton , while most of the colony's leadership, including Dudley, Winthrop, and most of the ministers, espoused a more Legalist view ("covenant of works"). This split divided the colony since Vane and Cotton supported her. At the end of this colonial strife, called the Antinomian Controversy , Hutchinson was banished from the colony, and a number of her followers left

240-489: A clerk. Nicolls, a lawyer and later a judge, was recognized for his honesty at a time when many judges were susceptible to bribery and other misconduct. He was also sympathetic to the Puritan cause; the exposure to legal affairs and Nicolls' religious views probably had a significant influence on Dudley. After Nicolls' sudden death in 1616, Dudley took a position with Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln , serving as

300-461: A larger colony, Winthrop and Dudley led forays into the Charles River watershed, but were unable to immediately agree on a site for the capital. With limited time to establish themselves and concerns over rumors of potential hostile French action, the leaders decided to distribute the colonists in several places to avoid presenting a single target for hostilities. The Dudleys probably spent

360-611: A lengthy inscription in stone. In 1643, Reverend John Eliot established a school at Roxbury . Dudley, who was then living in Roxbury, gave significant donations of both land and money to the school, which survives to this day as the Roxbury Latin School . Dudley married Dorothy Yorke in 1603 and had five or six children. Samuel, the first, also came to the New World and married Winthrop's daughter Mary in 1633,

420-662: A military man who died when he was young, Dudley saw military service himself during the French Wars of Religion , and then acquired some legal training before entering the service of his likely kinsman, the Earl of Lincoln . Along with other Puritans in Lincoln's circle, Dudley helped establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony, sailing with Winthrop in 1630. Although he served only four one-year terms as governor of

480-439: A modified example of the early New England counting house ." In keeping with its original function as the home of Harvard's Bursar 's Office – for part of which time it was known as "The Counting House" – its "heroic parade of pilasters, a bit overblown admittedly, [are] doubtless intended to mark the principal frontispiece, as Lehman is, of Yard to [Harvard] Square " (as Shand-Tucci put it). Its "main chamber reaches practically

540-456: A more modern historical view, Francis Bremer observes that Dudley was "more precise and rigid than the moderate Winthrop in his approach to the issues facing the colonists". One of thy founders, him New-England know, Who staid thy feeble sides when thou wast low, Who spent his state, his strength, and years with care, That after comers in them might have share. Anne Bradstreet , verse written on Harvard Yard 's Dudley Gate In 1637,

600-538: A public hearing in February 2016. After a complicated process, with much back and forth between the Islamic Society and town officials, the necessary permit was issued over a year later. Dudley is bounded on the northeast by Oxford , on the north by Charlton , on the west by Southbridge , on the south by Woodstock and Thompson, Connecticut , and on the east by Webster , with which it traditionally had

660-523: A rift between Dudley and Winthrop; it was severe enough that in 1632 Dudley resigned his posts and considered returning to England. After the mediation of others, the two reconciled, and Dudley retracted his resignation. Winthrop reported that "[e]ver after they kept peace and good correspondency in love and friendship." During the dispute, Dudley also harshly questioned Winthrop's authority as governor for several actions without consulting his council of assistants. Dudley's differences with Winthrop came to

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720-574: A small group of colonists led by John Endecott to begin building a settlement, called Salem , on the shores of Massachusetts Bay ; a second group was sent in 1629. The company acquired a royal charter in April 1629 and later that year made the critical decision to transport the charter and the company's corporate governance to the colony. The Cambridge Agreement , which enabled the emigrating shareholders to buy out those that remained behind, may have been written by Dudley. In October 1629 John Winthrop

780-429: A tract of land "about six miles from Concord , northward". Reportedly, Winthrop and Dudley went to the area together to survey the land and select their parcels. Winthrop, then governor, graciously deferred to Dudley, then deputy governor, to make the first choice of land. Dudley's land became Billerica , and Winthrop's Bedford . The place where the two properties met was marked by two large stones, each carved with

840-500: Is a Georgian-revival building by Charles Coolidge completed in 1925 as part of Harvard President Abbott Lawrence Lowell 's program to "cloister" Harvard Yard . The building occupies the site on which the second, third, and fourth meetinghouses (1650, 1706, 1752) of The First Parish in Cambridge had been built. The site became Harvard property in 1833. Named for donor Arthur Lehman (1873–1936) and his wife Adele , its exterior "is

900-579: Is too slim. A “Thomas Dudley” was awarded degrees from Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, in 1626 and 1630, and some historians have argued this is a son of Dudley. Also, Dudley was referred to as “Thomas Dudley Senior” on a lone occasion in 1637. Dorothy Yorke died on 27 December 1643 at 61 years of age, and was remembered by her daughter Anne in a poem: Here lies, A worthy matron of unspotted life, A loving mother and obedient wife, A friendly neighbor, pitiful to poor, Whom oft she fed and clothed with her store; Dudley married his second wife,

960-629: The Confederacy during the Battle of Gettysburg . Dudley was the primary manufacturer of "Brogan boots" worn by the Union Army and produced the majority of the standard issue Union uniforms worn during the Civil War . A proposal to create a Muslim cemetery by the Islamic Society of Greater Worcester on 55 acres (22 ha) of farmland elicited intense community opposition when discussed at

1020-547: The Connecticut border. During the trip, it is rumored that a "large cache" of captured and recovered British weaponry and supplies was ordered "concealed in the grounds" in the rural area along the route. The cache, hidden to resupply reinforcements from Massachusetts or to cover a retreat from the south, was never used or recorded as having been recovered. Union soldiers from Dudley, the 15th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry , suffered heavy casualties inflicted by

1080-861: The Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge in Bedford, in an area that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Two Brothers Rocks-Dudley Road Historic District . Dudley Square in Boston's Roxbury neighborhood was named after Dudley. Proponents of an effort to rename the square noted that Dudley was "a leading politician in 1641", when the colony became the first to sanction slavery legally. Conversely, Byron Rushing , former president of

1140-521: The Museum of African American History in Boston, stated, “I’ve really searched, and I’ve found no evidence that Dudley ever owned slaves." A non-binding advisory question was added to the 5 November 2019 municipal ballot for all Boston residents asking, "Do you support the renaming/changing of the name of Dudley Square to Nubian Square?" Election night results show that the question was defeated. Mayor of Boston Marty Walsh subsequently announced that

1200-502: The Plymouth Colony , wrote of Dudley, "His zeal to order appeared in contriving good laws, and faithfully executing them upon criminal offenders, heretics, and underminers of true religion. He had a piercing judgment to discover the wolf, though clothed with a sheepskin." Early Massachusetts historian James Savage wrote of Dudley that "[a] hardness in public, and rigidity in private life, are too observable in his character". In

1260-441: The 1590 Battle of Ivry , but Susanna Dudley is known already to have been widowed by 1588. The 1586 battle of Zutphen has also been suggested as the occasion of Roger Dudley's death. Like many other young men of good birth Thomas Dudley became a page , in his case in the household of William, Baron Compton at nearby Castle Ashby . Later he raised a company of men following a call to arms by Queen Elizabeth , and served in

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1320-588: The Ambassador Hotel on Cambridge Street in 1963. Dudley House consolidated operations and moved to Lehman Hall in the southwest corner of Harvard Yard in 1967. In Fall 2019, the newly renamed Dudley Community moved to the 2nd Floor of 10 DeWolfe St. In 1961, the Dudley House dining hall was the first at Harvard to go coeducational , which was an experiment that paved the way for the university's eventual merger with Radcliffe College . Lehman Hall

1380-640: The English army led by Sir Arthur Savage fighting with King Henry IV of France during the French Wars of Religion . He fought the Spanish at the Siege of Amiens in 1597, which in September surrendered and was the final action of the war. After he was discharged from his military service, Dudley returned to Northamptonshire. He then entered the service of Sir Augustine Nicolls , a relative of his mother's as

1440-473: The Sutton-Dudleys of Dudley Castle ( Duke of Northumberland , Earls of Warwick and Leicester , Viscounts Lisle , and Barons Dudley ); there is a similarity in their coats of arms , but association beyond probable common ancestry has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. Roger Dudley, a captain in the English army, was apparently killed in battle. It was for some time believed he was killed in

1500-550: The acquittal of John Winthrop in a trial held that year; Winthrop had been charged with abuses of his power as a magistrate by residents of Hingham the previous year. In 1649 Dudley was appointed once again to serve as a commissioner and president of the New England Confederation , an umbrella organization established by most of the New England colonies to address issues of common interest; however, he

1560-421: The age of 18 living with them, 57.5% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.04. In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under

1620-461: The age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $ 48,602, and the median income for a family was $ 59,309. Males had a median income of $ 40,337 versus $ 27,589 for females. The per capita income for

1680-558: The assistance of Simon Bradstreet who was eventually drawn to Dudley's daughter Anne . The two were married six years later when she was 16. Dudley was briefly out of Lincoln's service between about 1624 and 1628. During this time, he lived with his growing family in Boston, Lincolnshire , where he likely was a parishioner at St Botolph's Church , where John Cotton preached. The Dudleys were known to be back on Lincoln's estate in 1628 when his daughter Anne came down with smallpox and

1740-430: The charter to be returned to England, the king's financial straits prevented it from being served, and the issue eventually died out. In 1635, and for the four following years, Dudley was elected either as deputy governor or as a member of the council of assistants. The governor in 1636 was Henry Vane , and the colony was split over the actions of Anne Hutchinson . She had come to the colony in 1634 and began preaching

1800-480: The closest cultural and political relations. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 22.1 square miles (57 km ), of which 21.0 square miles (54 km ) is land and 1.0 square mile (2.6 km ), or 4.58%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,036 people, 3,737 households, and 2,668 families residing in the town. The population density

1860-563: The colony as a consequence. She settled in Rhode Island , where Roger Williams , also persona non-grata in Massachusetts over theological differences, offered her shelter. Dudley's role in the affair is unclear, but historians supportive of Hutchinson's cause argue that he was a significant force in her banishment, and that he was unhappy that the colony did not adopt a more rigid stance or ban more of her followers. Vane

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1920-410: The colony established a committee "to take order for a new college at Newtown". The committee consisted of most of the colony's elders, including Dudley. In 1638, John Harvard , a childless colonist, bequeathed to the colony his library and half of his estate as a contribution to the college, which was consequently named in his honor . The college charter was first issued in 1642, and a second charter

1980-595: The colony, he was regularly in other positions of authority. Dudley's daughter Anne Bradstreet (1612–1672) was a prominent early American poet. One of the gates of Harvard Yard , which existed from 1915 to 1947, was named in his honor, and Harvard's Dudley House is named for the family, as is the town of Dudley, Massachusetts . Thomas Dudley was born in Yardley Hastings , a village near Northampton, England , on 12 October 1576, to Roger and Susanna (Thorne) Dudley. The family has long asserted connections to

2040-547: The colony. His views were conservative, but he was not as strident in them as John Endecott . Endecott notoriously defaced the English flag in 1632, an act for which he was censured and deprived of office for one year. Dudley sided with the moderate faction on the issue, which believed the flag's depiction of the Cross of St George had by then been reduced to a symbol of nationalism. Nathaniel Morton , an early chronicler of

2100-431: The earl's service. According to Cotton Mather 's biography of Dudley, he successfully disentangled a legacy of financial difficulties bequeathed to the earl, and the earl consequently came to depend on Dudley for financial advice. Dudley's services were not entirely pecuniary in nature: he is also said to have had an important role in securing the engagement of Clinton to Lord Saye's daughter. In 1622, Dudley acquired

2160-452: The entire height of the building, is finished in delicately modeled cream plaster   ... an extraordinarily light, cheerily simple room. A balcony reaches about part of its upper circumference." Bainbridge Bunting wrote that its "public function is announced by an architectural frontispiece of giant pilasters and arched windows repeated on both major elevations. The building's mass also is sufficient to announce its official role and to define

2220-573: The first instances of a truly representative government in North America, when each town chose two representatives to advise the governor on the subject. This principle was extended to govern the colony as a whole in 1634, the year Dudley was first elected governor. During this term, the colony established a committee to oversee military affairs and to manage the colony's munitions. The colony came under legal threat in 1632, when Sir Ferdinando Gorges , attempting to revive an earlier claim to

2280-584: The first of several alliances of the Dudley-Winthrop family. He later served as the pastor in Exeter, New Hampshire . Daughter Anne married Simon Bradstreet , and became the first poet published in North America. Patience, Dudley's third child, married a colonial militia officer Daniel Denison . The fourth child, Sarah, married Benjamin Keayne, a militia officer. This union was unhappy, resulting in

2340-404: The first reported instance of divorce in the colony; Keayne returned to England and repudiated the marriage. Although no formal divorce proceedings are known, Sarah eventually married again, to Job Judkins, by whom she bore five children. Mercy, the last of his children with Dorothy, married minister John Woodbridge . Dudley may have had another son, though most historians think the evidence

2400-471: The first time in a 1696 compilation of early colonial documents by Joshua Scottow . In the spring of 1631, the leadership agreed to establish the colony's capital at Newtowne (near present-day Harvard Square in Cambridge ), and the town was surveyed and laid out. Dudley, Simon Bradstreet, and others built their houses there, but to Dudley's anger, Winthrop decided to build in Boston. This decision caused

2460-577: The fore again in January 1636, when other magistrates orchestrated a series of accusations that Winthrop had been overly lenient in his judicial decisions. In 1632 Dudley, at his own expense, erected a palisade around Newtowne (which was renamed Cambridge in 1636) that enclosed 1,000 acres (400 ha) of land, principally as a defense against wild animals and Native American raids. The colony agreed to reimburse him by imposing taxes on all area communities. The meetings occasioned by this need are among

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2520-594: The local clergy to take a more prominent and explicit role in the colony's governance. When he was again governor in 1645, the colony threatened war against the expansionist Narragansetts , who had been making war against the English-allied Mohegans . This prompted the Narragansett leader Miantonomi to sign a peace agreement with the New England colonies which lasted until King Philip's War broke out 30 years later. Dudley also presided over

2580-625: The owner's name; Winthrop described the spot as the "' Two Brothers ', in remembrance that they were brothers by their children's marriage". During Dudley's term of office in 1640, many new laws were passed. This led to the introduction the following year of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties , a document that contains guarantees that were later placed in the United States Bill of Rights . During this term, he joined moderates, including John Winthrop, in opposing attempts by

2640-665: The question had "passed in the surrounding areas" near the square, and could be considered further by the city's Public Improvement Commission. On 19 December 2019, the Public Improvement Commission unanimously approved changing the name of Dudley Square to Nubian Square . Dudley station was renamed Nubian station in June 2020. Dudley, Massachusetts Dudley is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts , United States. The population

2700-488: The ruling Puritans. Pynchon was called upon to retract his views but returned to England instead of facing the magistrates. During most of his years in Massachusetts, when not governor, Dudley served as either deputy governor or as one of the colony's commissioners to the New England Confederation. He also served as a magistrate in the colonial courts, and sat on committees that drafted the laws of

2760-537: The territory, raised issues of the colony's charter and governance with the Privy Council of King Charles I . When the colony's governing magistrates drafted a response to the charges raised by Gorges, Dudley was alone in opposing language, referring to the king as his "sacred majesty", and to bishops of the Church of England as "Reverend Bishops". Although a quo warranto writ was issued in 1635 calling for

2820-479: The town of Dudley spent 1.44% ($ 163,468) of its budget on its public library, approximately $ 14 per person. Dudley is the home of Nichols College , which maintains a campus on Dudley Hill, the historical center of the town. Public schools in Dudley include Mason Road School (grades Pre-K–1), Dudley Elementary School (grades 2–4), Dudley Middle School (grades 5–8) and Shepherd Hill Regional High School (grades 9–12),

2880-433: The town was $ 21,546. About 3.1% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over. The public library in Dudley opened in 1897. The library has changed location a few times since then, and in the early 21st century, a new building was constructed over the site of the former town hall, which had also been relocated. In fiscal year 2008,

2940-556: The triangular open space on its east side, although the pilasters are out of scale with other buildings in the Yard." The plaza immediately in front of its Yard-facing elevation once had a sculpture by Henry Moore . Thomas Dudley Thomas Dudley (12 October 1576 – 31 July 1653) was a New England colonial magistrate who served several terms as governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Dudley

3000-676: The widow Katherine (Deighton) Hackburne, a descendant of the noble Berkeley, Lygon, and Beauchamp families, in 1644. She is also a direct descendant of eleven of the twenty-five barons who acted as sureties for John Lackland on the Magna Carta . They had three children, Deborah, Joseph , and Paul. Joseph served as governor of the Dominion of New England and of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Paul (not to be confused with Joseph's son Paul , who served as provincial attorney general)

3060-564: The winter of 1630–31 in Boston , which was where the leadership chose to stay after its first choice, Charlestown , was found to have inadequate water. A letter Dudley wrote to the Countess of Lincoln in March 1631 narrated the first year's experience of the colonists that arrived in Winthrop's fleet in an intimate tone befitting a son or suitor as much as a servant. It appeared in print for

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3120-475: Was 11,921 at the 2020 census . Dudley was first settled in 1714 and was officially incorporated in 1732. The town was named for landholders Paul and William Dudley. In April 1776, on his way to New York City from Boston after his victory in the Siege of Boston , General George Washington camped in the town of Dudley with the Continental Army along what is now a portion of Route 31 near

3180-450: Was 476.7 inhabitants per square mile (184.1/km ). There were 3,910 housing units at an average density of 185.7 per square mile (71.7/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 96.83% White , 0.23% African American , 0.23% Native American , 0.74% Asian , 0.75% from other races , and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.01% of the population. There were 3,737 households, out of which 34.5% had children under

3240-643: Was elected governor, and John Humphrey was chosen as his deputy. However, as the fleet was preparing to sail in March 1630, Humphrey decided he would not leave England immediately, and Dudley was chosen as deputy governor in his place. Dudley and his family sailed for the New World on the Arbella , the flagship of the Winthrop Fleet , on 8 April 1630 and arrived in Salem Harbour on 12 June. Finding conditions at Salem inadequate for establishing

3300-625: Was for a time the colony's register of probate. In 1636, Dudley moved from Cambridge to Ipswich , and in 1639, moved to Roxbury . He died in Roxbury on 31 July 1653, and was buried in the Eliot Burying Ground there. Dudley, Massachusetts is named for his grandsons Paul and William, its first proprietors. The Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation owns a parcel of land in Billerica called Governor Thomas Dudley Park. The "Two Brothers" rocks are located in

3360-453: Was ill (and aging, at 73), and consequently unable to discharge his duties in that office. Dudley was elected governor for the fourth and last time in 1650 despite the illness. The most notable acts during this term were the issuance of a new charter for Harvard College , and the judicial decision to burn The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption , a book by Springfield resident William Pynchon that expounded on religious views heretical to

3420-652: Was issued in 1650, signed by then-Governor Thomas Dudley, who also served for many years as one of the college's overseers. Harvard University's Dudley House, now only an administrative unit located in Lehman Hall after the actual house was torn down, is named in honor of the Dudley family. Harvard Yard once had a Dudley Gate bearing words written by his daughter Anne; it was torn down in the 1940s to make way for construction of Lamont Library . A fragment remains in Dudley Garden, behind Lamont Library, including

3480-479: Was the chief founder of Newtowne, later Cambridge, Massachusetts , and built the town's first home. He provided land and funds to establish the Roxbury Latin School and signed Harvard College 's new charter during his 1650 term as governor. Dudley was a devout Puritan who opposed religious views not conforming with his. In this, he was more rigid than other early Massachusetts leaders like John Winthrop , but less confrontational than John Endecott . The son of

3540-566: Was treated there. In 1628 Dudley and other Puritans decided to form the Massachusetts Bay Company , with a view toward establishing a Puritan colony in North America. Dudley's name does not appear on the land grant issued to the company that year. Still, he was almost certainly involved in the company's formative stages, whose investors and supporters included many individuals in the Earl of Lincoln's circle. The company sent

3600-748: Was turned out of office in 1637 over the Hutchinson affair and his insistence on flying the English flag over the colony's fort ; many Puritans felt that the Cross of St George on the flag was a symbol of popery and was thus anathema to them. Vane was replaced by Winthrop, who served three terms. According to Winthrop, concerns over the length of his service led to Dudley's election as governor in 1640. Although Dudley and Winthrop clashed with each other on several issues, they agreed on banning Hutchinson, and their relationship had some significant positive elements. In 1638 Dudley and Winthrop were each granted

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