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79-493: Luxembourg ( Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ), also known as Luxembourg City (Luxembourgish: Stad Lëtzebuerg or d'Stad ; French: Ville de Luxembourg ; German: Stadt Luxemburg or Luxemburg-Stadt ), is the capital city of Luxembourg and the country's most populous commune . Standing at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers in southern Luxembourg,

158-417: A dialect continuum of gradual change. Spoken Luxembourgish is relatively hard to understand for speakers of German who are generally not familiar with Moselle Franconian dialects (or at least other West Central German dialects). They can usually read the language to some degree. For those Germans familiar with Moselle Franconian dialects, it is relatively easy to understand and speak Luxembourgish as far as

237-528: A challenge, since the goal was to harmoniously integrate the church with the surrounding buildings, such as the former Athénée building from the 17th century, the national library, the old church of St. Maximin (1751) (now the Foreign Ministry), as well as the old residential houses. The cathedral has three towers: the west tower, which was the tower of the Jesuit church and which contains the bells,

316-659: A consequence, Luxembourg was annexed by the French Republic, becoming part of the département of Forêts , with Luxembourg City as its préfecture . Under the 1815 Treaty of Paris , which ended the Napoleonic Wars , Luxembourg City was placed under Prussian military control as a part of the German Confederation , although sovereignty passed to the House of Orange-Nassau , in personal union with

395-442: A few nominal phrases such as der Däiwel ("the devil") and eiser Herrgott ("our Lord"). Rare examples of the genitive are also found: Enn des Mounts ("end of the month"), Ufanks der Woch ("at the beginning of the week"). The functions of the genitive are normally expressed using a combination of the dative and a possessive determiner: e.g. dem Mann säi Buch (lit. "to the man his book", i.e. "the man's book"). This

474-490: A maximum of some 285,000 native speakers, resources in the language like books, newspapers, magazines, television, internet etc. are limited. Since most Luxembourgers also speak Standard German and French, there is strong competition with these languages, which both have large language resources. Because of this, the use of Luxembourgish remains limited. Luxembourgish belongs to the West Central German group of

553-728: A network of 40 bus routes, operated by the municipal transport authority, Autobus de la Ville de Luxembourg (AVL), partly subcontracted to private bus companies. There is also a free bus service linking the Glacis to Luxembourg station , the "Joker Line" for seniors, and a "City night network". A "Park & Ride" scheme is operated by the city with five carparks connected to the bus network. In addition to AVL buses, CFL and RGTR operate regional buses to other locales in Luxembourg and nearby cities in Germany and France. Between 1875 and 1964,

632-538: A place of strategic military significance. The first fortifications were built as early as the 10th century. By the end of the 12th century, as the city expanded westward around the new St. Nicholas Church (today the Cathedral of Notre Dame ), new walls were built that included an area of 5 hectares (12 acres). In about 1340, under the reign of John the Blind , new fortifications were built that stood until 1867. In 1443,

711-513: A stronghold of the Democratic Party (DP), which is the second-largest party nationally. The Democratic Party is the largest party on the council, with ten councillors. The city's administration is headed by the mayor , who is the leader of the largest party on the communal council. After Xavier Bettel became Luxembourg's new prime minister on 4 December 2013, Lydie Polfer (DP) was sworn in as new mayor of Luxembourg on 17 December of

790-592: Is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg . About 300,000 people speak Luxembourgish worldwide. The language is standardized and officially the national language of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. As such, Luxembourgish is different from the German language also used in the Grand Duchy. The German language exists in a national standard variety of Luxembourg, which is slightly different from

869-676: Is a new concert hall, the Philharmonie , as well as a conservatory with a large auditorium. Art galleries include the Villa Vauban , the Casino Luxembourg and Am Tunnel . The site is located mainly in Ville Haute (Uewerstad). The ING Europe Marathon has been contested annually in the capital since June 2006. It attracted 11,000 runners and over 100,000 spectators during the 2014 edition. The Luxembourg Open

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948-466: Is a noteworthy example of late Gothic architecture ; however, it also has many Renaissance elements and adornments. At the end of the 18th century, the church received the miraculous image of Our Lady of Consolation (Latin: Sancta Maria Consolatricis Afflictorum ), the patron saint of both the city and the nation. Fifty years later, the church was consecrated as the Church of Our Lady and in 1870, it

1027-584: Is a tennis tournament held since 1991 in the capital. The tournament runs from 13 to 21 October. BGL BNP Paribas , one of the more famous sponsors in the world of tennis, was the contracted title sponsor of the tournament until 2014. The Stade de Luxembourg , situated in Gasperich , southern Luxembourg City, is the country's national stadium and largest sports venue in the country with a capacity of 9,386 for sporting events, including football and rugby union, and 15,000 for concerts. The largest indoor venue in

1106-609: Is also famed for its wide selection of restaurants and cuisines, including four Michelin starred establishments. The city of Luxembourg is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications , on account of the historical importance of its fortifications. In addition to its two main theatres, the Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg and the Théâtre des Capucins , there

1185-472: Is cloudy about two-thirds of the year. Under the Luxembourgish constitution , local government is centred on the city's communal council . Consisting of twenty-seven members (fixed since 1964), each elected every six years on the second Sunday of October and taking office on 1 January of the next year, the council is the largest of all communal councils in Luxembourg. The city is nowadays considered

1264-689: Is currently also the only political party in Luxembourg that wishes to implement written laws also in Luxembourgish and that wants Luxembourgish to be an officially recognized language of the European Union . In this context, in 2005, then- Deputy Prime Minister Jean Asselborn of the LSAP rejected a demand made by the ADR to make Luxembourgish an official language of the EU, citing financial reasons and

1343-460: Is formed using the adverb méi : e.g. schéin → méi schéin The superlative involves a synthetic form consisting of the adjective and the suffix -st : e.g. schéin → schéin st (compare German schönst , English prettiest ). Attributive modification requires the emphatic definite article and the inflected superlative adjective: Predicative modification uses either the same adjectival structure or

1422-675: Is known as a periphrastic genitive , and is a phenomenon also commonly seen in dialectal and colloquial German, and in Dutch. The forms of the personal pronouns are given in the following table (unstressed forms appear in parentheses): The 2pl form is also used as a polite singular (like French vous , see T-V distinction ); the forms are capitalised in writing: Like most varieties of colloquial German, but even more invariably, Luxembourgish uses definite articles with personal names. They are obligatory and not to be translated: A feature Luxembourgish shares with only some western dialects of German

1501-540: Is quite similar to that of Standard German . Luxembourgish has three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and three cases ( nominative , accusative , and dative ). These are marked morphologically on determiners and pronouns . As in German, there is no morphological gender distinction in the plural. The forms of the articles and of some selected determiners are given below: As seen above, Luxembourgish has plural forms of en ("a, an"), namely eng in

1580-422: Is served by the only international airport in the country: Luxembourg Airport (codes: IATA : LUX, ICAO : ELLX). Accessibility to the airport, situated in the commune of Sandweiler , 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from the city centre, is provided via the municipal bus network, with a tram connection due to be completed by early 2024. The airport is the principal hub for Luxembourg's flag carrier , Luxair , and one of

1659-625: Is situated in the heart of Europe in the Gold Triangle between Frankfurt , Paris , and Amsterdam . It is therefore connected to several motorways and international routes. Public transport in Luxembourg City has been free since 2020, including rail, bus and tram. Luxembourg City is served by five rail stations operated by the state rail company, the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois (CFL), including

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1738-416: Is that women and girls are most often referred to with forms of the neuter pronoun hatt : Adjectives show a different morphological behaviour when used attributively and predicatively . In predicative use, e.g. when they occur with verbs like sinn ("to be"), adjectives receive no extra ending: In attributive use, i.e. when placed before the noun they describe, they change their ending according to

1817-928: Is the primary language of 48% of the population. It is also spoken in the Arelerland region of Belgium (part of the Province of Luxembourg ) and in small parts of Lorraine in France . In the German Eifel and Hunsrück regions, similar local Moselle Franconian dialects of German are spoken. The language is also spoken by a few descendants of Luxembourg immigrants in the United States and Canada . Other Moselle Franconian dialects are spoken by ethnic Germans long settled in Transylvania , Romania (Siebenbürgen). Moselle Franconian dialects outside

1896-526: The Bock Fiels ("rock"), mentioned for the first time in the aforementioned exchange treaty. In 987, Archbishop Egbert of Trier consecrated five altars in the Church of the Redemption (today St. Michael's Church). At a Roman road intersection near the church, a marketplace appeared around which the city developed. The city, because of its location and natural geography, has through history been

1975-693: The Burgundians under Philip the Good conquered Luxembourg. Luxembourg became part of the Burgundian, and later Spanish and Austrian empires (See Spanish Netherlands and Spanish Road ) and under those Habsburg administrations Luxembourg Castle was repeatedly strengthened so that by the 16th century, Luxembourg itself was one of the strongest fortifications in Europe. Subsequently, the Burgundians,

2054-988: The Court of Justice of the European Union , the European Court of Auditors , the Secretariat of the European Parliament , the European Public Prosecutor's Office , the European Investment Bank , the European Investment Fund , the European Stability Mechanism , Eurostat , as well as other European Commission departments and services. The Council of the European Union meets in the city for three months annually. In

2133-702: The High German languages and is the primary example of a Moselle Franconian language . Furthermore, it is closely related to Transylvanian Saxon which has been spoken since the High Middle Ages by the Transylvanian Saxons in Transylvania , present-day central Romania . Luxembourgish is considered the national language of Luxembourg and also one of the three administrative languages, alongside German and French . In Luxembourg, 77% of residents can speak Luxembourgish, and it

2212-565: The Kirchberg quarter, in the northeast of the city. Despite the city's small size, it has several notable museums: the recently renovated National Museum of History and Art (MNHA), the Luxembourg City History Museum , the new Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art (Mudam) and National Museum of Natural History (NMHN). Luxembourg was the first city to be named European Capital of Culture twice. The first time

2291-610: The Place d'Armes , the Adolphe Bridge and the city hall. The city is home to the RTL Group . The Second World War Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial is located within the city limits of Luxembourg at Hamm . This cemetery is the final resting place of 5,076 American military dead, including General George S. Patton . There is also a memorial to 371 Americans whose remains were never recovered or identified. Luxembourg

2370-629: The Roman era, a fortified tower guarded the crossing of two Roman roads that met at the site of Luxembourg city. Through an exchange treaty with the abbey of Saint Maximin in Trier in 963, Siegfried I of the Ardennes , a close relative of King Louis II of France and Emperor Otto the Great , acquired the feudal lands of Luxembourg. Siegfried built his castle, named Lucilinburhuc ("small castle"), on

2449-582: The UNESCO sites), while there are also large tracts of farmland within the city limits. Luxembourg City is subdivided into twenty-four quarters (French: quartiers ), which cover the commune in its entirety. The quarters generally correspond to the major neighbourhoods and suburbs of Luxembourg City, although a few of the historic districts, such as Bonnevoie , are divided between two quarters. Luxembourg City has an oceanic climate ( Cfb ), with moderate precipitation, cold to cool winters and warm summers. It

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2528-603: The United Kingdom of the Netherlands . After the Luxembourg Crisis , the 1867 Treaty of London required Luxembourg to dismantle the fortifications in Luxembourg City. Their demolition took sixteen years, cost 1.5 million gold francs , and required the destruction of over 24 km (15 mi) of underground defences and 4 hectares (9.9 acres) of casemates , batteries , barracks , etc. Furthermore,

2607-537: The Baroque interior refurbished from 1854 in a neo-Gothic style. When Luxembourg was elevated to a bishopric by Pope Pius IX on 27 June 1870, the Notre-Dame Church became Notre-Dame Cathedral. Though a noteworthy example of late Gothic architecture , the cathedral has many Renaissance elements and adornments. From 1935 to 1938 the cathedral was enlarged and expanded. This enlargement, which influenced

2686-732: The Chamber of Deputies, the city is located in the Centre constituency. Luxembourg City is the seat of several institutions, agencies and bodies of the European Union , including the Court of Justice of the European Union , the European Commission , the secretariat of the European Parliament , the European Court of Auditors and the European Investment Bank . The majority of these institutions are located in

2765-478: The EU meets in the city for the months of April, June and October annually. Luxembourg City lies on the southern part of the Luxembourg plateau , a large Early Jurassic sandstone formation that forms the heart of the Gutland , a low-lying and flat area that covers the southern two-thirds of the country. The city centre occupies a picturesque site on a salient, perched high on precipitous cliffs that drop into

2844-631: The Luxembourg state border tend to have far fewer French loanwords, and these mostly remain from the French Revolution. The political party that places the greatest importance on promoting, using and preserving Luxembourgish is the Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) and its electoral success in the 1999 election pushed the CSV-DP government to make knowledge of it a criterion for naturalisation . It

2923-466: The Prussian garrison was to be withdrawn. When, in 1890, Grand Duke William III died without any male heirs, the Grand Duchy passed out of Dutch hands, and into an independent line under Grand Duke Adolphe . Thus, Luxembourg, which had hitherto been independent in theory only, became a truly independent country, and Luxembourg City regained some of the importance that it had lost in 1867 by becoming

3002-721: The Spanish, the French, the Spanish again, the Austrians, the French again, and the Prussians conquered Luxembourg. In the 17th century, the first casemates were built; initially, Spain built 23 km (14 mi) of tunnels, starting in 1644. These were then enlarged under French rule by Marshal Vauban , and augmented again under Austrian rule in the 1730s and 1740s. During the French Revolutionary Wars ,

3081-461: The Third Reich by informally attaching the country administratively to a neighbouring German province. Under the occupation, the capital city's streets all received new, German names, which was announced on 4 October 1940. The Avenue de la Liberté for example, a major road leading to the railway station, was renamed "Adolf-Hitlerstraße". Luxembourg City was liberated on 10 September 1944. The city

3160-431: The adoption of the "OLO" ( ofizjel lezebuurjer ortografi ) on 5 June 1946. This orthography provided a system for speakers of all varieties of Luxembourgish to transcribe words the way they pronounced them, rather than imposing a single, standard spelling for the words of the language. The rules explicitly rejected certain elements of German orthography ( e.g. , the use of ⟨ ä ⟩ and ⟨ ö ⟩ ,

3239-437: The adverbial structure am + - sten : e.g. schéin → am schéinsten : Some common adjectives have exceptional comparative and superlative forms: Several other adjectives also have comparative forms, not commonly used as normal comparatives, but in special senses: Luxembourgish exhibits "verb second" word order in clauses. More specifically, Luxembourgish is a V2 - SOV language , like German and Dutch. In other words, we find

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3318-818: The basis of the standard orthography that became official on 10 October 1975. Modifications to this standard were proposed by the Permanent Council of the Luxembourguish language and adopted officially in the spelling reform of 30 July 1999. A detailed explanation of current practice for Luxembourgish can be found in Schanen & Lulling (2003). The Luxembourgish alphabet consists of the 26 Latin letters plus three letters with diacritics: ⟨é⟩ , ⟨ä⟩ , and ⟨ë⟩ . In loanwords from French and Standard German, other diacritics are usually preserved: In German loanwords,

3397-485: The building was Ulrich Job, from Lucerne. Under him, the decoration of the columns also took place. The Jesuit church was consecrated and dedicated to the Immaculate Conception on 17 October 1621 by auxiliary bishop Georg von Helfenstein. Artistically, it was above all the German sculptor Daniel Muller (died 1623) from Freiberg (Saxony) who contributed to the appearance of the church, his work including

3476-549: The capital of a fully independent state. Despite Luxembourg's best efforts to remain neutral in the First World War, it was occupied by Germany on 2 August 1914. On 30 August, Helmuth von Moltke moved his headquarters to Luxembourg City, closer to his armies in France in preparation for a swift victory. However, the victory never came, and Luxembourg would play host to the German high command for another four years. At

3555-688: The capitalisation of nouns). Similarly, new principles were adopted for the spelling of French loanwords. This proposed orthography, so different from existing "foreign" standards that people were already familiar with, did not enjoy widespread approval. A more successful standard eventually emerged from the work of the committee of specialists charged with the task of creating the Luxemburger Wörterbuch , published in 5 volumes between 1950 and 1977. The orthographic conventions adopted in this decades-long project, set out in Bruch (1955), provided

3634-420: The city having developed into a banking and administrative centre. In the 2019 Mercer worldwide survey of 231 cities, Luxembourg was placed first for personal safety, while it was ranked 18th for quality of living. Luxembourg is one of the de facto capitals of the European Union (alongside Brussels , Frankfurt and Strasbourg ), as it is the seat of several institutions , agencies and bodies , including

3713-408: The city lies at the heart of Western Europe , situated 213 km (132 mi) by road from Brussels and 209 km (130 mi) from Cologne . The city contains Luxembourg Castle , established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages , around which a settlement developed. As of 1 September 2024, Luxembourg City has a population of 135,441 inhabitants, which is more than three times

3792-401: The city was covered by an extensive tram network. In December 2017, trams were reintroduced to the capital, with the phased opening of a new line, which currently runs between Kirchberg and Gasperich , via the city centre. An extension to Luxembourg Airport is expected to be operational by March 2025. Future lines to extend the network are currently in the planning stages. Luxembourg City

3871-432: The city was occupied by France twice: once, briefly, in 1792–93, and, later, after a seven-month siege . Luxembourg held out for so long under the French siege that French politician and military engineer Lazare Carnot called Luxembourg "the best fortress in the world, except Gibraltar", giving rise to the city's nickname: the ' Gibraltar of the North '. Nonetheless, the Austrian garrison eventually surrendered, and as

3950-428: The country is d'Coque , Kirchberg , north-eastern Luxembourg City, which has a capacity of 8,300. The arena is used for basketball , handball , gymnastics , and volleyball , including the final of the 2007 Women's European Volleyball Championship . D'Coque also includes an Olympic-size swimming pool . The two football clubs of the city of Luxembourg; Racing FC Union Luxembourg and F.C. Luxembourg City , play in

4029-406: The country's highest league, the BGL Ligue , and second-tier, Division of Honour , respectively. The Stade de Luxembourg hosts the Luxembourg national football team . Places of interest include the Gothic Revival Cathedral of Notre Dame , the fortifications, Am Tunnel (an art gallery underground), the Grand Ducal Palace , the Gëlle Fra war memorial , the casemates , the Neimënster Abbey ,

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4108-521: The digraphs ⟨ eu ⟩ and ⟨ äu ⟩ indicate the diphthong /oɪ/ , which does not appear in native words. Like many other varieties of Western High German, Luxembourgish has a rule of final n -deletion in certain contexts. The effects of this rule (known as the "Eifel Rule") are indicated in writing, and therefore must be taken into account when spelling words and morphemes ending in ⟨n⟩ or ⟨nn⟩ . For example: The consonant inventory of Luxembourgish

4187-466: The east tower, and the central tower, which stands over the transept. When the cathedral was enlarged in 1935–1938, the east and central towers were added. The central tower, which is only a third of the height of the other towers, consists of a wide, pyramid-shaped base and a narrow peak covered with copper. The roof itself is carried by a steel frame, consisting of two PN20 beams from ARBED - Belval . On Good Friday, 5 April 1985, around mid-day, work on

4266-604: The end of the occupation, Luxembourg City was the scene of an attempted communist revolution; on 9 November 1918, communists declared a socialist republic , but it lasted only a few hours. In 1921, the city limits were greatly expanded. The communes of Eich , Hamm , Hollerich , and Rollingergrund were incorporated into Luxembourg City, making the city the largest commune in the country (a position that it would hold until 1978). In 1940, Germany occupied Luxembourg again . The Nazis were not prepared to allow Luxembourgers self-government, and gradually integrated Luxembourg into

4345-399: The everyday vocabulary is concerned. The large number of French loanwords in Luxembourgish may hamper communication about certain topics or with certain speakers (those who use many terms taken from French). A number of proposals for standardising the orthography of Luxembourgish can be documented, going back to the middle of the 19th century. There was no officially recognised system until

4424-465: The following finite clausal structures: Non-finite verbs (infinitives and participles) generally appear in final position: These rules interact so that in subordinate clauses, the finite verb and any non-finite verbs must all cluster at the end. Luxembourgish allows different word orders in these cases: This is also the case when two non-finite verb forms occur together: Luxembourgish (like Dutch and German) allows prepositional phrases to appear after

4503-428: The grammatical gender, number and case of the noun: The definite article changes with the use of an attributive adjective: feminine d' goes to déi (or di ), neuter d' goes to dat , and plural d' changes to déi . The comparative in Luxembourgish is formed analytically, i.e. the adjective itself is not altered (compare the use of - er in German and English; tall → taller , klein → kleiner ). Instead it

4582-440: The narrow valleys of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers, whose confluence is in Luxembourg City. The 70 m (230 ft) deep gorges cut by the rivers are spanned by many bridges and viaducts , including the Adolphe Bridge , the Grand Duchess Charlotte Bridge , and the Passerelle . Although Luxembourg City is not particularly large, its layout is complex, as the city is set on several levels, straddling hills and dropping into

4661-432: The nationally venerated title of Our Lady of Consolation . The cathedral was expanded and enlarged from 1935 to 1938. Jesuits from Belgium, which like Luxembourg belonged to the Spanish Netherlands at the time, opened a college in Luxembourg city in 1603, where the majority of young Luxembourgers were taught until 1773. The first stone of the church was laid on 7 May 1613, under Father François Aldenard. The constructor of

4740-503: The nominative/accusative and engen in the dative. They are not used as indefinite articles, which—as in German and English—do not exist in the plural, but they do occur in the compound pronouns wéi en ("what, which") and sou en ("such"). For example: wéi eng Saachen ("what things"); sou eng Saachen ("such things"). Moreover, they are used before numbers to express an estimation: eng 30.000 Spectateuren ("some 30,000 spectators"). Distinct nominative forms survive in

4819-416: The organ tribune. The decorations in alabaster , a favourite material of Dutch Renaissance sculptors, represent early Baroque angels, who play music between leaves and floral decorations. After the Jesuits had left the city in 1773, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria donated the church to the city of Luxembourg in 1778, and it became the new parish church under the name "Saint Nicolas et Sainte Thérèse". This

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4898-455: The other European institutions; although Luxembourg City was no longer the seat of the ECSC, it hosted some part-sessions of the European Parliament until 1981. Luxembourg remains the seat of the European Parliament's secretariat, as well as the Court of Justice of the European Union , the European Court of Auditors , and the European Investment Bank . Several departments of the European Commission are also based in Luxembourg. The Council of

4977-405: The population and the dissemination of the language through mass media such as radio and television are leading to a gradual standardisation towards a "Standard Luxembourgish" through the process of koineization . There is no distinct geographic boundary between the use of Luxembourgish and the use of other closely related High German dialects (for example, Lorraine Franconian ); it instead forms

5056-432: The population of the country's second most populous commune ( Esch-sur-Alzette ). The population consists of 160 nationalities. Foreigners represent 70.4% of the city's population, whilst Luxembourgers represent 29.6% of the population; the number of foreign-born residents in the city rises steadily each year. In 2024, Luxembourg was ranked by the IMF as having the highest GDP per capita in the world at $ 140,310 (PPP), with

5135-559: The principal station and terminus of all rail lines in the Grand Duchy, Luxembourg station . Stations in Luxembourg City are served by domestic rail services operated by CFL, as well as international rail services, operated by CFL, and German , Belgian , and French service providers. Additionally, Luxembourg station is connected to the French LGV Est network, providing high-speed services on to Paris and Strasbourg . Services to Basel and Zürich in Switzerland are available via two daily scheduled international trains. Luxembourg City has

5214-485: The same year. Since the last elections the mayor leads the cabinet, the collège échevinal , in which the DP forms a coalition with CSV . Unlike other cities in Luxembourg, which are limited to four échevins at most, Luxembourg is given special dispensation to have six échevins on its collège échevinal . Luxembourg City is the seat for the Luxembourg Government. The Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg lives at Berg Castle in Colmar-Berg . For national elections to

5293-431: The silhouette of the fortress city of Luxembourg, went ahead according to plans by and under the supervision of the Luxembourgish architect Hubert Schumacher. The expanded area, which connects to the two choir bays of 1613–1621, characterises the image of the former Jesuit church both due to its spaciousness and through the architectural unity. The rebuilding of the exterior architecture on the Gothic-style cathedral presented

5372-463: The standard varieties in Germany , Austria or Switzerland . Another important language of Luxembourg is French, which had a certain influence on both the national language Luxembourgish and the Luxembourg national variety of German. Luxembourgish, German and French are the three official languages (Amtssprachen) of Luxembourg. As a standard form of the Moselle Franconian language , Luxembourgish has similarities with other High German dialects and

5451-524: The sufficiency of official German and French . A similar proposal by the ADR was rejected by the Chamber of Deputies in 2024. There are several distinct dialect forms of Luxembourgish including Areler (from Arlon ), Eechternoacher ( Echternach ), Dikrecher ( Diekirch ), Kliärrwer ( Clervaux ), Miseler ( Moselle ), Stater ( Luxembourg ), Veiner ( Vianden ), Minetter (Southern Luxembourg) and Weelzer ( Wiltz ). Further small vocabulary differences may be seen even between small villages. Increasing mobility of

5530-446: The two gorges. The commune of Luxembourg City covers an area of over 51 km (20 sq mi), or 2% of the Grand Duchy's total area. This makes the city the fourth-largest commune in Luxembourg, and by far the largest urban area . Luxembourg City is not particularly densely populated, at about 1,700 people per km; large areas of Luxembourg City are maintained as parks, forested areas, or sites of important heritage (particularly

5609-462: The verb cluster in subordinate clauses: Luxembourgish has borrowed many French words. For example, the word for a bus driver is Buschauffeur (as in Dutch and Swiss German ), which would be Busfahrer in German and chauffeur de bus in French. Some words are different from Standard German, but have equivalents in German dialects. An example is Gromperen (potatoes – German: Kartoffeln ). Other words are exclusive to Luxembourgish. Listen to

5688-506: The wider group of West Germanic languages . The status of Luxembourgish as the national language of Luxembourg and the existence there of a regulatory body have removed Luxembourgish, at least in part, from the domain of Standard German, its traditional Dachsprache . It is also related to the Transylvanian Saxon dialect spoken by the Transylvanian Saxons in Transylvania , contemporary central Romania . Luxembourgish

5767-532: The words below. Note: Words spoken in sound clip do not reflect all words on this list. Neologisms in Luxembourgish include both entirely new words, and the attachment of new meanings to old words in everyday speech. The most recent neologisms come from the English language in the fields of telecommunications , computer science , and the Internet . Notre-Dame Cathedral, Luxembourg The church

5846-543: The world's largest cargo airlines, Cargolux . Luxembourg is a member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Trier , Saarbrücken , and Metz (neighbouring countries: Germany and France). Luxembourg is twinned with: Luxembourgish language Luxembourgish ( / ˈ l ʌ k s əm b ɜːr ɡ ɪ ʃ / LUK -səm-bur-ghish ; also Luxemburgish , Luxembourgian , Letzebu(e)rgesch ; endonym : Lëtzebuergesch [ˈlətsəbuəjəʃ] )

5925-475: Was considered a German dialect like many others until about World War II but then it underwent ausbau , creating its own standard form in vocabulary, grammar, and spelling and therefore is seen today as an independent language. Luxembourgish managed to gain linguistic autonomy against a vigorous One Standard German Axiom by being framed as an independent language with a name rather than as a national pluricentric standard variety of German. As Luxembourgish has

6004-562: Was convenient, as at the time the old parish church, the church of St. Nicholas on the Krautmaart was small and decrepit, and was demolished in 1779. For this reason, a statue of St. Nicholas stands over the cathedral entrance in Rue Notre-Dame . In 1801 the church was dedicated to Saint Peter. It received the name "Notre-Dame" on 31 March 1848 under the apostolic vicar Jean-Théodore Laurent . His successor, Nicolas Adames , had

6083-726: Was elevated by Pope Pius IX to the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. At the cemetery of the cathedral is the National Monument to the Resistance and to the Deportation. The centerpiece of the monument is the famous bronze monument by the 20th-century Luxembourgish sculptor Lucien Wercollier called The Political Prisoner . The high altar of the cathedral enshrines an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary under

6162-854: Was in 1995. In 2007, along with the Romanian city of Sibiu , the European Capital of Culture was to be a cross-border area consisting of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Rheinland-Pfalz and Saarland in Germany, the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium, and the Lorraine area in France . The event was an attempt to promote mobility and the exchange of ideas, crossing borders in all areas, physical, psychological, artistic and emotional. Luxembourg City

6241-652: Was under long-range bombardment by the German V-3 cannon in December 1944 and January 1945. After the war, Luxembourg ended its neutrality, and became a founding member of several inter-governmental and supra-governmental institutions. In 1952, the city became the headquarters of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community . In 1967, the High Authority was merged with the commissions of

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