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56-733: The Valle del Liri ( Liri valley ) is a valley and a geographical region of southern Lazio and part of the larger Latin Valley , located in the province of Frosinone , crossed by the Liri river (as well as the Valle Roveto in Abruzzo , which is included in its territory and beyond which it continues into the Lazio region). The main urban center of the area is Sora . Before the Roman conquest and

112-837: A continuation of the Apennines of Abruzzo: the Reatini Mountains with Terminillo (2,213 m), Mounts Sabini, Prenestini , Simbruini and Ernici which continue east of the Liri into the Mainarde Mountains . The highest peak is Mount Gorzano (2,458 m) on the border with Abruzzo. The region's climate , monitored by several dozen meteorological stations (many of which managed by the Lazio Regional Hydrographic and Mareographic Office), shows considerable variability from area to area. In general, along

168-529: A land area of 17,242 km (6,657 sq mi) and it has borders with Tuscany , Umbria , and Marche to the north, Abruzzo and Molise to the east, Campania to the south, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. The region is mainly hilly (56%) and mountainous (26%), with some plains (20%) along the coast and the Tiber valley. The coast of Lazio is mainly composed of sandy beaches, punctuated by

224-756: A limited part of the current region, between the lower course of the Tiber , the Tyrrhenian Sea , the Monti Sabini and the Pontine Marshes . At the end of the World War II and the fall of the Fascist regime , from the end of the 1950s Lazio and Italy saw rapid economic growth , in particular in Rome it is remembered as the period of the " Dolce Vita " in which Rome was the fulcrum of worldly life, of

280-422: A population of 5,714,882 million (as of 31 December 2021), Lazio is the second-most populated region of Italy. The overall population density in the region is 341 inhabitants per km . However, the population density widely ranges from almost 800 inhabitants per km in the highly urbanized Rome metropolitan area to less than 60 inhabitants per km in the mountainous and rural province of Rieti . As of January 2023,

336-675: A spiraling budget, making it the most expensive film ever made at the time. Far from leading to a decline in Italian cinema, the native industry boomed during the era. In 1960, Italian films outperformed American imports to Italy for the first time since 1946. However, there was a growing influence of Hollywood-style productions, as popular Italian genres such as the Sword-and-sandal and Spaghetti Western attempted to imitate successful Hollywood productions. Italian actors and directors often adopted English -sounding names. Cinecittà

392-513: A vast alluvial plain surrounding the city of Rome, with an area of approximately 2,100 km (811 sq mi). The southern districts are characterized by the flatlands of Agro Pontino , a once swampy and malarial area, that was reclaimed over the centuries. The Preapennines of Latium, marked by the Tiber Valley and the Liri with the Sacco tributary, include on the right of

448-430: Is pasta . Dishes first attested inside the region's borders include: Guanciale is used in several sauces. Guanciale is the cut of pork obtained from the cheek of the pig, crossed by lean veins of muscle with a component of valuable fat, of a composition different from lardo ("back fat") and pancetta ("belly fat"): the consistency is harder than pancetta and it possesses a more distinctive flavor. Guanciale

504-516: Is a considerable proportion, but is justified by the presence of Rome, which is the core of public administration, media, utility, telecommunication, transport, tourism and other sectors. Many national and multinational corporations, public and private, have their headquarters in Rome ( ENI , Italiana Petroli , Enel , Acea , Terna , TIM , Poste italiane , Leonardo , ITA Airways , Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane , RAI ). Lazio's limited industrial sector and highly developed service industries allowed

560-403: Is a thriving sector especially as regards tourism linked to art and monuments and places of interest in the region ( Rome in particular), religious tourism (Rome and the sanctuaries of Lazio), summer seaside tourism especially in upper and lower Lazio ( Santa Marinella , Ladispoli , Anzio , Nettuno , Sabaudia , San Felice Circeo , Terracina , Sperlonga , Gaeta ) and summer/winter tourism in

616-709: Is even less with 7%, compared with 12% from tourism. Since a large part of Lazio's GDP is produced by the service sector , with high value added . Firms are often small to medium in size and operate in the There is some R&D activity in high technology : IBM ( IBM Rome Software Lab ), Ericsson , Leonardo Electronics (Rome-Tiburtina, Rome-Laurentina, Pomezia , Latina ), Rheinmetall ("Radar House") and tire industry: Bridgestone (R&D center in Rome and proving grounds in Aprilia ). The most distinctive industry in Lazio

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672-575: Is one of the most visited regions in Italy and Europe and one of the first in terms of number of international presences. Rome is the most visited city in Italy with around 30 million visitors per year. Among the most visited sites of interest include the Colosseum and Imperial fora , Castel Sant'Angelo and the complex of Hadrian's Villa and Villa d'Este , among the museum itineraries the Pantheon ,

728-486: Is production of household chemicals, pharmaceutical, hygiene goods and medical products: Sigma-Tau , Johnson & Johnson , Procter & Gamble , Colgate Palmolive , Henkel , Pfizer , Abbott , Catalent , Angelini , Menarini , Biopharma, Wepa . From fruits the most important are kiwifruit (1st place in Italy) and hazel nuts "Nocciola romana". Italy itself is the second largest producer of kiwifruit worldwide and

784-419: Is salted pork fat, different from bacon , which is smoked. It is a typical product of Lazio, Umbria and Abruzzo . Another important ingredient is pecorino romano cheese . Vegetables are common, artichokes (" carciofi ") being among the most popular: Other popular vegetables are romanesco broccoli , asparagus , fava bean , cima di rapa , romaine lettuce , pumpkin , zucchini and chicory . In

840-530: Is the one with the highest number of hours of sunshine and days with clear skies during the year. The Italian word Lazio descends from the Latin word Latium , the region of the Latins , Latini in the Latin language spoken by them and passed on to the Latin city-state of Ancient Rome . Although the demography of ancient Rome was multi-ethnic , including, for example, Etruscans, Sabines and other Italics besides

896-488: Is vested in the Regional Council ( Consiglio Regionale ). Rome is centre-left politically oriented by tradition, while the rest of Lazio is centre-right oriented. In the 2008 general election , Lazio gave 44.2% of its vote to the centre-right coalition, while the centre-left block took 41.4% of vote. In the 2013 general election , Lazio gave 40.7% of its vote to the centre-left block coalition, 29.3% to

952-408: The 2016 Central Italy earthquake . Agriculture, crafts, animal husbandry and fishery are the main traditional sources of income. Agriculture is characterized by the cultivation of wine grapes, fruit, vegetables and olives. Lazio is the main growing region of kiwi in Italy. Approximately 73% of the working population are employed in the services sector, which contribute 85.8% of regional GDP; this

1008-825: The Byzantine Empire , the region became the property of the Eastern Emperor as the Duchy of Rome . However, the long wars against the Longobards weakened the region. With the Donation of Sutri in 728, the Pope acquired the first territory in the region beyond the Duchy of Rome. The strengthening of the religious and ecclesiastical aristocracy led to continuous power struggles between secular lords ( Baroni ) and

1064-506: The Gardens of Bomarzo , the Abbey of Fossanova , Monte Cassino Abbey and Farfa Abbey . Lazio has many small and picturesque villages, 25 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ), a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of

1120-1120: The Roman Republic , of the Roman Empire , of the Papal States , of the Kingdom of Italy and of the Italian Republic . The historical, artistic, cultural, architectural, archaeological and religious heritage of Lazio is immensely vast and rich in cultural diversity. Some of the greatest artists and historical figures lived and worked in Rome, particularly during the Italian Renaissance period, such as Donato Bramante , Raphael , Leonardo da Vinci , Filippo Brunelleschi , Donatello , Michelangelo , Caravaggio , Gian Lorenzo Bernini , Francesco Borromini , Pietro da Cortona , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Peter Paul Rubens , Anthony van Dyck and Diego Velázquez . In remote antiquity, Lazio ( Latium ) included only

1176-450: The chyme (mass of partly digested food) is left inside. Typical dishes of this style are: Traditional meat dishes include saltimbocca alla romana (veal wrapped with prosciutto di Parma DOP and sage and cooked in white wine, butter and flour) and abbacchio alla romana (roasted lamb with garlic, rosemary, pepper and chopped prosciutto ). The region gives its name to the professional football club SS Lazio that plays in

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1232-545: The coast , there is a mediterranean climate , the temperature values vary between 9–10 °C (48–50 °F) in January and 24–25 °C (75–77 °F) in July. Towards the interior, the climate is more continental and, on the hills, winters are cold and at night, temperatures can be quite frigid. With particular regard to the sunshine duration , it should also be noted that, among the regional capital cities in Italy, Rome

1288-673: The ski resorts of the Lazio Apennines ( Monte Terminillo , Leonessa , Cittareale , Monte Livata, Campo Staffi and Campocatino, Altipiani di Arcinazzo ). Other points of interest in the region are the area of the Roman Castles , located south-east of the city of Rome, around the Alban Hills , made up of a group of towns and cities, partly in the territory of Latium Vetus , surrounded by the Roman Campagna . Also

1344-544: The Fountain (1954). The companies hired actors from Britain and the United States, and elsewhere, who appeared alongside Italians who generally played smaller, supporting roles or extras . Sophia Loren was one Italian star with sufficient international appeal to be cast in a leading role . In 1962, the lengthy and troubled production of Cleopatra brought further media attention to the city. The delays led to

1400-475: The Italian Serie A . The region has two professional clubs in the top flight, the other being AS Roma , who also play in the highest division of Italian football. Combined, the two have won five Italian championships with Roma winning three and Lazio two. The main sports stadium in Lazio is Stadio Olimpico in Rome which has housed both teams for a prolonged time and hosts Derby della Capitale between

1456-567: The Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 615,108 foreign-born immigrants live in Lazio, equal to 11.1% of the total regional population. Lazio has a system of representative democracy in which the President of the Region ( Presidente della Regione ) is the head of government and of a pluriform multi-party system . Executive power is vested in the regional government ( Giunta Regionale ) and legislative power

1512-682: The Latin colonization, the valley was inhabited, by the Volsci , of Indo-European origin, but unlike the Latins, belonging to the Osco-Umbrian family and therefore culturally closer to the other Italic populations of Apennine Italy. The territory of the Samnites (also Osco-Umbrians) extended to the south. Following the Roman expansion in Lazio, the Liri River initially became the border between

1568-514: The Latini, the latter were the dominant constituent. In Roman mythology , the tribe of the Latini took their name from King Latinus . Apart from the mythical derivation of Lazio given by the ancients as the place where Saturn , ruler of the golden age in Latium, hid (latuisset) from Jupiter there, a major modern etymology is that Lazio comes from the Latin word "latus", meaning "wide", expressing

1624-459: The Liri also became part of Lazio. For centuries, since ancient times, the territory was characterized by the processing of wool . In contemporary times, particularly from the nineteenth century, the Valley was dotted with important paper production centers. Lazio Lazio is rich in a multi-millennial heritage: it was the home of the Etruscan civilization , then stood at the center of

1680-796: The Papal States, so that these territories became provincial administrations of St. Peter's estate; governors in Viterbo , in Marittima and Campagna , and in Frosinone administered them for the papacy. Lazio was part of the short-lived Roman Republic , after which it became a puppet state of the First French Republic under the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte . Lazio was returned to the Papal States in October 1799. In 1809, it

1736-622: The Pope until the middle of the 16th century. Innocent III tried to strengthen his own territorial power, wishing to assert his authority in the provincial administrations of Tuscia, Campagna and Marittima through the Church's representatives, in order to reduce the power of the Colonna family . Other popes tried to do the same. During the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France (1309–1377),

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1792-591: The Tiber Hollywood on the Tiber is a phrase used in a June 26, 1950 Time magazine article to describe the period in the 1950s and 1960s when the Italian capital of Rome emerged as a major location for international filmmaking attracting many foreign productions to the Cinecittà studios. By contrast to the native Italian film industry , these movies were made in English for global release. Although

1848-570: The Tiber, three groups of mountains of volcanic origin: the Volsini , Cimini and Sabatini , whose largest former craters are occupied by the Bolsena , Vico and Bracciano lakes. To the south of the Tiber, other mountain groups form part of the Preapennines: the Alban Hills , also of volcanic origin, and the calcareous Lepini , Ausoni and Aurunci Mountains . The Apennines of Latium are

1904-608: The Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. Lazio GDP growth from 2013 to 2017 in euro : In 2019 there were 657,855 companies, 10.8% of the national total. The table below shows the GDP, produced in Lazio at current market prices in 2006, expressed in millions of euros, broken down into the main economic macro-activities: The unemployment rate stood at 7.7% in 2022. With

1960-444: The added lands or New Latium, and Latium Vetus, or Old Latium, the older, smaller region. The northern border of Lazio was the Tiber river, which divided it from Etruria . The emperor Augustus officially united almost all of present-day Italy into a single geo-political entity, Italia , dividing it into eleven regions. The part of today's Lazio south of the Tiber river – together with the present region of Campania immediately to

2016-571: The areas around Lake Bracciano and Lake Bolsena , Lazio is home to 14 lakes of volcanic origin. One of the most important archaeological park in Italy is Ostia Antica , known as the port of ancient Rome, Ostia was a city of the Latium Vetus, located near the mouth of the Tiber river . Civita di Bagnoregio , also known as "the dying city", has become a popular tourist destination in the country. According to Istat data relating to 2018, Lazio

2072-565: The centre-right coalition and 20.2 to the Five Star Movement . The current president of Lazio is Francesco Rocca , independent politician and former president of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies , in office in the centre-right coalition . Lazio is divided into four provinces and one metropolitan (province-level) city : One of the most famous forms of food in Lazio

2128-432: The cuisine of Lazio, spices are widely used. Among the most used are lesser cat-mint , called in Rome " mentuccia " (for artichokes and mushrooms), squaw mint , called in Rome " menta romana " (for lamb and tripe), laurel , rosemary , sage , juniper , chili and grated truffle . Although Roman and Lazio cuisine use cheap ingredients like vegetable and pasta, poor people needed a source of protein. Therefore, they used

2184-548: The different southern duchies and kingdoms. The main local lordships, which in any case orbited Naples, were the county, (later duchy) of Sora and the Terra Sancti Benedicti , the latter feudal domain of the Montecassino abbey. In 1870 the two banks of the Liri rediscovered their ancient unity, albeit within two different provinces. In 1927 with the creation of the province of Frosinone, the region south of

2240-436: The feudal lords' power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome. Small communes, and Rome above all, opposed the lords' increasing power, and with Cola di Rienzo , they tried to present themselves as antagonists of the ecclesiastical power. However, between 1353 and 1367, the papacy regained control of Lazio and the rest of the Papal States . From the middle of the 16th century, the papacy politically unified Lazio with

2296-592: The headlands of Cape Circeo (541 m) and Gaeta (171 m). The Pontine Islands , which are part of Lazio, are off Lazio's southern coast. Behind the coastal strip, to the north, lies the Maremma Laziale (the continuation of the Tuscan Maremma), a coastal plain interrupted at Civitavecchia by the Tolfa Mountains (616 m). The central section of the region is occupied by the Roman Campagna ,

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2352-614: The idea of "flat land" meaning the Roman Campagna . Much of Lazio is in fact flat or rolling. The lands originally inhabited by the Latini were extended into the territories of the Samnites , the Marsi , the Hernici , the Aequi , the Aurunci and the Volsci , all surrounding Italic tribes. This larger territory was still called Latium, but it was divided into Latium adiectum or Latium Novum,

2408-580: The largest-budget American films were being shot in European countries, particularly in Britain and Italy. In both countries newly arrived American companies worked alongside continuing large-scale domestic film industries. In Italy, the film-makers used the vast Cinecittà complex which had been built in the 1930s by Benito Mussolini 's Fascist regime which was aiming to rebuild Italian cinema. Following Mussolini's overthrow in 1943, production at Cinecittà

2464-413: The market for many of these films was primarily American, they enjoyed widespread popularity in other countries, including Italy. The commercial success of Quo Vadis (1951) led to a stream of blockbusters produced in Italy by Hollywood studios , which reached its height with 20th Century Fox 's Cleopatra in 1963. The phrase "Hollywood on Tiber", a reference to the river that runs through Rome ,

2520-436: The new consumer society , the desire for life, beauty and entertainment exploded, becoming the " Hollywood on the Tiber ". Today, Lazio is a large center of services and international trade , industry , public services and tourism , supported by an extensive network of transport infrastructures thanks to its geographical position in the center of Italian Peninsula and the presence of Rome within it. Lazio comprises

2576-473: The position of industry, favouring the areas with the best links to Rome and those near the Autostrada del Sole , especially around Frosinone . Additional factor was cheap energy supply from Latina Nuclear Power Plant and Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant , which are now out of the operation after Italian nuclear energy referendum. Industry contributes a small part of GDP: its share is 8.9% compared to 25.0% in Veneto and 24.0% in Emilia-Romagna . In Rome it

2632-401: The region to well outperform the Italian economy in 2009 in the heart of the global financial crisis, but it was strongly affected by the COVID-19 crisis of 2020–2021 due to the lock-downs. Industrial development in Lazio is limited to the areas south of Rome. Communications and – above all – the setting of the border of the Cassa del Mezzogiorno some kilometers south of Rome have influenced

2688-584: The so-called "quinto quarto" ("fifth quarter"), leftovers from animal carcasses that remained after the sale of prized parts to the wealthy. Quinto quarto includes tripe (the most valuable part of reticulum , also called " cuffia ", " l'omaso " or " lampredotto "), kidneys (which need to be soaked for a long time in water with lemon to remove urine smell), heart, liver, spleen, sweetbreads (pancreas, thymus and salivary glands), brain, tongue, ox tail, trotters and pajata ( intestines of calf, fed only with its mother's milk). The intestines are cleaned and skinned but

2744-407: The southeast of Lazio and the seat of Neapolis – became Region I ( Latium et Campania ), while modern Upper Lazio became part of Regio VII – Etruria , and today's Province of Rieti joined Regio IV – Samnium . After the Gothic conquest of Italy at the end of the fifth century, modern Lazio became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom , but after the Gothic War between 535 and 554 and conquest by

2800-433: The territory under the control of Rome and the Samnite one. In the valley there were several important centers, in particular Fregellae , Sora and Arpino . The first two, Latin colonies, were therefore populated with thousands of Latin and / or Roman colonists. After the fall of the Roman Empire the territory became, after the Gothic and Byzantine period, again a border territory between the Byzantine (later papal) domains and

2856-458: The two clubs. The stadium also hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1990 FIFA World Cup final . Outside of Rome the football scene has another club playing in the Serie A, that being Frosinone . Lazio hosts no top-line motorsports events, but the Vallelunga circuit previously hosted the Superbike World Championship in motorcycle racing . Rome is home to many international sporting events and competitions, including: Hollywood on

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2912-458: Was annexed to the French Empire under the name of the Department of Tibre , but returned to the Pope's control in 1815. On 20 September 1870 the capture of Rome , during the reign of Pope Pius IX , and France's defeat at Sedan , completed Italian unification , and Lazio was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy . In 1927, the territory of the province of Rieti, belonging to Umbria and Abruzzo , joined Lazio. Towns in Lazio were devastated by

2968-407: Was at the peak of its international fame between the production of Ben Hur and Cleopatra (1958–1960). As the 1960s drew on, the fashion for classical epics began to decline following the commercial failure of The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), although films in other genres such as David Lean 's Doctor Zhivago (1965) continued to be profitable. In 2009 a documentary film Hollywood on

3024-413: Was coined in 1950 by Time magazine during the making of Quo Vadis . Following World War II , Hollywood studios increasingly shifted production abroad both to take advantage of lower costs and to use frozen funds (profits from American films which foreign governments barred from export). These films, known as runaway productions , could also benefit from local subsidies . By the early 1950s, some of

3080-630: Was surpassed only by China . Infrastructure which has been used for grape growing was easily adapted for kiwifruit cultivation. Only sheep and buffalo herds are significant nationwide. Both are kept predominantly for milk, which is used in the production of pecorino romano and mozzarella di bufala cheese. Sheep herds are the 3rd nationwide after Sardinia and Sicily . 40% of sheep are bred in province of Viterbo . Vineyards cover 47,884 hectares (118,320 acres) in Lazio. 90% of wines are white. In production of quality wine Lazio has rank 14 of 20 with 190.557 hl. There are 3 DOCG wines: Tourism in Lazio

3136-482: Was suspended and no new films were made until 1948. Although American companies had shot in Italy before (such as Fox 's 1922 silent Nero and MGM 's 1925 Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ ), the scale of the post-war investment was unprecedented. Many of the films were sword and sandal epics, often set in Ancient Rome which required large film sets and location filming . Other films included contemporary-set romances Roman Holiday (1953) and Three Coins in

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