The Linones were a small Slavic people first recorded in the early 9th century. They lived north and east of the Elbe , across from Höhbeck in the region around Lenzen , south of the Wilzi and Obotrites , north of the Hevelli and northeast of the Saxons . They may have been a sub-group of the Wilzi and were often under Obotrite control. They may be associated with the medieval Gau Liezizi.
43-798: The Annals of Lorsch classifies the Linones as Wends . According to the Royal Frankish Annals , in 808 the Linones and Smeldingi "defected" to the Danish king Gudfred and in response the Frankish king Charles the Younger ravaged their lands. It is probable that the Linones submitted to Danish authority and cooperated in the Danes' attack on the Obotrites that year, which resulted in
86-515: A binion is a quire of two sheets (i.e. four leaves, 8 sides); and a quinion is five sheets (ten leaves, 20 sides). This last meaning is preserved in the modern Italian term for quire, quinterno di carta . Formerly, when paper was packed at the paper mill , the top and bottom quires were made up of slightly damaged sheets ("outsides") to protect the good quires ("insides"). These outside quires were known as cassie quires (from French cassée , 'broken'), or "cording quires" and had only 20 sheets to
129-416: A definition of 1 ream of A4 80 gsm (80 g/m ) paper equals 500 sheets. The word 'ream' derives from Old French reyme , from Spanish resma , from Arabic rizmah 'bundle' (of paper), from rasama , 'collect into a bundle'. (The Moors brought manufacture of cotton paper to Spain.) The early variant rym (late 15c.) suggests a Dutch influence. (cf. Dutch riem ), probably during
172-544: A perfect ream was equal to 516 sheets. Certain types of specialist papers such as tissue paper, greaseproof paper, handmade paper, and blotting paper are still sold (especially in the UK) in 'short' reams of 480 sheets (20 quires of 24 sheets). However, the commercial use of the word 'ream' for quantities of paper other than 500 is now deprecated by such standards as ISO 4046. In Europe, the DIN 6730 standard for Paper and Board includes
215-433: A quire was originally 24 sheets. ) Quires of 15, 18 or 20 sheets have also been used, depending on the type of paper. The current word quire derives from Old English quair or guaer , from Old French quayer , cayer , (cf. modern French cahier ), from Latin quaternum , 'by fours', 'fourfold'. Later, when bookmaking switched to using paper and it became possible to easily stitch 5 to 7 sheets at
258-569: A ream of music paper was 450 or 480 sheets; in Britain, Holland and Germany a ream of 480 sheets was common; in the Veneto it was more frequently 500. Some paper manufacturers counted 546 sheets (21 quires of 26 sheets). J. S. Bach 's manuscript paper at Weimar was ordered by the ream of 480 sheets. In 1840, a ream in Lisbon was 17 (25-sheet) quires and three sheets = 428 sheets, and a double ream
301-646: A set of Reichsannalen (annals of the Frankish empire ) that cover the years from 703 to 803, with a brief prologue. The annals begin where the "Chronica minora" of the Anglo-Saxon historian Bede leaves off—in the fifth year of the Emperor Tiberios III —and may have originally been composed as a continuation of Bede. The annals for the years up to 785 were written at the Abbey of Lorsch (whence
344-472: A single quire of paper. Simon Winchester , in The Surgeon of Crowthorne , cites a specific number, defining quire as "a booklet eight pages thick." Several European words for quire keep the meaning of "book of paper": German Papierbuch , Danish bog papir , Dutch bock papier . In blankbook binding, quire is a term indicating 80 pages. A ream of paper is a quantity of sheets of
387-480: A time, the association of quaire with four was quickly lost. In the Middle Ages, a quire (also called a " gathering ") was most often formed of four folded sheets of vellum or parchment , i.e. eight leaves or folios , 16 sides. The term quaternion (or sometimes quaternum ) designates such a quire. A quire made of a single folded sheet (i.e. two leaves, four sides) is a bifolium (plural bifolia );
430-424: Is called a bundle. Thus, a bundle of 22 point chipboard (0.022" thick) 24" × 38", with each sheet weighing 0.556 pounds, contains 90 sheets. However, chipboard sold in size 11" × 17" and smaller is packaged and sold as bundles of 25 pounds. A paper bale is a quantity of sheets of paper, currently standardized as 5,000 sheets. A bale consists of five bundles, ten reams or 200 quires. As an old UK and US measure, it
473-601: Is mentioned, whereas all the Lorsch abbots of the period receive obituaries. These Lorsch annals may have been circulated in batches of years, before they were completed. The nature of the Sankt-Paul codex supports the contention that unfinished batches of annals were circulated in libelli (booklets) comprising single quires. A copy of the Lorsch annals eventually found its way into the Marca Hispanica , where it
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#1732766049544516-514: Is no evidence, however, that the annals that best correspond to Richbod's abbacy in fact originate from Lorsch, and so they can provide little support for Fichtenau's attribution. The text of the oldest manuscript of the Annales regni francorum , discovered at Lorsch and long kept in the Bavarian ducal library, closely resemble the Lorsch annals for the years 789–93. The year entries unique to
559-479: Is now called, which is the sole surviving quire of an otherwise lost manuscript, was still in the library of Sankt-Blasien in 1790, when it was edited by Aemilianus Ussermann , bishop of Bamberg , in his collection of documents illustrative of " Alemannian " German history, Germaniae sacrae prodomus seu collectio monumentorum res Alemannicas illustrantium . In 1809, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars ,
602-513: Is written in Alemannian script. It was discovered in Vienna in 1551 by Wolfgang Lazius . Katz argued that both the Vienna fragment and the Sankt-Paul codex are derived from an earlier exemplar. Though the Sankt-Paul codex is later, it is not a copy of the Vienna, since it contains errors that must originate in some other exemplar. There is an ongoing debate whether the Vienna fragment represents
645-629: The Annals of Saint-Bertin , Louis the Pious dispatched an army composed of Austrasians and Thuringians against the Obotrites and Linones. In 858, according to the Annals of Fulda , King Louis the German sent an army under his son Louis the Younger against the Obotrites and Linones. This was perhaps connected with a Danish attack on Saxony mentioned in the Annals of Saint-Bertin . The Linones are one of
688-568: The Annales were more trustworthy than Einhard, others have argued that Charlemagne's policy towards the Byzantine empire both before and after 800 shows little support for the pope's initiative. What Einhard shows Charlemagne objecting to is the Roman imperial title, not necessarily equality with the Byzantine emperors; thus the emphasis the Annales laureshamenses place on justifying the "name of
731-405: The Annales laureshamenses may have been written in 803 as a single coherent narrative in annal form as a response to the "slant" of the Annales regni francorum . The Lorsch annals for the years from 799 to 801 demonstrate its own slant in stressing the legitimacy of Charlemagne's imperial title. The Lorsch annalist argues that the absence of the nomen imperatoris (name of the emperor) in 800 and
774-565: The Frankish empire . The army, led by the Emperor Charlemagne 's son in person, was probably drawn mainly from Neustria . While the Royal Frankish Annals depicts a Frankish victory, the Annals of Lorsch suggests a serious check or reverse with heavy losses followed by retreat. The Chronicle of Moissac confirms that Charles suffered serious losses. The response of the Danes, who sued for peace, suggests that
817-645: The femineum imperium (female empire) of the Byzantines at the time justified the Pope in granting the imperial title to Charlemagne, who already held Rome, the imperial capital, and all the imperial cities in Gallia , Germania , and Italia . The most complete version of the Annales laureshamenses , from the library at Sankt-Paul, is a universal history that begins with a preface describing its dating scheme, adopted from Orosius ' Seven Books of History Against
860-422: The ream . Expressions used here include U.S. Customary Units . A quire of paper is a measure of paper quantity. The usual meaning is 25 sheets of the same size and quality: 1 ⁄ 20 of a ream of 500 sheets. Quires of 25 sheets are often used for machine-made paper, while quires of 24 sheets are often used for handmade or specialised paper of 480-sheet reams. (As an old UK and US measure, in some sources,
903-603: The Frankish expedition was nonetheless a successful show of force. In 811, following the annual spring assembly, Charlemagne sent another punitive expedition against the Linones. The army also rebuilt the fortress of Höhbeck, which the Wilzi had destroyed in 810. The Linones may have been involved in that attack. According to the Chronicle of Moissac , the lands of the Bechelenzi were also devastated in 811. In later records,
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#1732766049544946-537: The Linones are mentioned sporadically in association with the Obotrites. In 838, Louis the German rebelled against the Emperor Louis the Pious , while King Horik I of Denmark demanded that the emperor transfer authority over the Obotrites to Denmark. A general uprising among the Elbean Slavs followed. The Obotrites, Wilzi, Linones, Sorbs and Colodices are said to have taken part. In 839, according to
989-458: The Lorsch annals was Richbod , a pupil of Alcuin of York and a member of Charlemagne's court circle until about 784. From 785 he was the abbot of Lorsch and from 791 the bishop of Trier . He died in 804. Knowledge of the Synod of Frankfurt , which Richbod attended in 794 and which condemned adoptionism in the same terms as a treatise of Alcuin's, is displayed in the annals under that year. There
1032-534: The Pagans and counts 5,199 years from Creation to the Nativity . The anno Domini system is used to date events. The first sixty-five years (703–67) are described in a prose narrative that is not divided into single-year entries. Beginning with the year 768 the work is divided into chapters (1 to 36) and each entry receives a separate line. The manuscript also contains a calendar from 777 to 835 (folios 5r–7r) for
1075-401: The dating of Easter , using the unusual 19-year cycles of Theophilus of Alexandria . This calendar suggests the manuscript may have originated before 835. Significantly, the Lorsch annals are the only primary source to contradict the statement of Einhard that Charlemagne was ignorant of Pope Leo III 's intention to crown him Emperor on 25 December 800. Rather the Lorsch annals state that
1118-455: The destruction of the emporium of Reric . The language of the Annals implies that they had previously recognized Frankish suzerainty. Rather than come to the aid of their Obotrite allies directly, by attacking the Danes, the Franks launched a punitive expedition against the weaker Linones and Smeldingi, who were both more accessible and more immediately threatening as they lived on the border of
1161-481: The emperor". In the Lorsch annals, the year 802 ends with the arrival of the elephant Abul-Abbas at Charlemagne's court. The year 803 is recounted briefly: Charlemagne held Easter at Aachen, held an assembly at Mainz, and did not go on campaign all year. And there the annals end. Paper quire Various measures of paper quantity have been and are in use. Although there are no S.I. units such as quires or bales , there are ISO and DIN standards for
1204-609: The idea was discussed at an assembly held in Rome after Charlemagne's arrival (24 November), probably beginning on 30 November or 1 December. This entry was drawn up only after Charlemagne's return to Francia in 801, since an entry under 799 reports how the conspirators who overthrew Leo in April that year were then in exile. They were only finally exiled early in 801. This entry has, however, generated as much controversy as Einhard's statement of Charlemagne's ignorance. While Ganshof argued that
1247-477: The late 20th century, the 500-sheet ream has become the de facto international standard. A paper bundle is a quantity of sheets of paper, currently standardized as 1,000 sheets. A bundle consists of two reams or 40 quires. As an old UK and US measure, it was previously equal to 960 sheets. When referring to chipboard , there are two standards in the US. In general, a package of approximately 50 pounds of chipboard
1290-554: The monks of Sankt-Blasien moved, with their library, to the Abbey of Sankt-Paul im Lavanttal . In 1820 G. H. Pertz sought the manuscript for the Monumenta Germaniae Historica , but it could not be found and so the MGH version was based on Ussermann's printed edition of 1790. The manuscript was recovered by 1889, when Eberhard Katz edited a new version. Katz described the codex (today lost again), dated it to
1333-406: The name), but are dependent on earlier sources. Those for the years from 785 onward form an independent source and provide especially important coverage of the imperial coronation of Charlemagne in 800. The Annales laureshamenses have been translated into English. An eight-leaf copy of the Lorsch annals for 703–803 was produced probably in 835 by a single scribe. The "Sankt-Paul codex", as it
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1376-441: The ninth century and suggested it originated at the Abbey of Reichenau because of a marginal notice of the burial of Charlemagne's brother-in-law Gerold of Anglachgau there. A fragment of a manuscript conserved in Vienna (now no. 515 in the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek ) also contains a section of the Lorsch annals for mid-794 to 803, and was copied around 803. This manuscript too appears to originate at Reichenau, as it
1419-474: The original copy of the annalist, who was probably from the region of Alemannia. Four distinct scribal hands have been identified in the Vienna fragment, corresponding to different entries: The post-785 annals in the Sankt-Paul and Vienna manuscripts do not show any special connexions with Lorsch and were probably composed elsewhere. They may have been written nearly continuously from 785, or in spurts with months or years between additions. The Lorsch annals for
1462-747: The peoples listed in the Catalogue of Fortresses and Regions to the North of the Danube , which was produced at the court of Louis the German between 844 and 862, most likely in 845. The peoples living on the frontier of Louis's kingdom are listed from north to south. The Linones, "who have seven fortresses", come after the Wilzi and before the Bechelenzi, Smeldingi and Morizani (who are grouped together). Annales Laureshamenses The Annales laureshamenses , also called Annals of Lorsch (AL), are
1505-505: The quire. The printer Philip Luckombe in a book published in 1770 mentions both 24- and 25-sheet quires; he also details printer's wastage, and the sorting and recycling of damaged cassie quires. An 1826 French manual on typography complained that cording quires (usually containing some salvageable paper) from the Netherlands barely contained a single good sheet. It also became the name for any booklet small enough to be made from
1548-417: The same size and quality. International standards organizations define the ream as 500 identical sheets. This ream of 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets) is also known as a 'long' ream, and is gradually replacing the old value of 480 sheets, now known as a 'short' ream. Reams of 472 and 516 sheets are still current, but in retail outlets paper is typically sold in reams of 500. As an old UK and US unit,
1591-485: The time of Spanish Habsburg control of the Netherlands . The number of sheets in a ream has varied locally over the centuries, often according to the size and type of paper being sold. Reams of 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets) were known in England in c. 1594; in 1706 a ream was defined as 20 quires, either 24 or 25 sheets to the quire. In 18th- and 19th-century Europe, the size of the ream varied widely. In Lombardy
1634-459: The years 732 to 802, and which comprise a section of the Historia regum of Simeon of Durham , contain a reference to the golden lettering of the poetic epitaph on the marble memorial Charlemagne provided to commemorate Pope Hadrian I . This may have been derived from the Lorsch annals, which are the only continental source to provide the detail. Heinrich Fichtenau argued that the author of
1677-409: The years up to 751. Since the Lorsch annals of 785 were based on an erroneous copy of these Murbach annals, events in the 750s are consistently mis-dated. The frequency of references to the abbey of Lorsch between the years 764 and 785 suggests that the work of compilation done in 785 was performed there. The Abbey of Gorze is also mentioned, but less frequently, and the death of only one of its abbots
1720-538: The years up to 785 are almost identical with the Annales mosellani and also with those of the Fragmentum chesnii , which also shares with the Sankt-Paul version a brief extension to the year 786. From the year 785, the Lorsch annals being dating events since the death of Gregory the Great (605). The 785 entry contains a reference to the "present", indicating perhaps that the original compilation of annals 703–85
1763-502: Was 18 (24-sheet) quires and two sheets = 434 sheets; and in Bremen , blotting or packing paper was sold in reams of 300 (20 quires of 15 sheets). A mid-19th century Milanese -Italian dictionary has an example for a risma (ream) as being either 450 or 480 sheets. In the UK in 1914, paper was sold using the following reams: Reams of 500 sheets were mostly used only for newsprint. Since
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1806-555: Was made in the latter year. The annals for 785–803 were compiled independently and not necessarily at Lorsch. This original stem—the Lorsch Annals of 785 —from which all three annalistic traditions diverge after 785 was probably composed at the Abbey of Lorsch . Textually it is related to the Annales nazariani , Annales guelferbytani , and Annales alamannici , all depending on the earlier, hypothetical "Murbach Annals", composed at Murbach Abbey (founded 727) and covering
1849-515: Was used by the compiler(s) of the Chronicle of Moissac . The Belgian historian François-Louis Ganshof believed that the Chronicle of Moissac represented a fuller version of the Lorsch annals that had been extended down to 818. More likely, the years 803–18 in the Moissac chronicle are derived from another source with a different geographic focus. The so-called " Northern Annals " that cover
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