The Luitpoldings were an East Frankish dynasty that ruled the German stem duchy of Bavaria in the ninth century. They are named after their descent from Margrave Luitpold (or Liutpold ) of Bavaria, who reasserted Bavarian autonomy in the early 10th century. His son Arnulf the Bad first assumed the title of Duke of Bavaria . The Luitpoldings would remain dukes until 947, when the king ceded the Bavarian duchy to his own brother Henry I instead. The Luitpoldings disappear from history after the 10th century, however, a descendant branch, the House of Babenberg , would become Margraves and Dukes of Austria until their extinction in 1246.
19-491: After the last Agilolfing , Tassilo III , was deposed as ruler of Bavaria in 788, Charlemagne and his successors placed Bavaria under the rule of non-hereditary governors and civil servants. By the late 9th century however, Frankish direct power had waned in the region due to the conquests of the Hungarians and their recurring attacks , allowing Bavaria's local rulers to grab greater independence. Margrave Luitpold ,
38-671: A free hand, he campaigned in the lands of the Přemyslid duke Wenceslaus of Bohemia and in 933/34 even invaded the Kingdom of Italy , in order to obtain the Iron Crown of Lombardy for his son Eberhard , though without success. Eberhard had succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria in 937, however, he soon struggled with King Otto I of Germany , who had no intention to respect the Bavarian autonomy. Otto declared Eberhard deposed and banned
57-697: A member of the German royal Ottonian dynasty , was Duke of Bavaria from 948 until his death. He was the second son of the German king Henry the Fowler and his wife Matilda of Ringelheim . After the death of his father, the royal title passed to Henry's elder brother Otto I , who immediately had to face the indignation of several Saxon nobles. Moreover, the late king's son from his first marriage, Thankmar , revolted in alliance with Duke Eberhard of Franconia and had young Henry captured and arrested. While Thankmar
76-530: A steward of the Visigothic king Theoderic II , who was executed in 457. The first duke identified with the Agilolfing line in German historiography is Garibald I ( Gariwald ). However, doubt has been cast on Garibald's membership in the Agilolfing family in modern scholarship, which makes Tassilo I (r. 591–610) the first ascertained member of the dynasty. The Agilolfings had close ties to
95-617: The Battle of Andernach on 2 October. Henry fled, first to his sister Gerberga , widow of Duke Gilbert of Lorraine, later to the court of King Louis IV of France . When Otto's troops invaded Lorraine (Lotharingia) and marched against France , Henry returned and submitted to his elder brother. He and Otto were reconciled in 940, and Henry was awarded the Lotharingian duchy. However, he could not assert his authority in Lorraine against
114-597: The Wilhelminer margrave Engelschalk II . Luitpold was able to enlarge his Bavarian possessions around Regensburg and in the adjacent March of the Nordgau , he became a military leader during the Hungarian invasions and was killed in the 907 Battle of Pressburg . While the Kingdom of Germany emerged under the rule King Conrad I and his successors of the royal Ottonian dynasty , Luitpold's son and heir Arnulf
133-644: The Agilolfings also ruled the Kingdom of the Lombards intermittently from 616 to 712. They are mentioned as the leading dynasty in the Lex Baiuvariorum (c. 743). Their Bavarian residence was at Regensburg . The dynasty's eponymous ancestor is Agilulf , a semi-legendary prince of the Suebi and descendant of Hermeric , the 5th-century Suevic king of Galicia , possibly identical with one Agilulf,
152-587: The Bad , backed by the local nobility, adopted the Bavarian ducal title, reorganised the defence against the Hungarian invaders and, according to the contemporary Annales iuvavenses , built up a king-like position at his Regensburg residence. He inevitably interfered with the Ottonian King Henry I of Germany , whose rule he finally acknowledged in 921, reserving numerous privileges for himself. Given
171-662: The Bavarian House of Wittelsbach is possible though not proven: Count palatine Arnulf II about 940 had a castle built at Scheyern ; the descendants of Count Otto I of Scheyern (d. before 4 December 1072), documented as Vogt of Freising in 1047, are rated as ancestors of the Wittelsbachs. Agilolfings The Agilolfings were a noble family that ruled the Duchy of Bavaria on behalf of their Merovingian suzerains from about 550 until 788. A cadet branch of
190-748: The Bavarian/Bohemian march from Ernst II's father (Ernst I) to Luitpold, both of whom are also recorded as Counts in the Nordgau. Alternatively, he is hypothesized to have been descended from the Frankish Popponids [ de ] and from the Robertians , and therefore related to the Early Babenberger . If such a relation exists, it may have gone through Luitpold's unknown mother. In 893, Emperor Arnulf appointed Luitpold Margrave of Carinthia and Upper Pannonia , succeeding
209-626: The Merovingians. Garibald I himself married Waldrada , the widow of Merovingian king Theudebald , in 555, after her marriage to Chlothar I was annulled on grounds of consanguinity . As they had their fate intertwined with the Merovingian dynasty, they opposed the rise of the Carolingian mayors of the palace , who finally deprived the Agilolfings of their power. Henry I, Duke of Bavaria Henry I (919/921 – 1 November 955),
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#1732771868426228-731: The Younger received a certain compensation from Emperor Otto II with the newly established Duchy of Carinthia . In 983, he even regained the Bavarian ducal title, however, two years later he had to yield the force of the Ottonian Duke Henry the Wrangler . With his death in 989, the Luitpoldings became extinct. Luitpold (d. 907), Margrave of Carinthia and Upper Pannonia , Count in the Nordgau An affiliation with
247-723: The brothers improved. After the death of the Luitpolding duke Berthold of Bavaria , Otto, at the instigation of his mother Matilda, enfeoffed Henry with the Duchy of Bavaria in 948. Henry had ties to Bavaria through his marriage with Judith , a daughter of late Duke Arnulf . Though he was met with resistance by local nobles, he first defended, and then enlarged his duchy in wars with the Hungarians . In 951 he accompanied King Otto on his Italian campaign against King Berengar II and acted as matchmaker for his brother, when he brought Queen Adelaide to Pavia . In turn he received
266-578: The local nobility tending to France, and as a result he was stripped of his position when the king appointed Count Otto of Verdun duke. Embittered Henry again plotted to assassinate King Otto in Easter 941 at the Imperial palace of Quedlinburg , but was discovered and put in captivity in Ingelheim , being released after doing penance at Christmas of that year. Over the years, the relationship between
285-575: The newly established March of Verona with Friuli , Aquileia , and Istria at the 952 Imperial Diet in Augsburg . In 953–954 Henry, temporarily deserted by his Bavarian subjects, brutally suppressed a revolt by Otto's son, Duke Liudolf of Swabia and Duke Conrad of Lorraine . While his brother gained a victory over the Hungarians in the Battle of Lechfeld , Henry fell ill in 955 and died on 1 November in Pöhlde Abbey . His son and heir
304-409: The next year and instead appointed Arnulf's brother Berthold duke, after he had renounced the exercise of the Bavarian liberties. Berthold remained a loyal supporter of King Otto nevertheless upon his death in 947 the hereditary title of his son Henry the Younger was denied, when the king ceded the Bavarian duchy to his own brother Henry I , who had married Arnulf's daughter Judith . In 976, Henry
323-465: The progenitor of the Luitpoldings, set himself up as the most prominent of Bavaria's aristocracy and thereby laid the foundations of the renewed stem duchy . Luitpold's descent has not been conclusively established. His father may have been Ernst II, of the Ernstides dynasty [ de ]. Both may have been an offshoot of the early medieval Bavarian Huosi , one of the five leading Bavarian dynasties during
342-539: The time of the formation of the Bavarian tribes , who flourished in the 8th and 9th century. Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia calls him a blood relation as well as a cousin. This relation could have gone through Emperor Arnulf 's mother Liutswind, who was married to the Carolingian King Carloman of Bavaria and would have been a sister of . This hypothesis explains the transmission of the dukedom of
361-468: Was killed by his own henchmen in 938, Henry, in custody, chose to join the insurgents. In alliance with Duke Eberhard and Duke Gilbert of Lorraine he attempted a revolt against his elder brother King Otto in 938, believing he had a claim on the throne as firstborn son after King Henry's coronation in 919. In 939 Henry's forces were defeated at Birten (near Xanten ) and he himself was wounded. Both his allies Duke Eberhard and Duke Gilbert were killed at
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