Misplaced Pages

#322677

130-453: The work was compiled around 1125 by an unknown official at Llandaff Cathedral . It contains numerous records covering five hundred years of the diocese's history, including the biographies or Lives of Saints Dubricius , Teilo and Oudoceus and, most importantly for historical research, 149 land-grant charters. These Llandaff Charters give details of property transfers to the cathedral from various local kings and other notaries, from

260-411: A parachute mine exploded near the south aisle of the cathedral, resulting in the roof of the nave collapsing and the shattering of the windows. Charles Nicholson was hired to rebuild the roof, and made the decision to remove the altarpiece that Rossetti had added to the north aisle. In 1949, Nicholson was replaced with George Pace of York, who in coordination with the dean at the time, Glyn Simon , saw

390-469: A 6th-century Welsh clergyman, church founder and saint; and many Bishops of Llandaff, from the 7th-century Oudoceus to the 19th-century Alfred Ollivant , who was bishop from 1849 to 1882. There is common consensus that the Norman cathedral was constructed on the site of an ancient Celtic church , but there is little consensus on the original church's age, importance or size. Welsh tradition associates

520-839: A British cathedral since the Coventry installation in the 1960s. Two chamber organs have been used in the Lady Chapel at the east end of the cathedral. The first, built in 1946 by Hill, Norman and Beard , had two manuals and pedals. This was replaced in 1960 with a single manual chamber organ built by Henry Willis & Sons , which remains there today. Owain Glynd%C5%B5r Owain ap Gruffydd ( c.  1354  – 20 September 1415), commonly known as Owain Glyndŵr ( Glyn Dŵr , pronounced [ˈoʊain ɡlɨ̞nˈduːr] , anglicised as Owen Glendower )

650-458: A daughter, Gwenllian , who died in 1337 without issue. Professor John Edward Lloyd said: "There is no evidence that Llywelyn had any daughter but Gwenllian, born in the last year of his life and after his death confined for the rest of her days as a nun of the order of Sempringham". Lloyd's assessment has been repeated by other Welsh historians. The claim to Gwynedd heritage through his great grandmother would have been strengthened, however, by

780-593: A descendant of the English King Edward I , through his granddaughter Eleanor. However the existence of Eleanor is disputed. The young Owain ap Gruffydd was possibly fostered at the home of David Hanmer , a rising lawyer shortly to be a justice of the King's Bench, or at the home of Richard FitzAlan, 3rd Earl of Arundel . Owain is then thought to have been sent to London to study law at the Inns of Court , as

910-399: A detailed restoration plan was announced at the meeting along with a list for those wishing to donate to the work. The Prince of Wales (later Edward VII ) and John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute were among those who pledged donations sufficient to allow the restoration work to continue immediately. The cathedral was extensively restored, the tower rebuilt and a spire added. Much of

1040-563: A dispute with a neighbouring English Lord , the event spiralled into a national revolt which pitted common Welsh countrymen and nobles against the English military. In response to the rebellion , discriminatory penal laws were implemented against the Welsh people; this deepened civil unrest and significantly increased support for Glyndŵr across Wales. Then, in 1404, after a series of successful castle sieges and several battlefield victories for

1170-510: A few decades earlier, when he attempted to regain his family stature with aid from the King of France in a Franco-Welsh alliance from the late 1360s, until his assassination. Glyndŵr is now remembered as a national hero and numerous small groups have adopted his symbolism to advocate independence for Wales or Welsh nationalism. For example, during the 1980s, a group calling itself Meibion Glyndŵr ("the Sons of Glyndŵr") claimed responsibility for

1300-530: A financial crisis, and the chapter intended to save £45,000 a year by taking these measures. In 2012 the cathedral premiered its own record label , with a recording called Majestas . The music focuses on the new cathedral organ and the Llandaff Cathedral choir. The recording's title was taken from the Jacob Epstein sculpture in the cathedral's nave that was part of the post-war renewal of

1430-578: A hollow drum to house the division of the organ. The figure of "Christ in Glory" would be installed on the west face of the drum. This proposal was accepted by the Dean and the cathedral chapter. They approached the War Damage Commission about whether funds initially meant for replacement of stained glass damaged in the bombing could be used for art in other media. This permission helped to finance

SECTION 10

#1732797581323

1560-443: A house of prayer and holy exercises". The church continued to exist in a poor state, so that by 1692 choral services had to be suspended in fear that the roof would collapse. The battlements of the northwestern tower blew away during a storm in 1703, and the southwest tower fell down in 1722. In 1734, John Wood of Bath was hired to restore the cathedral, but his work on the temple was still not complete by 1752 and remained that way. It

1690-644: A large English invasion force reputedly led by King Henry IV himself at the Battle of Stalling Down in Glamorgan . Glyndŵr, facing years on the run, finally lost his estate in the spring of 1403, when Prince Henry as usual marched into Wales unopposed and burnt down Glyndŵr's houses at Sycharth and Glyndyfrdwy , as well as the commote of Edeirnion and parts of Powys . Glyndŵr continued to besiege towns and burn down castles; for 10 days in July that year, he toured

1820-481: A leading Welsh supporter of King Henry, Dafydd Gam ('Crooked David'). This was the last time that Owain was seen alive by his enemies, although it was claimed he took refuge with the Scudamore family . In the autumn, Glyndŵr's Aberystwyth Castle surrendered while he was away fighting. But by then things were changing. Henry IV died in 1413, and his son Henry V began to adopt a more conciliatory attitude towards

1950-478: A number of improvements in the modern style, though many fittings were clearly still influenced by the Gothic. The material of the church which remains from the medieval period is primarily Somerset Dundry stone, though Sutton stone and local blue lias also make up the stonework, with the latter constituting most of the stonework dating from the post-Reformation period. The work done on the church since World War II

2080-701: A number of odes to Owain, praising his host's liberality and writing of Sycharth , "Very rarely was a bolt or lock to be seen there." In the late 1390s, a series of events occurred which cornered Owain, and forced his ambitions towards a rebellion. The events would later be called the Welsh Revolt, the Glyndŵr Rising (within Wales), or the Last War of Independence. His neighbour, Baron Grey of Ruthin , had seized control of some land, for which Glyndŵr appealed to

2210-491: A one-time supporter of Glyndŵr, and writing after the fact, made the following entry in his Chronicle for the year 1415: "he was buried at night by his followers. But his burial was detected by his opponents; so he was re-buried. But where his body lies is unknown." Thomas Pennant writes that Glyndŵr died on 20 September 1415 at the age of 61 (which would place his birth at approximately 1354). Glyndŵr may have lived his last days at Kentchurch in south Herefordshire ,

2340-513: A previous ring of ten. Only one other church in Wales has a ring of twelve bells; the cathedral is the only church in Cardiff with a set of twelve bells. In December 2013, five days before Christmas, the cathedral chapter announced that all salaried adult members of the choir (altos, tenors and basses) were being made redundant, along with the assistant organist. The cathedral was in the midst of

2470-429: A recreation of Solomon's Temple . Another sixteen years passed before the chapter solicited funds to repair the western half of the building. Wood's plans were to replace the western entrance of the cathedral with a tower and rustic porch. No changes were made to the western entrance until Wyatt and Prichard began their work in 1841, when the damage to the western portion of the structure was repaired and all traces of

2600-666: A student in Westminster , London, for over a period of seven years. He was possibly in London during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. By 1384, he was living in Wales and married to David's daughter, Margaret Hanmer ; their marriage took place, perhaps in 1383, in St Chad's Church, Hanmer in north-east Wales. Although other sources state that they were married in the 1370s. They started a large family and Owain established himself as

2730-436: A woman with an accent from Ceredigion (Deheubarth), a widow when he was still a boy. Owain Glyndŵr was a descendant of all three Welsh Royal Principalities ( royal houses ). Through his father, he was the heir of the former Kingdom of Powys ( House of Mathrafal ). And through his mother, he was the direct descendant and heir of both Deheubarth ( House of Dinefwr ) and Gwynedd ( House of Aberffraw ). He may also have been

SECTION 20

#1732797581323

2860-401: A year until he received a substantial ransom from Henry. In June 1402, Glyndŵr defeated an English force led by Sir Edmund Mortimer near Pilleth (the Battle of Bryn Glas ), where Mortimer was captured. Glyndŵr offered to release Mortimer for a large ransom but, in sharp contrast to his attitude to de Grey, Henry IV refused to pay. Mortimer's nephew could be said to have had a greater claim to

2990-550: Is an unexceptional and relatively unknown place outside of Herefordshire, it is closely connected to the Scudamore family. Owain married Margaret Hanmer , also known by her Welsh name Marred ferch Dafydd, and together they had five or six sons and four or five daughters. Also, Owain had some illegitimate children out of wedlock. All of Owain and Margaret's sons from their marriage were either taken prisoner and died in confinement, or died in battle and had no issue. Gruffudd

3120-510: Is dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul , and three Welsh saints : Dubricius ( Welsh : Dyfrig ), Teilo and Oudoceus ( Welsh : Euddogwy ). It is one of two cathedrals in Cardiff, the other being the Roman Catholic Cardiff Metropolitan Cathedral in the city centre. The current building was constructed in the 12th century on the site of an earlier church. Severe damage was done to

3250-408: Is primarily of concrete and Pennant sandstone. The roofs, added in the post-war period, are made of Welsh slate and lead. The West front of the cathedral is gabled along its length and contains the grand central doorway, higher in level than the floor of the nave. It is described as being "double lobed" with an "arched head with continuous chamfer outline, colonnettes and dripmould". The south side of

3380-427: Is probable that several of the leading craftsman of Somerset were hired for the building. Though some remodelling work was done in the 13th and 14th centuries, with a northwest tower funded by Jasper Tudor, lord of Glamorgan from 1484 to 1495, by the late 16th century the church had fallen into a state of disrepair. In 1594 the bishop complained that the cathedral was "more like a desolate and profane place than like

3510-456: Is probably the twelfth-century original, bears evidence of having been covered in a thin layer of silver and is all that remains of the earliest binding. The gilt-bronze figure of Christ in Majesty that adorned the lower cover was a mid-thirteenth century addition which has, since 1981, been kept separate from the volume in its own box. Fragments of the thin silver plate are preserved along with

3640-766: The British Museum , described the Llandaff figure as "a unique survival of major English bronze-casting of the third quarter of the 13th century ...". Llandaff Cathedral Llandaff Cathedral ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Llandaf ) is an Anglican cathedral and parish church in Llandaff , Cardiff , Wales. It is the seat of the Bishop of Llandaff , head of the Church in Wales Diocese of Llandaff . It

3770-558: The Croft Baronets . Whilst Margaret married a knight from Monnington, also in Herefordshire. Glyndŵr's illegitimate children with other women included Ieuan , Myfanwy and Gwenllian, whilst it is debated whether his son David was born out of wedlock. Ieuan became Glyndŵr's only male descendant to have children. Like his other illegitimate kin, they remained in Wales and married locally into Welsh families. Gwenllian became

3900-605: The Dean of St Asaph totalling 300 men, Owain Glyndŵr prophecised that he was the person to save his people from the English invasions, and proclaimed himself the Prince of Wales. And, after that day, he instigated a 15-year rebellion against the rule of Henry IV . Then came a number of initial confrontations between Henry IV and Owain's followers in September and October 1400, as the revolt began to spread around North Wales. Glyndŵr,

4030-514: The English Parliament , however, Owain's petition for redress was ignored. Later, in 1400, Lord Grey did not inform Glyndŵr in time about a royal command to levy feudal troops for Scottish border service, thus enabling him to call Glyndŵr a traitor in London court circles. Lord Grey had stature in the royal court of Henry IV. The law courts refused to hear the case, or it was delayed because Lord Grey prevented Owain's letter from reaching

Book of Llandaff - Misplaced Pages Continue

4160-599: The Hundred Years' War continuing between England and France. On 31 March 1406 Glyndŵr wrote a letter to be sent to Charles VI of France in St Peter ad Vincula church at Pennal , hence its naming after the location it was written at. Glyndŵr's letter requested to maintain military support from the French to fend off the English in Wales. Glyndŵr suggested that in return, he would recognise Benedict XIII of Avignon as

4290-503: The Iolo Manuscripts , he credits Fagan as the second Bishop of Llandaff (succeeding Dyfan, a figure Iolo conflates with Deruvian). In their writings on Lucius of Britain, both Geoffrey of Monmouth and Iolo Morganwg state that the original Christian community at Llandaff was re-established by Saint Dyfrig (Dubricius) and his successor, Saint Teilo . The most notable legends surrounding these two state that Saint Dyfrig

4420-632: The Lady of Glyndyfrdwy and Cynllaith , and heiress de jure of the Principalities of Powys , South Wales and Gwynedd . During 1431, she successfully went to court in Meirionydd to regain her inheritance as the heiress of Sycarth in Glyndyfrdwy against John, Earl of Somerset , who had been granted Owain's forfeited lands by the King of England in 1400. Alice's descendant's married into

4550-601: The Llŷn Peninsula in 1400 and 1401. In 1403, a Breton squadron defeated the English in the Channel and devastated Jersey , Guernsey and Plymouth , while the French made a landing on the Isle of Wight . By 1404, they were raiding the coast of England, with Welsh troops on board, setting fire to Dartmouth and devastating the coast of Devon . 1405 was the "Year of the French" in Wales. A formal treaty between Wales and France

4680-471: The Majestas figure. In February 2007 the cathedral suffered a severe lightning strike. Particular damage was caused to the electrics of the organ , which was already in poor condition. The instrument was not able to be used after the lightning damage. This prompted the 2007 launch of an appeal to raise £ 1.5 million for the construction of an entirely new organ. The original pre-Norman church

4810-554: The Pope . The letter sets out the ambitions of Glyndŵr for an independent Wales with its own parliament, led by himself as Prince of Wales. These ambitions also included the return of the traditional law of Hywel Dda , rather than the enforced English law, establishment of an independent Welsh church as well as two universities, one in south Wales, and one in north Wales. Following this letter, senior churchmen and important members of society flocked to Glyndŵr's banner and English resistance

4940-534: The medieval Welsh laws of Hywel Dda , and build an independent Welsh church. The war continued, and over the next several years, the English gradually gained control of large parts of Wales. By 1409 Owain’s last remaining castles of Harlech and Aberystwyth had been captured by English forces. Glyndŵr refused two royal pardons and retreated to the Welsh hills and mountains with his remaining forces, where he continued to resist English rule by using guerrilla warfare tactics, until his disappearance in 1415, when he

5070-474: The see to Cardiff in 1717. Thomas Hancorne , a jacobite prominent in High Church circles, was prebendary of Llandaff from 1718 to 1731. Between 1720 and 1723 a series of storms damaged the cathedral further, bringing down sections of the roof. The collapse of 1723 forced worship services to be confined to the Lady Chapel and closed the western entrance of the cathedral entirely. Thirty years after

5200-485: The squire of his ancestral lands at Sycharth and Glyndyfrdwy. Glyndŵr joined the king's military service in 1384 when he undertook garrison duty under the renowned Welshman Sir Gregory Sais on the English–Scottish border at Berwick-upon-Tweed . His surname Sais, meaning 'Englishman' in Welsh, refers to his ability to speak English, not common in Wales at the time. In August 1385, he served King Richard II under

5330-584: The Cathedral Choir, and have sung at large services, including a National Service of Remembrance, on Remembrance Sunday in 2018. In addition, the parish choir sings at the weekly Parish Eucharist , and is a mixed choir of boys, girls, men and women. The cathedral has a ring of twelve bells (with an additional "flat sixth", to make thirteen in total) hung for change-ringing , located in the Jasper tower. The current bells were installed in 1992, replacing

Book of Llandaff - Misplaced Pages Continue

5460-654: The Chapter — the governing body of the cathedral — consists of: For many years, the cathedral had the traditional Anglican choir of boys and men, and more recently the Girl Choristers. The boys and girls are educated at the Cathedral School , the only dedicated choir school in the Church in Wales, . The Cathedral Choir consists of boys and alto, tenor and bass parts, and sing on Sundays at

5590-554: The Choral Eucharist and at Choral Evensong. The full choir also sings on Thursdays for Evensong , with the boys singing alone on Tuesdays and the lower voices on Fridays. The Girl Choristers and Schola Cantorum keep the choral tradition going through the week, with full SATB services for Evensong on Mondays and Wednesdays, directed by the Master of Choristers of the Cathedral School. The Girl Choristers occasionally sing with

5720-645: The Elder , but this was never completed, and instead a major restoration by John Prichard was carried out in the 1840s and 1850s. In January 1941, during the Cardiff Blitz of the Second World War , the cathedral was severely damaged by a parachute mine that blew the roof off the nave, south aisle and chapter house. The stonework which remains from the medieval period is primarily Dundry stone from Somerset , though local blue lias constitutes most of

5850-485: The English borderlands. Glyndŵr remained free, but he had lost his ancestral home and was a hunted prince. He continued the rebellion, particularly wanting to avenge his wife. In 1410, Owain led a raid into rebel-controlled Shropshire , and in 1412, he carried out one of the final successful raids. With his most faithful soldiers, he cut through the King's men in an ambush in Brecon , where he captured, and later ransomed,

5980-664: The English campaigns in France and Scotland. Hundreds of Welsh archers and experienced men-at-arms left the English service to join the rebellion. In 1404, Glyndŵr's forces took Aberystwyth Castle and Harlech Castle , then continued to ravage the south by burning Cardiff Castle . Then, a court was held at Harlech and Gruffydd Young was appointed as the Welsh Chancellor . There had been communication to Louis I, Duke of Orléans in Paris to try (unsuccessfully) to open

6110-468: The English occupying territories in Wales. On Good Friday (1 April) 1401, 40 of Glyndwr's men who were led by his cousins, Rhys ap Tudur and Gwilym ap Tudur took Conwy Castle in North Wales . In response, King Henry IV appointed Henry Percy (Hotspur) to bring the country to order. A month later, the King and the English parliament issued an amnesty on 10 March which applied to all rebels with

6240-590: The English regained Aberystwyth and then marched north Harlech Castle , which also surrendered during the cold winter into 1409. Edmund Mortimer died during the siege, and Owain's wife Margaret along with two of his daughters (including Catrin ) and three of Mortimer's granddaughters were captured on the fall of the castle and imprisoned in the Tower of London . They were all to die in the Tower in 1413 and were buried at St Swithin, London Stone . Before his downfall, Glyndŵr

6370-487: The English showing no mercy and hanging some messengers. As a response to the situation of warfare in Wales, the English Parliament between 1401 and 1402 enacted penal laws against the Welsh , designed to coerce submission in Wales, but the result was to create resentment that pushed many Welshmen into the rebellion. In the same year, Glyndŵr captured his archenemy Baron Grey de Ruthyn. He held him for almost

6500-510: The English throne than Henry himself, so his speedy release was not an option. In response, Mortimer negotiated an alliance with Glyndŵr and married one of Glyndŵr's daughters. It is also in 1402 that mention of the French and the people of Flanders helping Owain's daughter Janet, who was negotiating on the continent for her father for two years until 1404. News of the rebellion's success spread across Europe, and Glyndŵr began to receive naval support from Scotland and Brittany. He also received

6630-509: The French. The result was a formal treaty that promised French aid to Glyndŵr and the Welsh. The immediate effect seems to have been that joint Welsh and Franco-Breton forces attacked and laid siege to Kidwelly Castle . The Welsh could also count on semi-official fraternal aid from the Duchy of Brittany and from Scotland. Scots and French privateers were operating around Wales throughout Owain's war. Scottish ships had raided English settlements on

SECTION 50

#1732797581323

6760-468: The Italian temple work by Wood had been removed from the cathedral. During the 19th century the bishop began to reside in Llandaff for the first time in centuries; no bishops of the see resided in Llandaff for almost 300 years. In 1836 there was another unsuccessful attempt to transfer the see—this time to Bristol . After the attempt at transferring the see, the office of Dean was restored to Llandaff;

6890-454: The King, which would have repercussions. Sources state that Glyndŵr was under threat because he had written an angry letter to Lord Grey, boasting that lands had come into his possession, and he had stolen some of Lord Grey's horses; and believing Lord Grey had threatened to "burn and slay" within his lands, he threatened retaliation in the same manner. Lord Grey then denied making the initial threat to burn and slay, and replied that he would take

7020-548: The Scudamore family and her direct descendant John Lucy Scudamore married the daughter of Harford Jones-Brydges in the early 19th century, and whose daughter in 1852 married the son of Edward Lucas from the Castleshane estate in Ireland . Another daughter, Jane, married Henry, Lord Grey de Ruthin without issue. Then, Janet married into the noble family of Croft Castle in Herefordshire, whose descendants today are titled

7150-681: The Welsh forces, who had until then won several easy victories, suffered a series of defeats. Glyndŵr's brother, Lord Tudur ap Gruffudd , a commander during the war, died at the Battle of Pwll Melyn in May 1405. English forces landed in Anglesey from Ireland and would over time push the Welsh back until the resistance in Anglesey formally ended toward the end of 1406. Following the intervention of French forces, battling ensued for years, and in 1406 Prince Henry restored fines and redemption for Welsh soldiers to choose their own fate, prisoners were taken after

7280-424: The Welsh ports to French trade. By 1404, no less than four royal military expeditions into Wales had been repelled, and Owain had solidified his control of the nation. In 1404, he was proclaimed by his supporters Prince of Wales ( Welsh : Tywysog Cymru ) and held parliaments at Machynlleth and Harlech . He also planned to build two national universities (one in the south and one in the north), to re-introduce

7410-464: The Welsh, Owain gained control of most of Wales and was proclaimed by his supporters as the Prince of Wales, in the presence of envoys from several other European kingdoms, and military aid was given from France , Brittany , and Scotland . He proceeded to summon the first Welsh parliament in Machynlleth , where he outlined his plans for Wales which included building two universities, reinstating

7540-403: The Welsh. In times of war, the English changed their strategy. Rather than focusing on punitive expeditions as favoured by his father, the young Prince Henry adopted a strategy of economic blockade. Using the castles that remained in English control, he gradually began to retake Wales while cutting off trade and the supply of weapons. By 1407, this strategy was beginning to bear fruit, and by 1408,

7670-547: The Welsh. Royal pardons were offered to the major leaders of the revolt and other opponents of his father's regime. As late as 1414, there were rumours that the Herefordshire -based Lollard leader Sir John Oldcastle was communicating with Owain, and reinforcements were sent to the major castles in the north and south. On 21 December 1411, the King of England issued pardons to all Welsh except their leader and Thomas of Trumpington (until 9 April 1413, from which Glyndŵr

7800-617: The accession to the throne of his nephew, King Henry VII of England . Late medieval tombs include that of Sir David Mathew of Llandaff (1400–1484). Sir David ap Mathew was appointed "Grand Standard Bearer of England ", by King Edward IV , for saving his life at the Battle of Towton 1461 during the Wars of the Roses . During the English Civil War , the cathedral was overrun by Parliamentarian troops. Along with other destruction,

7930-526: The battle, and castles were restored to their original owners, this same year a son of Glyndŵr died in battle. By 1408 Glyndŵr had taken refuge in the North of Wales, having lost his ally from Northumberland. Despite the initial success of the revolution, in 1407 the superior numbers, resources, and wealth that England had at its disposal eventually began to turn the tide of the war, and the much larger and better-equipped English forces gradually began to overwhelm

SECTION 60

#1732797581323

8060-473: The cathedral for his own gain. Milles set up a tavern in the cathedral, used part of it as a stable , turned the choir area into a pen for his calves and used the font as a trough for his pigs. The southwest tower suffered major damage in the Great Storm of 1703 and by 1720, was in a state of collapse. The damage to the cathedral was so extensive that the church seriously considered removal of

8190-421: The cathedral had the traditional Anglican choir of boys and men, and more recently a girls' choir, with the only dedicated choir school in the Church in Wales, the Cathedral School, Llandaff . The cathedral contains a number of notable tombs, including Dubricius , a 6th-century British saint who evangelised Ergyng (now Archenfield) and much of South-East Wales ; Meurig ap Tewdrig , King of Gwent; Teilo ,

8320-417: The cathedral roof collapsed, the chapter asked an architect, John Wood, the Elder , to prepare estimates and plans to restore the cathedral. In 1734 work began on a new cathedral, designed by Wood. Wood produced an Italian temple style edifice, working only on the eastern portion of the building, while leaving the remaining western half in ruins. What Wood was trying to build at Llandaff was not Italian, but

8450-453: The cathedral's choir and to purchase a new organ. A cathedral school of some type has existed since the 9th century. Dean Vaughan reorganised the school in 1888. Since 1978 the cathedral school has accepted female pupils. On the evening of 2 January 1941, during the Cardiff Blitz in the Second World War , a parachute mine was dropped nearby. When it exploded, it blew the roof off the nave , south aisle and chapter house. The top of

8580-531: The cathedral. There was also no organ for some time. Browne Willis' 1719 account describes the ruins of an organ given to the cathedral by Lady Kemysh of Cefn Mably found in the organ loft at that time. In 1860, Alfred Ollivant , who was then Bishop of Landaff, published a book, Some Account of the Condition of the Fabric of Llandaff Cathedral, from 1575 to the present time , intended to raise funds to restore

8710-443: The cathedral; it was never entirely satisfactory from this point onwards, even before a 2007 lightning strike made it unusable. Originally it had been planned to install a new organ at that time, but the costs of about £1,000,000 were deemed to be too high in the austere climate of post-war Britain . Organ manufacturer Nicholson & Co Ltd began installation of a new organ in autumn 2008 and although not fully completed, it

8840-552: The character Owen Glendower as a king rather than a prince. Owain ap Gruffydd ( Owain Glyndŵr ) was born during 1354 (1359?) in Sycharth , North East Wales , into a powerful Anglo-Welsh gentry family. His father, Gruffydd Fychan II had a claim to be hereditary Prince of Powys Fadog and was the Baron of Glyndyfrdwy and Lord of Cynllaith Owain , who died around 1370, leaving Glyndŵr's mother Elen ferch Tomas ap Llywelyn,

8970-403: The church in 1400 during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr , during the English Civil War when it was overrun by Parliamentarian troops, and during the Great Storm of 1703 . By 1717, the damage to the cathedral was so extensive that the church seriously considered the removal of the see . Following further storms in the early 1720s, work was begun in 1734 on a new cathedral designed by John Wood,

9100-533: The church's founding with Lucius , the legendary 2nd-century King of the Britons and the first Christian convert in Britain. Lucius was believed to have beseeched Pope ( Eleutherius ) to convert him to Christianity. The Pope's response was to send a Christian mission to Britain, which would include the building of Britain's first church. The Welsh Triads relate this tradition to Llandaff, stating that Lucius "made

9230-647: The command of John of Gaunt , again in Scotland . Then, in 1386, he was called to give evidence at the High Court of Chivalry , in the Scrope v Grosvenor trial at Chester on 3 September that year. In March 1387, Owain fought as a squire to Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl of Arundel , where he saw action in the English Channel at the defeat of a Franco-Spanish-Flemish fleet off the coast of Kent . Upon

9360-629: The death in late 1387 of his father-in-law, Sir David Hanmer, knighted earlier that same year by the then King of England, Richard II, Glyndŵr returned to Wales as executor of his estate. Glyndŵr next served as a squire to Henry Bolingbroke (later King Henry IV ), son of John of Gaunt, at the short Battle of Radcot Bridge in December 1387. From 1384 until 1388 he had been active in military service and had gained three full years of military experience in different theatres, and had witnessed some key events and noteworthy people at first hand. King Richard

9490-658: The exception of Owain and his cousins, the Tudurs , however, both the Tudurs were eventually pardoned after they gave up Conwy Castle on 28 May that same year. Hotspur won a battle at Cadair Idris two days later, but that was to be his final service for the King of England, as he retired his command as leader of the English troops after dealing with Glyndŵr. During that time in the spring of 1401, Glyndŵr appears in South Wales. In June, Glyndŵr scored his first major victory in

9620-596: The field at Mynydd Hyddgen on Pumlumon , however, retaliation by Henry IV on Strata Florida Abbey was to follow in October that same year. The rebel uprising had occupied all of North Wales; labourers seized whatever weapons they could, and farmers sold their cattle to buy arms. Secret meetings were held everywhere, and bards "wandered about as messengers of sedition". Henry IV heard of a Welsh uprising at Leicester ; Henry's army wandered North Wales to Anglesey and drove out Franciscan friars who favoured Richard II. All

9750-677: The figure and nail holes in the board indicate that had once been completely covered. The outline of a mandorla with associated holes in the sunken panel suggest that an earlier ornament was attached to it. In 1696, Robert Davies of Gwysaney had the Book of Llandaff rebound. There is an inscription on the upper board formed of small brass nails that bear a few traces of enamel. The inscription reads: "Librum hunc temporis injurias passum novantiquo tegmine muniri curavit / R.D. / A° 1696". The gilt-bronze Christ in Majesty measures 17.1 x 11.4 x 3 cm. Neil Stratford, Keeper of Medieval and Later Antiquities at

9880-419: The figure of the bishop depicted on it and adding the phrase "by the grace of God" to its inscription. The west front dates from 1220 and contains a statue of St Teilo. By 1266, the structure that Urban began had been altered; the cathedral was dedicated again in 1266. The Lady Chapel was built by William de Braose , bishop from 1266 to 1287. It was built at the rear of the church constructed by Urban and

10010-569: The first Church at Llandaf, which was the first in the Isle of Britain." another triad lists "the three archbishoprics of the Isle of Britain" and states that "the first was Llandaf, of the gift of Lleirwg (Lucius), the son of Coel, the son of Cyllin, who first gave lands and civil privileges to such as first embraced the faith in Christ." Although the Lucius legend is now considered to be pseudo-history, it

10140-409: The first time since 1691. The restoration done up to this point was to remove all traces of the Italian temple and to repair damages caused by the attempt to transform the cathedral by Wood. Arches with beautiful moulding were hidden by walls, Sedilia were removed from their original positions and reredos had been covered with plaster or hidden with walls. A meeting was held after the service and

10270-608: The first two of these: As well as being a direct genealogical descendant of the final ruling monarchs of Powys and Deheubarth, Owain Glyndwr's ancestors were also descended from the Welsh medieval Kingdom of Gwynedd , descended from the Gwynedd King Gruffudd ap Cynan (d. 1137), via his great-grandmother Gwenllïan. However, some sources claim that another ruler of Gwynedd , Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (Llywelyn I, The Great d. 1240), Gruffudd ap Cynan's great-grandson,

10400-412: The grave of "Owen Glendower" in the churchyard at Monnington on Wye "[h]ard by the church porch and on the western side of it ... It is a flat stone of whitish-grey shaped like a rude obelisk figure, sunk deep into the ground in the middle of an oblong patch of earth from which the turf has been pared away, and, alas, smashed into several fragments." Another nearby location is usggested by Adrien Jones,

10530-415: The heritage minister Alun Ffred Jones to six Welsh institutions in 2009. The royal great seal from 1404 was given to Charles IV of France and contains images and Glyndŵr's title – Latin : Owynus Dei Gratia Princeps Walliae – "Owain, by the grace of God, Prince of Wales". Glyndwr referred to himself as the "Prince of Wales" and claimed his "right of inheritance" in these letters In early 1405,

10660-511: The home of the Scudamore family. The poet Lewys Glyn Cothi wrote an elegy for Gwenllian, an illegitimate daughter of Glyndŵr, where it was mentioned that at the time of the Welsh War of independence, the whole of Wales was under Glyndŵr's command, with forty dukes as the prince's allies, and that later in life he supported 62 female pensioners. There are many folk tales of Glyndŵr donning disguises to gain an advantage over opponents during

10790-559: The incriminating letter to Henry IV's council and that Glyndŵr would hang for the admission of theft and treason contained within the letter. The deposed king, Richard II, had support in Wales, and in January 1400 serious civil disorder broke out in the English border city of Chester after the public execution of an officer of Richard II. At Sycharth, in Glyndyfrdwy on 16 September 1400, in front of his immediate family, his in-laws, Welsh people from Berwyn, friends from North-East Wales ,

10920-410: The late 6th to the late 11th century. (About 40% belong to the 8th century and 20% to the late 9th century.) The manuscript includes the document Fraint Teilo , in the original Middle Welsh with facing Latin version, an important source for the study of early Middle Welsh; although transcribed in the beginning of the twelfth century, the orthography suggests a considerably earlier provenance. The book

11050-490: The nave is characterised by eight bays with stepped buttresses between them, with aisle windows featuring reticulated heads. At the side of the south aisle of the sanctuary is the Chapter House, a small, two-storey square building. It dates to the mid 13th century and is made from Chipping Campden and Bath limestone, with some local red sandstone from Radyr . The octagonal roof was the brainchild of Prichard, though it

11180-447: The nave, largely demolishing the temple Wood had built. Together with London-based John Pollard Seddon , who was able to hire pre-Raphaelite artists Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Thomas Woolner , extensive developments were made. Morris & Co. provided the stained glass in the 1860s. Prichard was responsible for a dramatic redevelopment of the southwest tower in 1867–1869, aided by a number of talented artists and craftsmen. In 1941,

11310-419: The newly formed diocese. It doesn't appear to have lasted long as an extensive construction was ordered between 1193 and 1218 during the episcopate of Henry of Abergavenny. The western parts replaced those that Urban had built, and the nave and front of this side remain today. The fine craftsmanship and subtlety of the architecture show a clear similarity to those of Glastonbury Abbey and Wells Cathedral , so it

11440-432: The old choir area was removed in order to build the chapel. From this time on, it seemed as if the cathedral was in a constant state of repair or alterations at a slow pace. After the Lady Chapel had been completed, the two bays of the north choir aisle were rebuilt. Severe damage was done to the church in 1400 during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr ; his forces also destroyed the Bishop's Palace at Llandaff. The damage

11570-607: The original text and calculated probable time-frames. This work has been accepted by most historians, but criticized in some non-academic quarters. The manuscript fell into the hands of the Davies family of Llanerch in the 17th century, until being acquired by the National Library of Wales in 1959. It is a double-columned 168 page volume bound between oak boards. The Book of Llandaff is bound in thick, square edged oak boards with sunken centre panels. The lower board, which

11700-695: The position had not been filled in 700 years. The office of Dean was separated from that of the Archdeacon of Llandaff in November 1843. The restoration of the Dean's office was the beginning of better times for the cathedral. The new Dean, William Bruce Knight , was instrumental in bringing about the much-needed restorations. Enough restoration had been completed to allow the cathedral to be reopened for worship on 16 April 1857. The see of Gloucester lent their cathedral choir for this service, making it possible to hear choral music in Llandaff Cathedral for

11830-557: The president of the Owain Glyndŵr Society, who stated, "Four years ago we visited a direct descendant of Glyndŵr, a John Skidmore, at Kentchurch Court , near Abergavenny . He took us to Mornington Straddle in Herefordshire , where one of Glyndŵr's daughters, Alice, lived. Mr. Skidmore told us that he (Glyndŵr) spent his last days there and eventually died there... It was a family secret for 600 years, and even Mr Skidmore's mother, who died shortly before we visited, refused to reveal

11960-448: The rebellion, and after his disappearance, there has been persistent speculation that the Welsh religious poet, Siôn Cent , the family chaplain of the Scudamore family, was Owain Glyndŵr in disguise. Although the location of his burial is unknown, there has long been speculation where Glyndŵr's final resting place may be. In 1875, the Rev. Francis Kilvert wrote in his diary that he saw

12090-523: The recognition that "the direct male line of Gwynedd had undeniably become extinct in 1378. Its last representative was Owain Lawgoch." In Welsh culture Glyndwr has been perceived to have a mythical status alongside the likes of other medieval Kings , such as Cadwaladr , Cynon ap Clydno and King Arthur as a folk hero awaiting a call to return and liberate his people in the classic Welsh mythical role– " Y Mab Darogan " ("The Foretold Son"). The myth

12220-486: The restoration work was completed by local architect John Prichard between 1843 and 1869. A triptych by Dante Gabriel Rossetti was designed for use as a reredos , and a new stained glass window, Shipwreck of St Paul , was designed by Ford Madox Brown . Sir Edward Burne-Jones designed the porcelain panels Six Days of Creation in St Dyfrig's Chapel. From 1691 until around 1860 there had been no choir at

12350-603: The secret. There's even a mound where he is believed to be buried at Mornington Straddle." The historian Gruffydd Aled Williams suggests in a 2017 monograph that the burial site is in the Kimbolton Chapel near Leominster, the present parish church of St James the Great which used to be the chapelry of Leominster Priory , based upon a number of manuscripts held in the National Archives . Although Kimbolton

12480-609: The self appointed Prince of Wales and his hundreds of followers launched an assault on Lord Grey's territories burning Ruthin , they continued to Denbigh , Rhuddlan , Flint , Holt , Oswestry and Welshpool , all of which were seen as English towns in Wales. The initial revolt got the attention of the King of England after letters were sent asking for military assistance to combat the Welsh rebels. Much of northern and central Wales went over to Glyndŵr, and from then on, Glyndŵr would stay and hiding and only appear to attack his enemy, his army used effective guerrilla warfare tactics against

12610-453: The site (most notably an ancient Celtic cross at the Bishop's Court's well) and both secular and ecclesiastical writings. The Normans occupied Glamorgan early in the Norman conquest , appointing Urban their first bishop in 1107. He began construction of the cathedral in 1120 and had the remains of Saint Dyfrig transferred from Bardsey . After the death of Urban, it is believed

12740-870: The south and southwest of Wales until all of the south joined arms in rebelling against English rule. These actions induced an internal rebellion against the King of England, with the Percys joining the rising. It is around this stage of Glyndŵr's life that Hywel Sele , a cousin of the Welsh prince, attempted to assassinate Glyndŵr at the Nannau estate. In 1403, the revolt became truly national in Wales. Royal officials reported that Welsh students at Oxford and Cambridge Universities were leaving their studies to join Glyndŵr, and also that Welsh labourers and craftsmen were abandoning their employers in England and returning to Wales. Owain could also draw on Welsh troops seasoned by

12870-570: The spire also had to be reconstructed and there was also some damage to the organ. The Sunday after the bombing, worship took place in the Deanery. Work soon began to clear the Lady Chapel and the Sanctuary and to repair the roof in these areas. This was not completed until April 1942. Further work was not possible until the end of the war, and the repaired areas served as a place of worship until 1957. Of British cathedrals, only Coventry Cathedral

13000-419: The stonework dating from the post-Reformation period. The work done on the church since World War II is primarily of concrete and Pennant sandstone, and the roofs, of Welsh slate and lead, were added during the post-war rebuilding. In February 2007, the organ was damaged during a severe lightning strike, following which there was a successful appeal for £1.5 million for an entirely new organ. For many years,

13130-475: The structure. Proceeds from sales of the record were donated to African charities. In August 2018, a recording of the 2010–13 Nicholson Organ was released. The organ is played by the Director of Music, Stephen Moore, and is called Deo Gracias . In December 2018, the cathedral launched a recording of its Cathedral Choir called Nadolig yn Llandaf , showcasing seasonal music for Advent to Christmas . This

13260-505: The support of King Charles VI of France , who agreed to send French troops and supplies to aid the rebellion. In 1403 Glyndwr had amassed an army of 4,000 in his first division , and 12,000 soldiers in total. A Welsh army including a French contingent assimilated into forces mainly from Glamorgan and the Rhondda Valleys region commanded by Owain Glyndŵr, his senior general Rhys Gethin and Cadwgan, Lord of Glyn Rhondda, defeated

13390-584: The three of them. Wales would extend as far as the rivers Severn and Mersey , including most of Cheshire , Shropshire and Herefordshire . The Mortimer Lords of March would take all of southern and western England and the Percys would take the north of England. Although negotiations with the lords of Ireland were unsuccessful, Glyndŵr had reason to hope that the French and Bretons might be more welcoming. He dispatched Gruffydd Yonge and his brother-in-law ( Margaret 's brother), John Hanmer, to negotiate with

13520-564: The town walls. Enguerrand de Monstrelet, a later chronicler gives an uncorroborated account of a march through Herefordshire and on into Worcestershire to Woodbury Hill , ten miles from Worcester . They met the English army and took positions from which they daily and viewed each other from a mile without any major action for eight days. Then, both sides seeming to find engagement too risky, and departed. By 1405, most French forces had withdrawn after politics in Paris shifted towards peace, with

13650-652: The traditional Welsh laws of Hywel Dda , and to establish an independent Welsh church. There were envoys from other countries including France, Scotland, and the Kingdom of León (in Spain). In the summer of 1405, four representatives from every commote in Wales were sent to Harlech. In February 1405, Glyndŵr negotiated the Tripartite Indenture with Edmund Mortimer and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland . The Indenture agreed to divide England and Wales among

13780-474: The troops seized the books of the cathedral library, taking them to Cardiff Castle , where they were burned along with many copies of the Book of Common Prayer . Among those invited to the castle to warm themselves by the fire on that cold winter day, were the wives of some sequestered clergymen. Also during this time of unrest, a man named Milles, who claimed to be a practising Puritan , appropriated portions of

13910-481: The while Glyndŵr, who was in hiding, had his estate at Sycarth forfeited by the King to John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset on 9 November 1400. Then, by autumn, Gwynedd and Ceredigion (which temporarily submitted to England for a pardon) and Powys adhered to the rising against the English rule by supporting the rebellion. Glyndŵr's attempts at stoking rebellion with help from the Scottish and Irish were quashed, with

14040-556: The wife of Philip ab Rhys ab Cenarth , and was died near St Harmon in Powys ( Radnorshire ). Iolo Goch wrote of Glyndŵr's wife, Margaret: The best of wives. Eminent woman of a knightly family, Her children come in pairs, A beautiful nest of chieftains. Owain Glyndŵr's lineage was impeccable. He had claims to royal ancestry from all three of the final ruling royal houses of Wales; Powys ( Mathrafal ) and Deheubarth ( Dinefwr ), and Gwynedd ( Aberffraw ). His claims were clearest for

14170-510: The work was completed some time in the last years of Bishop Nicholas ap Gwrgant, who died in 1183. The cathedral was dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul, Dubricius, Teilo and Oudoceus. Bishop Henry de Abergavenny organised the Llandaff Cathedral chapter circa 1214. He appointed fourteen prebends , eight priests, four deacons and two sub-deacons. De Abergavenny also made changes to Llandaff's episcopal seal, giving more detail to

14300-459: Was Glyndwr's nearest Gwynedd royal ancestor. Elsewhere, a third suggestion is that he was descended from Llywelyn II, Prince of Wales (Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, d. 1282), who was Llywelyn I's grandson, and also the penultimate Prince of Gwynedd from the final generation of the Aberffraw rulers in Wales before his brother, Dafydd III . Yet historians note that Llywelyn II's only recorded child was

14430-458: Was a Welsh leader, soldier and military commander in the late Middle Ages , who led a 15-year-long Welsh revolt with the aim of ending English rule in Wales . He was an educated lawyer, forming the first Welsh parliament under his rule, and was the last native-born Welshman to claim the title Prince of Wales . During the year 1400, Owain Glyndŵr, a Welsh soldier and Lord of Glyndyfrdwy had

14560-519: Was brought to a playable stage by Easter 2010. Its inaugural performance was the Gloria of Louis Vierne 's Messe solennelle , performed at the Easter Vigil service on 3 April 2010. Proceeds from the 2011 Llandaff Festival of Music were donated to the cathedral for the completion of the new organ. The remaining stops were added in the late summer of 2013. It was the first entirely new organ for

14690-596: Was captured in Gwent by Prince Henry, imprisoned in Nottingham Castle , and later taken to the Tower of London in 1410. Maredudd was recorded as communicating with John Talbot and the English Crown on 24 February 1416, and receiving a royal pardon in 1421, but dying a few years later. Upon Owain's disappearance and death, his eldest (oldest child with descendants) daughter Alice came to be known as

14820-613: Was compiled from a pre-existing collection of nine charter groups, originally entered in Gospel Books, and appears to have been produced to help in Bishop Urban 's diocesan boundary disputes with the dioceses of St David's and Hereford . Many of the supposed early charters have therefore been 'edited' to serve Llandaff's interests. They are also undated and many are corrupt. However, through her exhaustive study of these documents, Professor Wendy Davies has reconstructed much of

14950-441: Was considered the wealthiest of all Welshmen. Glyndŵr managed to escape capture by disguising himself as an elderly man, sneaking out of the castle and slipping past the English military blockade in the darkness of the night. Glyndŵr retreated to the Welsh wilderness with a band of loyal supporters; he refused to surrender and continued the war with guerrilla tactics such as launching sporadic raids and ambushes throughout Wales and

15080-419: Was constructed, and Jacob Epstein created the figure of Christ in Majesty which is raised above the nave on a concrete arch designed by George Pace. Pace presented two options to replace the pulpitum which was not part of the cathedral restoration done earlier by Pritchard. One was for a baldacchino having four columns with a suitable painting beneath it. The other was for a double wishbone arch topped by

15210-485: Was damaged more, during the infamous Coventry Blitz . Due to its importance, the cathedral was given Grade I building status on 12 February 1952. Major restorations and reconfigurations were carried out under architect George Pace of York , and the building was back in use in June 1958. Elizabeth II attended a service celebrating the completion of the restoration on 6 August 1960. The Welch Regiment Memorial Chapel

15340-527: Was distracted by a growing conflict with the Lords Appellant from this time on. Glyndŵr's opportunities were further limited by the death of Sir Gregory Sais in 1390 and the sidelining of FitzAlan, and he probably returned to his stable Welsh estates, living there quietly for ten years during his forties. The bard Iolo Goch , himself a Welsh Lord, visited Glyndŵr in Sycharth in the 1390s and wrote

15470-410: Was extensive enough to cause Bishop Blethyn to notify his fellow clergymen in 1575 that he believed the cathedral to possibly be damaged beyond repair. Most of the other damage was repaired, most notably by Bishop Marshall , whose reredos partly survives. The northwest tower, the one without a spire, was added by Jasper Tudor and is now named after him. He assumed the lordship of Cardiff after

15600-528: Was lowered in pitch by Pace and later worked on by Donald Buttress . The buttresses of the building are made from ashlar . The seven stained-glass roundels are of 16th-century Flemish origin. In the interior is a pulpit featuring Moses . Also of note is the St David's Chapel, added by George Pace in 1953–1956, which is accessed through the Norman north door of the cathedral. As of 28 January 2022 ,

15730-471: Was made Archbishop by Saint Germanus of Auxerre while he travelled through Britain to oppose the Pelagian heresy, and link both saints with King Arthur . The Normans considered Dyfrig and Teilo as the cathedral's founders and they, along with their successor Oudoceus , are the modern cathedral's patron saints . The continuation of a Post-Roman church is supported by the high number of ancient remains at

15860-553: Was negotiated. On the continent, the French pressed the English as the French army invaded the English Plantagenet Aquitaine . Simultaneously, the French landed in force at Milford Haven in west Wales , burned Haverford West, and attempted to capture Pembroke Castle before they were bought off. The combined forces of French and Welsh took Carmarthen, which Owain had captured in 1403 but lost again. The occupants were given safe passage out, and they burned

15990-455: Was no longer excepted). Glyndŵr ignored offers of a pardon on many different occasions, his followers continued to be punished for crimes of war until the 1410s. His death was recorded by a former follower in the year 1415. Nothing certain is known of Glyndŵr after 1412. Despite enormous rewards being offered, he was neither captured nor betrayed. He ignored royal pardons, and it is thought he died in 1415, and certainly by 1417. Adam of Usk ,

16120-434: Was not until 1840, in the wake of industrial development in Cardiff, that the cathedral could raise the funds to commence a full restoration. T. H. Wyatt was hired to restore the Lady Chapel in 1841, but due to other commitments later left much of the work to John Prichard , who worked the most extensively on the church in the 1840s and 1850s. Prichard had restored the sanctuary by 1850, and by 1852 he had begun to work on

16250-405: Was recorded in the 12th-century Book of Llandaff to have been no more than 28 feet (8.5 m) long, 15 feet (4.6 m) wide and 20 feet (6.1 m) high. It contained low, narrow aisles with an apsidal porticus measuring 12 feet (3.7 m) long. Construction began of a grander building under the orders of the second Norman bishop of Llandaff, Urban, in the 1120s, to administer power over

16380-533: Was recorded to have died by one of his followers Adam of Usk . Glyndŵr was never captured or killed, and he was also never betrayed despite being a fugitive of the law with a large bounty. In Welsh culture he acquired a mythical status alongside Cadwaladr , Cynon ap Clydno and King Arthur as a folk hero - 'The Foretold Son' ( Welsh : Y Mab Darogan) . Centuries after Glyndwr's death, in William Shakespeare 's play Henry IV, Part 1 he appears as

16510-580: Was recounted by Nennius , Bede and Geoffrey of Monmouth , and seems to have been widely accepted in the medieval period. Four names are associated with the task of executing the Pope's wishes; these include the early Welsh saints Fagan , Deruvian and Elvan . Fagan is sometimes named as "the first Bishop of Llandaff" while all three became patrons of churches and villages throughout the diocese. Iolo Morgannwg also linked these early figures to Llandaff, writing extensively on this supposed early foundation. In

16640-565: Was reduced to a few isolated castles, walled towns, and fortified manor houses . Glyndŵr's Great Seal and a letter handwritten by him to the French in 1406 are in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. This letter is currently held in the Archives Nationales in Paris. Facsimile copies involving specialist ageing techniques and moulds of Glyndŵr's seal were created by the National Library of Wales and presented by

16770-570: Was that one day after a thousand years of servitude under English rule, a 'Son of Prophecy' would return the Welsh people as rulers of the island of Great Britain . Also, in Welsh folklore , the name Owain has been connected to a legend of the 'son of destiny'. His claim as the Prince of Wales was similar to that of another distant relative from the Gwynedd dynasty. It was another Owain, Lawgoch (Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri) who proclaimed his patrimony

16900-455: Was the first CD of the cathedral's choir since Majestas in 2012. The first organ at Llandaff was built in 1861 by Gray and Davison . In the late 1800s, this organ was antiquated, and its pipes were moved to St. Mary's Church, Usk. The second organ was built in 1900 by Hope-Jones with Norman and Beard . This organ was rebuilt in 1937 by Hill, Norman and Beard . It received significant renovations by its builders after wartime damage to

#322677