Li Xilie ( Chinese : 李希烈 ) (died May 9, 786) was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician of the medieval Tang dynasty who, believing himself to be strong enough to claim imperial title, did so as the emperor of a new state of Chu. His efforts to expand Chu was repeatedly thwarted by generals loyal to Tang, however, and in 786, after he grew ill, he was killed with poison by his general Chen Xianqi .
68-626: It is not known when Li Xilie was born, but it is known that his family was from Yan Prefecture (燕州, in modern Siping , Jilin ), and that his father's name was Dading ( 大定 ). His surname might have been originally Dong. It was said that he joined the army of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, then headquartered in modern Chaoyang, Liaoning ). During the Anshi Rebellion , when part of the Pinglu army was led by Li Zhongchen — then still named Dong Qin and who might have been Li Xilie's father's cousin — across
136-479: A chancellor early in the reign of Emperor Dezong . He was credited with reforming the tax system to reduce burdens on the peasants and to bring merchants into the rank of taxpayers, but was blamed for using his position to take vengeance on political enemies. He was removed in 781 and soon executed. Yang Yan was born in 727, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong . His family was from Fengxiang (鳳翔, in modern Baoji , Shaanxi ) and claimed ancestry through officials of
204-536: A number of actions that were praised by contemporaries and/or later historians: What Yang became most known for, however, was his reform of the taxation system, introduced in an edict by Emperor Dezong in 780. As described by the Song dynasty historian Sima Guang in his Zizhi Tongjian , of the problems of the taxation system at the time and what Yang's reforms were intended to address: Early in Tang Dynasty,
272-696: A pavilion for guests, and then tried to intimidate him with threats. Li Cheng refused to leave, and Li Xilie, unwilling to break with the imperial government at that time, allowed his soldiers to pillage Xiang Prefecture and then withdrew back to Huaixi. In 782, with imperial forces engaging the forces of Tian Yue, Wang Wujun , Zhu Tao (both Wang and Zhu having participated in Li Weiyue's destruction earlier but then rebelled in light of Emperor Dezong's failure to grant them territory that they wanted), and Li Na (Li Zhengji's son, who had taken over after Li Zhengji died later in 781 as well), Emperor Dezong made Li Xilie
340-459: A result, Emperor Dezong removed Yang from his chancellor post. Meanwhile, Liang launched a preemptive attack against Jiangling , hoping to capture it and gain access to the south. However, he was defeated at Siwang (四望, in modern Xiangfan) and retreated back to Shannan East's capital Xiang Prefecture. He gathered his troops and concentrated them in Xiang and Deng Prefectures, while Li Xilie gathered
408-474: Is a prefecture-level city in the west of Jilin province, People's Republic of China . It has a total population of 1,814,733 inhabitants, as of the 2020 census. Siping covers an area of 14,323 km (5,530 sq mi) and is located in the middle of the Songliao Plain , near the border with Liaoning and Inner Mongolia provinces. Siping's history can be stretched to 3,000 years ago during
476-467: Is also the hometown of two empresses of the Qing dynasty , Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Longyu . However, Siping was a place of little importance until the completion of the railway between Changchun and the port of Dalian in 1902. With a rapidly growing population, Siping became a regional commercial center. After 1907, Siping's economy experienced steady growth under the administration of
544-687: Is heavily concentrated from June to August. The annual mean temperature is 7.12 °C (44.8 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 46% in July to 71% in January and February, there are 2,684 hours of bright sunshine annually, with autumn and winter being especially sunny. Siping prefecture includes two districts, two counties and two county-level cities. Four commodity grain bases in Jinlin Province, namely Lishu County, Yitong Manchu Autonomous County, and Shuangliao City, are under
612-429: Is one hour away from Changchun Longjia Airport and Shenyang Taoxian International Airport. The Siping local dual-use airport is about to open domestic flights. Yang Yan (Tang dynasty) Yang Yan ( simplified Chinese : 杨炎 ; traditional Chinese : 楊炎 ; pinyin : Yáng Yán ; Wade–Giles : Yang Yen ; 727–781), courtesy name Gongnan ( 公南 ), was a Chinese historian and politician serving as
680-568: The Bohai Sea , to join the campaign against the rebel Yan state north of the Yellow River . Later, after Li Zhongchen was made the military governor ( Jiedushi ) of Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian , Henan ), Li Xilie followed him there and served under him. As of 779, Li Zhongchen was said to be greedy, violent, and sexually immoral. If his officers and soldiers had beautiful wives or daughters, he would often force
748-1058: The Shang dynasty . The Kingdom of Yan Ruins indicate that the Han Chinese People started moving into Northeast region of China during the Spring and Autumn period . Ancient ethnic tribes such as the Fuyu , the Goguryeo , the Khitans , the Jurchen , the Mongols , the Manchus , and Koreans have left behind cultural artifacts, including Hanzhou, Xinzhou, and the Yehe Tribe Cultural Artifacts. Yehe Town in Siping
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#1732764964623816-517: The Siberian anticyclone , with a January mean temperature of −13.2 °C (8.2 °F). Spring and fall are somewhat short transitional periods, with some precipitation, but are usually dry and windy. Summers are hot and humid, with a prevailing southeasterly wind due to the East Asian monsoon; July averages 23.7 °C (74.7 °F). Snow is usually light during the winter, and annual rainfall
884-641: The South Manchuria Railway Company. The construction of a railway linked to Baicheng in northwestern Jilin Province was completed in 1923, while a railway running south to Tonghua and to Korean Peninsula was built in 1939. A new town was built after 1921, going by the name Ssupingkai. After 1932, under the Japanese invasion of Manchuria , some agriculture-based industry including brewing, oil pressing and flour milling grew up. In
952-612: The Warring States period state Han ), Qin , Han , and Sui dynasties, although the lineage was not completely traceable. His great-grandfather Yang Dabao ( 楊大寶 ) served as a county magistrate during the reign of the Tang dynasty 's founder, Emperor Gaozu , and was killed when resisting a rival contender for the throne, Liu Wuzhou the Dingyang Khan, and therefore was posthumously honored. His grandfather Yang Zhe ( 楊哲 )
1020-583: The Zhide era [(756–758, during Emperor Suzong's reign)], the state was in war and chaos, and the collections of taxes were both done in an emergency and a haphazard manner. More and more tax collection agencies were created, but none supervised another, and therefore they created new methods and laws for taxation. Before the old tax would be abolished, the new tax would already be implemented, without ceasing. The rich households had many men, but they avoided taxes by becoming officials or becoming Buddhist monks , and
1088-579: The chancellor Yang Yan that, based on how Li Xilie had turned against Li Zhongchen, he could not be trusted. Instead, Emperor Dezong publicly praised Li Xilie for his loyalty — although this drew a private remark from his official Li Cheng ( 李承 ) that he believed that Li Xilie would turn arrogant and defiant if he were to defeat Liang. Subsequently, when Li Xilie's advances were slowed by torrential rains, Yang Yan's fellow chancellor and political enemy Lu Qi secretly suggested to Emperor Dezong that Li Xilie had slowed down due to his displeasure with Yang; as
1156-522: The Highway, the city run through Beijing-Harbin highway, JiTong highway, Daqiang-Guangzhou Highway, Changchun-Shenzhen Expressway, ChangYing highway, TieChao highway (Beijing-Siping highway), Yi Liao Expressway and Changchun-Liaoyuan highway. The city of Siping also has a ring first grade highway, which is connected to the 102 National Road and 303 National Road in the four directions. Siping is 550 kilometers away from Dalian international shipping center. It
1224-509: The Law of the Two Taxes [(兩稅法, Liangshuifa )]. The prefectural and county expenses were estimated in advance, and added to those expenses were the amounts they were supposed to submit to the central government. Then, that number becomes the overall tax burden for the people. No distinction made between people who were native to the locale or were new to the locale; as long as they had settled in
1292-615: The Tufan king, and therefore requested that the senior general Guo Ziyi sign the letter, with Emperor Dezong writing, "approved," on the letter. Emperor Dezong agreed. In fall 780, at Yang's direction, Liu Yan's superior Yu Zhun ( 庾準 ) the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou , Hubei ), accused Liu of complaining about Emperor Dezong in a letter to the general Zhu Ci , and of preparing to commit treason. Yang "confirmed" Yu's accusations, and Emperor Dezong had Liu put to death—drawing mourning from throughout
1360-476: The administration of Siping. Gongzhuling City is under the administration of Jilin Province. Siping recorded a population of 1,814,733 in the 2020 census. Siping has GDP of RMB 1266.3 billion Yuan in 2015, representing a rise of 6.4% year on year. The city's GDP ranked fourth in Jilin Province(2010). Agricultural products processing, electricity and thermal power, pharmaceutical, and chemicals are
1428-414: The capital to serve in the relatively powerless post as minister of agriculture. When the disciplinarian general Li Huaiguang was subsequently named to succeed Duan, Duan's soldiers, fearing Li Huaiguang's harshness, rebelled under the leadership of the officer Liu Wenxi ( 劉文喜 ). While Liu was quickly killed by his own subordinates, and the rebellion dissipated, neither Yuan Prefecture nor Lingyang Aquedate
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#17327649646231496-791: The communication lines between Chang'an and the Yangtze River - Huai River region, forcing Tang official communications to go through the middle Yangtze region. His subsequent attempts to expand, however, were repelled by Tang generals Geshu Yao ( 哥舒曜 ) and Li Gao ( 李皋 ) the Prince of Cao, and his campaign stalled. An attempt by his subordinate Zhou Zeng ( 周曾 ) to overthrow him and replace him with Yan, however, failed. In light of Zhou's failure, however, Li Xilie made one attempt to reconcile with Emperor Dezong, sending an apology that blamed his own rebellion on Zhou, and then moving his headquarters back to Cai Prefecture, where he felt more secure. For
1564-503: The emperor of a new state of Chu and making Daliang (i.e., Bian Prefecture) his capital. After Li Xilie declared himself the Emperor of Chu, he sent emissaries to Chen Shaoyou and Zhang Jianfeng the prefect of Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern Lu'an , Anhui ), trying to get them to formally submit. Chen was receptive, but Zhang was not and killed Li Xilie's emissaries. Li Xilie sent his general Du Shaocheng ( 杜少誠 ) to attack Zhang, but
1632-409: The emperor of a new state of Qin. In the subsequent confusion, Xiangcheng (襄城, in modern Xuchang), which Geshu was defending, fell to Li Xilie, and Geshu fled back to Luoyang. Later in 783, Li Xilie attacked Li Mian's headquarters at Bian Prefecture, but could not capture it quickly enough. He forcibly conscripted civilians to participate in the siege and, when they could not complete the filling-up of
1700-623: The farmers, they were collected twice a year, during the fall and summer. The field tax, corvée, and head tax, as well as other miscellaneous and harsh taxes were all abolished. The director of finances [(度支使, Duzhishi )] oversaw the taxes. Meanwhile, though, Yang was also said to be vindictive. Blaming the senior official Liu Yan , one of the judges that adjudicated Yuan Zai's guilt, for Yuan's death and for his own demotion, he accused Liu of having encouraged Emperor Daizong to make his favorite concubine Consort Dugu empress—which would have endangered Emperor Dezong's position as crown prince since he
1768-673: The forces and headed northwest on the Han River toward Xiang Prefecture. Liang attacked some of Li Xilie's troops stationed at Linhan (臨漢, near Xiang Prefecture), slaughtering them, but subsequently, when Li Xilie's main troops arrived, Liang's generals Zhai Hui ( 翟暉 ) and Du Shaocheng ( 杜少誠 ) was defeated by Li Xilie at Man River (蠻水, flowing through modern Xiangfan) and then Shukou (疎口, also in modern Xiangfan). Zhai and Du surrendered to Li Xilie, and Li Xilie ordered them to take their troops to enter Xiangyang (the capital of Xiang Prefecture) first. Liang ordered resistance, but his troops opened
1836-939: The gates and fled outside. Liang, seeing no escape, committed suicide with his wife and children by jumping into a well. Li Xilie took his body out from the well, cut off the head, and sent it to Chang'an. Li Xilie also slaughtered Liang's relatives and friends, as well as 3,000 soldiers who had participated in the Battle of Linhan. Emperor Dezong granted Li Xilie the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ( 同中書門下平章事 ). After Li Xilie's victory over Liang, instead of turning Shannan East over to imperial authority, he began to act as if it were his private domain. Emperor Dezong, remembering Li Cheng's remarks, sent Li Cheng to Shannan East to serve as military governor — with no escorts, at Li Cheng's own request. Once Li Cheng got to Xiang Prefecture, Li Xilie initially refused to let him take over its governance and housed him at
1904-457: The heads of the executive bureau, but no longer chancellor. While Yang Yan was chancellor, he had demoted Yan Ying ( 嚴郢 ) the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) because he disliked Yan Ying. Lu, knowing this, had Yan Ying made the chief imperial censor (御史大夫, Yushi Daifu ). At Lu's direction, Yan Ying soon exposed an incident in which Yang had asked Zhao Huibo ( 趙惠伯 )
1972-693: The honorary title of acting Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies ) and allowed him to exercise his previously honorary authorities as a chancellor. He made Li Xilie prefect of Huaixi's capital Cai Prefecture ( 蔡州 ) and acting military governor (nominally serving under Emperor Daizong's own son Li Zao ( 李造 ) the Prince of Xin), but stripped the circuit of Bian (汴州, in modern Kaifeng , Henan ) and Ying (潁州, in modern Fuyang , Anhui ) Prefectures, transferring them to Yongping Circuit ( 永平 ) under Li Mian 's command, moving Yongping's headquarters to Bian Prefecture. After Emperor Daizong died later in
2040-475: The imperial government would no longer be able to control him. Emperor Dezong did not listen to Yang and became increasingly repulsed by Yang due to his opposition. When Li Xilie's army was not launched for sometime due to rain, Lu secretly suggested to Emperor Dezong that it was actually because Li Xilie was resentful of Yang and that Emperor Dezong should remove Yang to placate Li Xilie. Emperor Dezong agreed, and in fall 781, he made Yang Zuo Pushe ( 左僕射 ), one of
2108-505: The imperial government. In 781, after Li Baochen died, Emperor Dezong refused to let his son Li Weiyue inherit his position, and the military governors of the de facto independent circuits, who were aligned with each other, then prepared for war against imperial causes. However, Liang was in the worst strategic position among these circuits, as his was the weakest circuit among them and was surrounded by circuits obeying imperial orders, and therefore he did not take as provocative gestures as
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2176-527: The imperial government. One of the main advocates for an immediate attack against Liang was Li Xilie , the military governor of Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian , Henan ), and Emperor Dezong put Li Xilie in charge of the campaign against Liang. Yang objected—pointing out that Li Xilie was himself disobedient of imperial edicts and had expelled his predecessor Li Zhongchen despite Li Zhongchen's kind treatment of him, and argued that if Li Xilie were successful, he would be so overconfident that
2244-654: The latter part of World War II , the Japanese completed a project in the construction of a refinery for the production of synthetic petroleum from coal. Siping was the site of several major battles during the Chinese Civil War between the Chinese Communist and Nationalist forces from 1945 to 1949. After the war, Siping was virtually destroyed. Siping grew rapidly after the Communist government
2312-412: The locale, they were registered on the tax rolls. There was no longer a division of young men [(over 17)] with mature men [(over 22)]; rather, division was by level of wealth. As for businessmen, they were given the responsibility of paying 1/30 of the tax burden, such that they were no longer able to evade tax responsibilities and would bear similar tax burdens to their farming neighbors. As for taxes on
2380-532: The mayor of Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the Luoyang region) to sell Yang's mansion for him—and, at Yan's manipulation, this incident was increased in severity from the lesser charge of conflict of interest to embezzlement. Meanwhile, Lu also secretly told Emperor Dezong that Yang had built his family shrine on land that was said to be greatly blessed, and accused Yang of intending to try to become emperor himself. In winter 781, Emperor Dezong demoted and exiled Yang to
2448-504: The military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ), died, Emperor Dezong refused to let their sons ( Li Na and Li Weiyue , respectively) to inherit their posts. Li Na and Li Weiyue, along with their allies Tian Yue the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan , Hebei ) and Liang Chongyi the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan , Hubei ), thereafter prepared for war against
2516-607: The military governor of Pinglu, intending to have him attack Li Na. Li Xilie, however, was in secret communication with the four rebels, who had declared themselves princes independent of Tang, and he, under the guise of attacking Li Na, moved his headquarters to Xu Prefecture (許州, in modern Xuchang , Henan ) and requested permission from Li Mian the military governor of Yongping Circuit (永平, headquartered in modern Kaifeng , Henan ) to pass through his territory. Li Mian, suspecting Li Xilie's intentions, granted permission but put his forces on high alert. Li Xilie, realizing that Li Mian
2584-954: The military governor of Zhejiang West Circuit (浙江西道, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang , Jiangsu ), Li Xilie was forced to lift the siege on Ningling and withdraw. In late 784, the Tang general Li Sheng recaptured Chang'an and welcomed Emperor Dezong back to Chang'an. Li Xilie's brother Li Xiqian ( 李希倩 ), who had been serving under Zhu Ci, was executed. Hearing of Li Xiqian's death, in anger, Li Xilie executed Yan Zhenqing. Meanwhile, when he subsequently had difficulty in capturing Chen Prefecture (陳州, in modern Zhoukou , Henan ), Li Cheng openly turned against him and resubmitted to Tang. Tang forces under Li Cheng, Liu Qia ( 劉洽 ), and Qu Huan ( 曲環 ) then converged on Bian Prefecture, and Li Xilie, in fear, left Bian Prefecture and moved his capital back to Cai Prefecture. Li Xilie's general Tian Huaizhen ( 田懷珍 ) then surrendered Bian Prefecture to Tang forces. Li Xilie
2652-408: The ministry of rites (禮部, Libu ). While serving at the ministry of rites, he became one of the main drafters of edicts for Emperor Suzong's son Emperor Daizong . Both he and his colleague Chang Gun were known for the beautiful language they used in writing edicts—with Chang being known for his ability to cite ancient precedents, and Yang known for the ability to use appropriate praises. When he wrote
2720-515: The moat around Bian Prefecture on time, buried them alive, referring to them as "wet wood." Around the new year 784, Li Mian abandoned Bian Prefecture, which then fell to Li Xilie, who then moved his headquarters to Bian Prefecture. Li Mian's subordinate Li Cheng (李澄, note different character than the Li Cheng who had previously resisted Li Xilie) surrendered Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern Anyang , Henan ) to Li Xilie as well. The Yangtze-Huai region
2788-414: The nearby prefectures. At the suggestion of Lu Qi — who had been resentful of the senior official Yan Zhenqing — Emperor Dezong sent Yan to Huaixi to make one final attempt to persuade Li Xilie to return to the imperial fold. Once Yan arrived at Huaixi, Li Xilie put him under house arrest, albeit at a comfortable pavilion, and refused his demands that Li Xilie return to the imperial fold. Li Xilie cut off
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2856-533: The next several months, he continued to engage imperial troops and raid the surrounding prefectures, but did not undertake any substantial maneuvers to expand. In fall 783, soldiers of Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang , Gansu ), at Chang'an at the time in preparation for deployment to battle Zhu, Tian, Wang, and Li Na, mutinied, forcing Emperor Dezong to flee to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang , Shaanxi ). They supported Zhu Tao's brother Zhu Ci as their leader, and Zhu Ci soon declared himself
2924-425: The opportunity, on one occasion, to batter Li severely along with his guards, almost causing Li's death. Lü, however, favored his talent and did not punish him. Later, when the major general Li Guangbi invited him to serve as an assistant, he declined, and he also declined a promotion to serve as an imperial chronicler at the capital Chang'an . Instead, he returned home to support his mother. After his mother died, he
2992-425: The others. Nevertheless, Emperor Dezong, not wanting to take any chances, effectively gave Liang the choice of submission or fight by issuing an order promoting him but summoning him to the capital Chang'an . Liang, after much deliberation, refused and planned for war. In summer 781, Emperor Dezong created Li Xilie the Prince of Nanping and put him in command of overall operations against Liang — against warnings by
3060-675: The pillar industries. Private economy is also a major contributor of the industrial sector. Siping is a transportation hub in Jilin Province. The Qiqihar -Siping, Siping-Meihekou and Beijing–Harbin railways The city is served by both the Siping Railway Station and Siping East Railway Station ( IATA : OSQ ). The Harbin-Beijing Highspeed Railway also run through the Siping East Railway Station. The new airport will be completed in 2030. With
3128-486: The poor households were unable to avoid taxes in this manner. Therefore, the rich households became richer, and the poor households became poorer. Corrupt officials further used the opportunity to seize assets and oppress people. They collected taxes every 10 days or half month. The people could not endure this kind of cruel treatment, and often they fled to other locales just to make a living. Those who remained in their homes did not exceed 40% or 50%. Yang Yan established
3196-601: The realm over the unfair treatment of the well-respected Liu. The warlord Li Zhengji , the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an , Shandong ), in particular, was submitting repeated petitions criticizing the imperial government for executing Liu. Yang, in fear, sent his associates to the circuits to blame Liu's death on Emperor Dezong personally, over Emperor Dezong's resentment for Liu's support of Consort Dugu, and disavowing personal responsibility in Liu's death. When Emperor Dezong became aware that Yang
3264-452: The regions of the two capitals (Chang'an and Luoyang ) and Guanzhong to reopen Lingyang Aqueduct (陵陽渠, flowing through Bayan Nur , Inner Mongolia ) in order to promote agriculture in the region by soldiers. When Duan Xiushi , the military governor of Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang , Gansu ) opposed the projects on account that it would provoke a Tufan attack, Yang, angered by Duan's opposition, had Duan recalled to
3332-540: The responsibilities to the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng ). (Subsequently, however, with the executive bureau agencies unable to handle these financial matters, the specialized agencies were restored, although the responsibilities were given to Han Hui ( 韓洄 ) and Du You , not back to Liu.) Liu was also soon demoted and exiled to be the prefect of Zhong Prefecture (忠州, in modern Chongqing ). By spring 780, With Cui Youfu seriously ill at that point and Qiao having been removed by Emperor Dezong due to incompetence, Yang
3400-404: The taxes and duties included the following: field tax [(租, Zu )], corvée [(庸, Yong )], and head tax [(捐, Juan )]. Those who had fields paid the field tax. Those who were adults served corvée labor. Those who had household rolls paid head tax. Toward the end of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, the government files were being poorly maintained, and the records were often not matching reality. During
3468-423: The text of a monument dedicated to the general Li Kailuo ( 李楷洛 ), the writing was so beautiful that the scholars at the time all took pains to memorize it. He later became the deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang ) and was put in charge of editing the imperial history. He also became well regarded by the powerful chancellor Yuan Zai and was fostered by Yuan to be his successor. After Yuan
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#17327649646233536-640: The women to have sexual relations with him. He entrusted the important matters of the circuit to his brother-in-law Zhang Huiguang ( 張惠光 ), whom he made his deputy. Zhang was said to be corrupt and causing much grief to the soldiers. Zhang's son, an officer, was even more corrupt than his father. Li Xilie was supported by the soldiers, and he took this opportunity to plot a mutiny with his colleague Ding Gao ( 丁暠 ). On March 28, 779, Li Xilie and Ding killed Zhang and his son and expelled Li Zhongchen. Li Zhongchen fled to Chang'an. Emperor Daizong, crediting him for his past achievements, kept him at Chang'an and gave him
3604-785: The year and was succeeded by his son Emperor Dezong , Emperor Dezong formally made Li Xilie the military governor of Huaixi. Li Xilie subsequently drew favors from Emperor Dezong by repeatedly suggesting to Emperor Dezong, who had wanted to wipe out the de facto independence of several circuits — Pinglu (the original territory of which had been abandoned and whose headquartered had moved to modern Tai'an , Shandong ), ruled by Li Zhengji ; Weibo (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan , Hebei ), ruled by Tian Yue ; Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ), ruled by Li Baochen ; and Shannan East (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan , Hubei ), ruled by Liang Chongyi — that he be allowed to attack Liang and take Shannan East Circuit back for
3672-402: The younger Yang Shanren ( 山人 ), implying that he was a Taoist hermit . Later, he took off his hermit robes and served as a secretary under Lü Chongbi ( 呂崇賁 ) the military governor ( Jiedushi ) of Hexi Circuit (河西, headquartered in modern Wuwei , Gansu ). He had previously been humiliated by Li Dajian ( 李大簡 ), and he became a colleague of Li's after he came to serve under Lü, and he took
3740-533: Was able to capture Deng Prefecture (鄧州, in modern Nanyang , Henan ) in spring 785, but made no major gains thereafter. In fall 785, Emperor Dezong, at the advice of the chancellor Lu Zhi , issued an edict that ordered the surrounding circuits not to take further aggressive actions against Chu, but merely to defend themselves against Chu attacks. He also promised that if Li Xilie surrendered, his life would be spared. Li Xilie did not respond. His further attacks continued to be repelled by Tang generals, however, and it
3808-420: Was actually ever rebuilt. Notwithstanding these projects, one of the agendas that Emperor Dezong had early in his reign was peace with Tufan, and he ordered a general release of Tufan captives. He also sent the official Wei Lun ( 韋倫 ) as an emissary to Tufan. When Wei requested that Emperor Dezong personally sign a letter offering peace addressed to the king of Tufan, Yang believed that this would overly dignify
3876-655: Was all shocked by the development, and Chen Shaoyou ( 陳少游 ) the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ) sent his subordinate Wen Shu ( 溫述 ) to Li Xilie to pledge allegiance to Li Xilie. When Emperor Dezong, still at Fengtian, declared a general pardon in spring 784 — the scope of which included even Zhu Tao, Wang, Tian, Li Na, and Li Xilie and implicitly promising them that if they submitted to nominal imperial authority again, he would not dare to interfere with them again — Wang, Tian, and Li Na all renounced their self-claimed princely titles. Li Xilie refused, however, and declared himself
3944-505: Was blaming him, he began to be resentful of Yang and considered killing him, but did not do so immediately. Rather, he promoted Lu Qi to also be a chancellor to divide Yang's power. Yang, looking down on Lu, as Lu was known to be ugly in appearance and untalented, would often refuse to have lunch with Lu even though chancellors were, by custom, to have lunches with each other on a regular basis. This thus drew resentment from Lu as well. In 781, after Li Zhengji and fellow warlord Li Baochen ,
4012-398: Was defeated by Zhang. Other efforts by him to expand were also repelled by Li Gao and Li Jian ( 李兼 ) the prefect of E Prefecture (鄂州, in modern Wuhan , Hubei ). Meanwhile, when Li Xilie himself attacked Ningling (寧陵, in modern Shangqiu , Henan ) and called on Li Cheng to aid him, Li Cheng refused. When Ningling's defender Liu Chang ( 劉昌 ) received archery reinforcements from Han Huang
4080-410: Was established in 1949, being the third largest city in Jilin Province. Siping is located in the transition between plains and hilly terrain, with hills to the southeast and the Songliao Plain to the northwest. The city has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ). Winters are long (lasting from November to March), cold, and windy, but dry, due to the influence of
4148-456: Was executed for corruption in 777, Emperor Daizong initially wanted to execute Yang and some other close associates of Yuan's as well, but Emperor Daizong's uncle Wu Cou ( 吳湊 ) persuaded him not to do so. Instead, Yang was demoted to be the military advisor to the prefect of Dao Prefecture (道州, in modern Yongzhou , Hunan ). In 779, Emperor Daizong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Dezong . Emperor Dezong, wanting to reform government,
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#17327649646234216-419: Was honored for his filial piety to her—and it was said that it was unprecedented, at that point, that a household would be decorated for three straight generations for their filial piety. After Yang completed his period of mourning, he became Sixun Yuanwailang ( 司勳員外郎 ), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu ), and later served at the ministries of defense (兵部, Bingbu ) and
4284-469: Was known for his filial piety. His father, Yang Bo ( 楊播 ), was known for having passed the imperial examinations but then declined official offices to support his parents, an act for which he was honored by both Emperor Xuanzong and Emperor Xuanzong's son Emperor Suzong . Yang Yan was known in his youth for his handsome eyebrows and beard, his ability to stand up against monetary enticements, and his beautiful writing. In his home region, he became known as
4352-509: Was not Consort Dugu's son, and Consort Dugu had her own son, Li Jiong ( 李迥 ) the Prince of Han. At Cui Youfu's urging, who argued that such matters should no longer be considered since Emperor Dezong had issued a general pardon when he declared the Liangshuifa , Emperor Dezong did not, for the time being, investigate Liu. Still, at Yang's urging, he removed Liu from his various posts as directors of specialized financial agencies and returned
4420-494: Was on guard, did not attack him. However, Li Xilie then claimed several titles that had not been granted him by Emperor Dezong — the supreme commander of the armed forces, Taiwei (太尉, one of the Three Excellencies ), and the Prince of Jianxing. In spring 783, Li Xilie finally took more apparent provocative action against the imperial government, by capturing Ru Prefecture (汝州, in modern Luoyang , Henan ) and its acting prefect Li Yuanping ( 李元平 ). He then sent his forces to raid
4488-752: Was said that his territory was constantly shrinking. In spring 786, Li Xilie grew ill after eating beef. At the encouragement of his concubine Lady Dou, who was a friend of the wife of Li Xilie's general Chen Xianqi , Chen induced Li Xilie's physician to poison him to death. Li Xilie's son subsequently tried to take over control of the circuit and again pledge allegiance to Tang, but Chen killed him, along with Li Xilie's wife, sons, and brothers, and then resubmitted to Tang imperial authority. Siping, Jilin Siping ( Chinese : 四平 ; pinyin : Sìpíng ), formerly Sipingjie ( Chinese : 四平街 ; pinyin : Sìpíngjiē ; Wade–Giles : Ssupingchieh ),
4556-407: Was solely in charge of the government, and he revived major military projects that Yuan had advocated until his downfall—to rebuild Yuan Prefecture (原州, in modern Guyuan , Ningxia ), formerly Tang territory but which had become part of the no man's land between territories held by Tang and Tufan , as a forward advance base for a campaign to recapture lands lost to Tufan; and to conscript labor from
4624-545: Was willing to promote people in exceptional manners, and in fall 779, based on the recommendation of the chancellor Cui Youfu , Emperor Dezong promoted Yang from exile to be the Menxia Shilang ( 門下侍郎 ), the deputy head of the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng ) and gave him the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ( 同中書門下平章事 ), making him a chancellor de facto , serving alongside Cui and Qiao Lin . As chancellor, Yang quickly carried out
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