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122-467: Giles Lytton Strachey ( / ˈ dʒ aɪ l z ˈ l ɪ t ən ˈ s t r eɪ tʃ i / ; 1 March 1880 – 21 January 1932) was an English writer and critic. A founding member of the Bloomsbury Group and author of Eminent Victorians , he established a new form of biography in which psychological insight and sympathy are combined with irreverence and wit. His biography Queen Victoria (1921)
244-529: A Cambridge Union Society charity raffle in 1985. In 2023, the college replaced the chair leg with a sceptre to mark the 75th birthday of Charles III , an alumnus of the college. In 1704, the University's first astronomical observatory was built on top of the gatehouse. Beneath the founder's statue are the coats of arms of Edward III , the founder of King's Hall, and those of his five sons who survived to maturity, as well as William of Hatfield, whose shield
366-487: A concept of complex states of mind whose worth as a whole was not proportionate to the sum of its parts. For both Moore and Bloomsbury, the greatest ethic goods were "the importance of personal relationships and the private life", as well as aesthetic appreciation: "art for art's sake". Bloomsbury reacted against current upper class English social rituals, "the bourgeois habits ... the conventions of Victorian life" with their emphasis on public achievement, in favour of
488-412: A fellowship. Strachey was often ill and had to leave Cambridge repeatedly to recover from the palpitations that affected him. Strachey's years at Cambridge were happy and productive. Among the freshers at Trinity, there were three with whom Strachey soon became closely associated: Clive Bell , Leonard Woolf and Saxon Sydney-Turner . With another undergraduate, A. J. Robertson, these students formed
610-433: A fragile physique, objected to this requirement and after a few months, he was transferred to Leamington College , where he became a victim of savage bullying. Sir Richard, however, told his son to "grin and bear the petty bullying." Strachey did eventually adapt to the school and became one of its best pupils. In the 1960s one of the four 'houses' at the school was named after him. His health also seems to have improved during
732-697: A group called the Midnight Society, which, in the opinion of Bell, was the source of the Bloomsbury Group . Other close friends at Cambridge were Thoby Stephen and his sisters Vanessa and Virginia Stephen (later Bell and Woolf respectively). Strachey also belonged to the Conversazione Society, the Cambridge Apostles to which Tennyson , Hallam , Maurice , and Sterling had once belonged. The Apostles formulated an elitist doctrine of "Higher Sodomy" which differentiated
854-426: A higher proportion attend private schools in their final two years before university. Trinity states that it disregards what type of school its applicants attend, and accepts students solely on the basis of their academic prospects. Trinity admitted its first female graduate student in 1976, its first female undergraduate in 1978 and elected its first female fellow ( Marian Hobson ) in 1977. The Scholars, together with
976-693: A long-standing relationship with the Parish of St George's, Camberwell , in South London. Students from the College have helped to run holiday schemes for children from the parish since 1966. The relationship was formalised in 1979 with the establishment of Trinity in Camberwell as a registered charity. The Great Gate is the main entrance to the college, leading to the Great Court . A statue of
1098-629: A model. Landmarks in French Literature , dedicated to "J[ane] M[aria] S[trachey]," his mother, was published on 12 January 1912. Despite almost a full column of praise in The Times Literary Supplement of 1 February and sales that by April 1914 had reached nearly 12,000 copies in the British Empire and America, the book brought Strachey neither the fame he craved nor the money he badly needed. Soon after
1220-422: A more informal and private focus on personal relationships and individual pleasure. E. M. Forster for example approved of "the decay of smartness and fashion as factors, and the growth of the idea of enjoyment", and asserted that "if I had to choose between betraying my country and betraying my friend, I hope I should have the guts to betray my country". The Group "believed in pleasure ... They tried to get
1342-511: A new college. The king did not want to use royal funds, so he instead combined two colleges ( King's Hall and Michaelhouse ) and seven hostels to form Trinity. The monastic lands granted by Henry VIII were not on their own sufficient to ensure Trinity's eventual rise. In terms of architecture and royal association, it was not until the Mastership of Thomas Nevile (1593–1615) that Trinity assumed both its spaciousness and its association with
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#17327823611191464-687: A number of ways the blooming of Bloomsbury. Virginia Woolf was writing and publishing her most widely read modernist novels and essays , and E. M. Forster completed A Passage to India , a highly regarded novel on British imperialism in India . Forster wrote no more novels but he became one of England's most influential essayists. Duncan Grant, and then Vanessa Bell, had single-artist exhibitions. Lytton Strachey wrote his biographies of two queens, Queen Victoria (1921) and Elizabeth and Essex: A Tragic History (1928). Desmond MacCarthy and Leonard Woolf engaged in friendly rivalry as literary editors, respectively of
1586-484: A smaller proportion of students from state schools (39%) than any other Cambridge college, and on a rolling three-year average it has admitted a smaller proportion of state school pupils (42%) than any other college at either Cambridge or Oxford. According to the Good Schools Guide , about 7% of British school-age students attend private schools, although this figure refers to students in all school years –
1708-510: A strong but platonic relationship thereafter until his death. They eventually established a permanent home together at Ham Spray House, where Carrington would paint and Strachey would educate her in literature. In 1921, Carrington agreed to marry Partridge, not for love but to secure a three-way relationship. Partridge eventually formed a relationship with Frances Marshall , another Bloomsbury member. Shortly after Strachey died, Carrington took her own life. Partridge married Marshall in 1933. Strachey
1830-502: A while in a cottage on Dartmoor and about 1911–12 spent a whole winter at East Ilsley on the Berkshire Downs . During this time he decided to grow a beard, which became his most characteristic feature. On 9 May 1911 he wrote to his mother: The chief news is that I have grown a beard! Its colour is very much admired, and it is generally considered extremely effective, though some ill-bred persons have been observed to laugh. It
1952-527: Is a performance space for the College Choir which comprises around thirty Choral Scholars and two Organ Scholars , all of whom are ordinarily students at the University. The Fellows' Garden is located on the west side of Queen's Road , opposite the drive that leads to the Backs. The Fellows' Bowling Green is located north of Great Court, between King's Hostel and the river. It is the site for many of
2074-677: Is a red-brown of the most approved tint and makes me look like a French decadent poet—or something equally distinguished. In 1911 H. A. L. Fisher , a former President of the British Academy and the Board of Education, was in search of someone to write a short one-volume survey of French literature. Fisher had read one of Strachey's reviews ("Two Frenchmen," Independent Review (1903)) and asked him to write an outline in 50,000 words, giving him J. W. Mackail 's Latin Literature (1909) as
2196-471: Is also said to have been the inspiration behind the character of St John Hirst in her novel The Voyage Out . Michael Holroyd describes Strachey as the inspiration behind Cedric Furber in Wyndham Lewis 's The Self-Condemned . In Lewis's novel The Apes of God he is seen in the character of Matthew Plunkett, whom Holroyd describes as "a maliciously distorted and hilarious caricature of Lytton". In
2318-408: Is blank as he died as an infant, before being granted arms. Great Court (built 1599–1608) was the brainchild of Thomas Nevile , who demolished several existing buildings on this site, including almost the entirety of the former college of Michaelhouse . The sole remaining building of Michaelhouse was replaced by the then current Kitchens (designed by James Essex ) in 1770–1775. The Master's Lodge
2440-506: Is located between Great Court and the river, this court was created by a bequest by the college's master, Thomas Nevile , originally two-thirds of its current length and without the Wren Library . The court was extended and the appearance of the upper floor remodelled slightly in 1758 by James Essex . Cloisters run around the court, providing sheltered walkways from the rear of Great Hall to the college library and reading room as well as
2562-565: Is located to the south of the Wolfson Building, on top of podium a floor up from ground level, and including the upper floors of several surrounding Georgian buildings on Trinity Street, Green Street and Sidney Street . Burrell's Field (built 1995, MJP Architects) is located on a site to the west of the main College buildings, opposite the Cambridge University Library . Trinity College Chapel dates from
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#17327823611192684-563: Is now known as the "Old Bloomsbury" group who met in earnest beginning in 1912. In the 1920s and 1930s the group shifted when the original members died and the next generation had reached adulthood. The Bloomsbury Group, mostly from upper middle-class professional families, formed part of "an intellectual aristocracy which could trace itself back to the Clapham Sect ". It was an informal network of an influential group of artists, art critics, writers and an economist, many of whom lived in
2806-556: Is that the Latin alphabet did not have the letter J—the older courts of St John's College also lack J staircases. There are also two small muzzle-loading cannons on the bowling green pointing in the direction of John's, though this orientation may be coincidental. Another story sometimes told is that the reason that the clock in Trinity Great Court strikes each hour twice is that the fellows of St John's once complained about
2928-652: Is the official residence of the Sovereign when in Cambridge. King's Hostel (built 1377–1416) is located to the north of Great Court, behind the clock tower . This is, along with the King's Gate, the sole remaining building from King's Hall . Bishop's Hostel (built 1671) is a detached building to the southwest of Great Court, and named after John Hacket , Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. Additional buildings were built in 1878 by Arthur Blomfield. Nevile's Court (built 1614)
3050-466: Is the richest Oxbridge college with a landholding alone worth £800 million. For comparison, the second richest college in Cambridge ( St. John's ) has estimated assets of around £780 million, and the richest college in Oxford ( Magdelen ) has about £940 million. In 2005, Trinity's annual rental income from its properties was reported to be in excess of £20 million. Trinity has some of
3172-458: Is used along with the Wolfson Building for accommodating first year students. The Wolfson Building (built 1968–1972, Architects' Co-Partnership ) is located to the south of Whewell's Court, on top of a podium above shops, this building resembles a brick-clad ziggurat, and is used exclusively for first-year accommodation. Having been renovated during the academic year 2005–06, many rooms are now en-suite. Blue Boar Court (built 1989, MJP Architects )
3294-460: The New Statesman and The Nation and Athenaeum , thus fuelling animosities that saw Bloomsbury dominating the cultural scene. Roger Fry wrote and lectured widely on art; meanwhile, Clive Bell applied Bloomsbury values to his book Civilization (1928), which Leonard Woolf saw as limited and elitist, describing Bell as a "wonderful organiser of intellectual greyhound racing tracks". In
3416-570: The British royal family have studied at Trinity and been awarded degrees: Prince William of Gloucester and Edinburgh , who gained an MA in 1790, and King Charles III , who was awarded a lower second class BA in 1970. Royal family members that have studied at Trinity without obtaining degrees include Edward VII , George VI , and Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester . The Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge contains
3538-569: The Munich Agreement . Virginia Woolf published her radical feminist polemic Three Guineas that shocked some of her fellow members, including Keynes who had enjoyed the gentler A Room of One's Own (1929). Keynes read his My Early Beliefs to The Memoir Club. Clive Bell published an appeasement pamphlet (he later supported the war), and E. M. Forster wrote an early version of his famous essay " What I Believe " with its choice of personal relations over patriotism: his quiet assertion in
3660-545: The Tompkins Table (the annual unofficial league table of Cambridge colleges), coming top from 2011 to 2017, and regaining the position in 2024. Trinity was the top-performing college for the 2020–21 undergraduate exams, obtaining the highest percentage of good honours. Trinity's many college societies include the Trinity Mathematical Society , the oldest mathematical university society in
3782-497: The Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS), the main pre-1992 UK University pension provider. In response, more than 500 Cambridge academics signed an open letter undertaking to "refuse to supervise Trinity students or to engage in other discretionary work in support of Trinity's teaching and research activities". On 17 February 2020, protestors from the campaign group Extinction Rebellion dug up
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3904-476: The University of Cambridge for the men and King's College London for the women, who at one point lived, worked or studied together near Bloomsbury , London. According to Ian Ousby , "although its members denied being a group in any formal sense, they were united by an abiding belief in the importance of the arts." The historian C. J. Coventry , resurrecting an older argument by Raymond Williams , disputes
4026-491: The first Earl of Lytton , who had been a friend of Richard Strachey's when he was Viceroy of India in the late 1870s. The Earl of Lytton was also Lytton Strachey's godfather. The Stracheys had thirteen children in total, ten of whom survived to adulthood, including Lytton's sister Dorothy Strachey and youngest brother, the psychoanalyst, James Strachey . When Lytton was four years old the family moved from Stowey House to 69 Lancaster Gate , north of Kensington Gardens . This
4148-537: The river . For the finale, John Wilbye 's madrigal Draw on, sweet night , the raft is unmoored and punted downstream to give a fade out effect. As a tradition, however, this latter concert dates back only to the mid-1980s, when the College Choir first acquired female members. In the years immediately before this, an annual concert on the river was given by the University Madrigal Society. Another tradition relates to an artificial duck known as
4270-493: The summum bonum lies in achieving a high quality of humanity, in experiencing delectable states of mind, and in intensifying experience by contemplating great works of art, was a particularly important influence. In the summer of 1903, Strachey applied for a position in the education department of the Civil Service. Even though the letters of recommendation written for him by those under whom he had studied showed that he
4392-824: The 121 received by members of the University of Cambridge (the highest of any college at either Oxford or Cambridge). Members of the college have received four Fields Medals , one Turing Award and one Abel Prize . Trinity alumni include the father of the scientific method (or empiricism ) Francis Bacon , six British prime ministers (the highest number of any Cambridge college), physicists Isaac Newton , James Clerk Maxwell , Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr , mathematicians Srinivasa Ramanujan and Charles Babbage , poets Lord Byron and Lord Tennyson , English jurist Edward Coke , writers Vladimir Nabokov and A. A. Milne , historians Lord Macaulay and G. M. Trevelyan and philosophers Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell (whom it expelled before reaccepting). Two members of
4514-457: The 1930s brought new criticism from younger writers of "what the last lot had done (Bloomsbury, Modernism, Eliot) in favour of what they thought of as urgent hard-hitting realism"; while " Wyndham Lewis 's The Apes of God , which called Bloomsbury élitist, corrupt and talentless, caused a stir" of its own. The most telling criticism, however, came perhaps from within the Group's own ranks, when on
4636-522: The 1960s, listed as "Old Bloomsbury" Adrian and Karin Stephen , Saxon Sydney-Turner , and Molly MacCarthy , with Julian Bell , Quentin Bell and Angelica Bell , and David Garnett as "later additions". Except for Forster, who published three novels before the highly successful Howards End in 1910, the group were late developers. There were stable marriages and varied and complicated affairs among
4758-502: The Apostles they also encountered the analytic philosophers G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell who were revolutionizing British philosophy at the start of the 20th century. Distinguishing between ends and means was a commonplace of ethics, but what made Moore's Principia Ethica (1903) so important for the philosophical basis of Bloomsbury thought was Moore's conception of intrinsic worth as distinct from instrumental value . As with
4880-511: The BBC. John Maynard Keynes's The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936) made him one of the century's most influential economists. He died in 1946 after being much involved in monetary negotiations with the United States. The diversity yet collectivity of Later Bloomsbury's ideas and achievements can be summed up in a series of credos that were made in 1938, the year of
5002-582: The British Olympic runners of 1924. The run was filmed at Eton College in Berkshire, not in Great Court. Until the mid-1990s, the run was traditionally attempted by first-year students at midnight following their matriculation dinner. Following a number of accidents to undergraduates running on slippery cobbles, the college now organises a more formal Great Court Run, at 12 noon on the day of
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5124-629: The Mallard, which should reside in the rafters of the Great Hall. Students occasionally moved the duck from one rafter to another without permission from the college. This is considered difficult; access to the Hall outside meal-times is prohibited and the rafters are dangerously high, so it was not attempted for several years. During the Easter term of 2006, the Mallard was knocked off its rafter by one of
5246-520: The Master and Fellows, make up the Foundation of the College . In order of seniority: These scholarships are tenable for the academic year following that in which the result was achieved. If a scholarship is awarded but the student does not continue at Trinity then only a quarter of the stipend is given. However, all students who achieve a First are awarded an additional £240 prize upon announcement of
5368-573: The Oxford college of the same name. In the 20th century, Trinity College, St John's College and King's College were for decades the main recruiting grounds for the Cambridge Apostles , an elite, intellectual secret society. In 2011, the John Templeton Foundation awarded Trinity College's Master, the astrophysicist Martin Rees , its controversial million-pound Templeton Prize , for "affirming life's spiritual dimension". Trinity
5490-528: The River Cam. It was built of Portland stone in 1765 to the designs of James Essex to replace an earlier bridge built in 1651 and is a Grade I listed building. Over the last twenty years, the college has always come at least eighth in the Tompkins Table , which ranks the twenty-nine undergraduate Cambridge colleges according to the academic performance of their undergraduates, and for the last six occasions it has been in first place. Its average position in
5612-622: The Terminus Note in E. M. Forster 's Maurice , Forster remarks that the Cambridge undergraduate Risley in the novel is based on Strachey. Strachey was portrayed by Jonathan Pryce in the film Carrington (1995), which won the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival that year, while Pryce won Best Actor for his performance. In the film Al sur de Granada (2003), Strachey was portrayed by James Fleet . Strachey
5734-583: The Tompkins Table over that period has been between second and third, higher than any other. In 2016, 45% of Trinity undergraduates achieved First Class Honours, twelve percentage points ahead of second place Pembroke – a record among Cambridge colleges. Trinity's history, academic performance and alumni have made it one of the most prestigious constituent colleges of the University, making admission extremely competitive. About 50% of Trinity's undergraduates attended independent schools. In 2006 it accepted
5856-648: The United Kingdom, and the First and Third Trinity Boat Club , its rowing club which gives its name to the May ball . Along with Christ's , Jesus , King's and St John's colleges, it has provided several well-known members of the Cambridge Apostles , an intellectual secret society . In 1848, Trinity hosted the meeting at which Cambridge undergraduates representing fee-paying private schools codified
5978-672: The West Central 1 district of London known as Bloomsbury . They were "spiritually" similar to the Clapham group who supported its members' careers: "The Bloomsberries promoted one another's work and careers just as the original Claphamites did, as well as the intervening generations of their grandparents and parents." A historical feature of these friends and relations is that their close relationships all pre-dated their fame as writers, artists, and thinkers. The group had ten core members: In addition to these ten, Leonard Woolf , in
6100-546: The Woolfs founded their Hogarth Press , which would publish T. S. Eliot , Katherine Mansfield , and many others including Virginia herself along with the standard English translations of Freud . Then in 1918 Lytton Strachey published his critique of Victorianism in the shape of four ironic biographies in Eminent Victorians , which added to the arguments about Bloomsbury that continue to this day, and "brought him
6222-585: The Wren Library and New Court. The Wren Library (built 1676–1695, Christopher Wren ) is located at the west end of Nevile's Court, the Wren is one of Cambridge's most famous and well-endowed libraries. Among its notable possessions are two of Shakespeare 's First Folios, a 14th-century manuscript of The Vision of Piers Plowman , letters written by Sir Isaac Newton, and the Eadwine Psalter . Below
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#17327823611196344-423: The authorities. The students then inserted another bicycle. Whewell's Court (1860–1868, Anthony Salvin ) is located across the street from Great Court, and was entirely paid for by William Whewell , the Master of the college from 1841 until his death in 1866. The north range was later remodelled by W.D. Caroe . Angel Court (built 1957–1959, H. C. Husband ) is located between Great Court and Trinity Street , and
6466-540: The background of the Cambridge spies , Andrew Sinclair wrote about the Bloomsbury group: "rarely in the field of human endeavour has so much been written about so few who achieved so little". American philosopher Martha Nussbaum was quoted in 1999 as saying "I don't like anything that sets itself up as an in-group or an elite, whether it is the Bloomsbury group or Derrida ". Raymond Williams saw Bloomsbury as
6588-643: The black gowns favoured by most other Cambridge colleges. They are instead dark blue with black facings. They are expected to be worn to formal events such as formal halls and also when an undergraduate sees the Dean of the College in a formal capacity. Trinity students, along with those of King's and St John's , are the first to be presented to the Congregation of the Regent House at graduation. Members of Trinity have been awarded 34 Nobel Prizes out of
6710-466: The building are the pleasant Wren Library Cloisters, where students may enjoy a fine view of the Great Hall in front of them, and the river and Backs directly behind. New Court (or King's Court ; built 1825, William Wilkins ) is located to the south of Nevile's Court, and built in Tudor-Gothic style; this court is notable for the large tree in the centre. A myth is sometimes circulated that this
6832-415: The challenge difficult is that they started at the middle of one side of the court, having to negotiate four right-angle turns. In the days when students started at a corner, only three turns were needed. In addition, Cram and Coe ran entirely on the flagstones, while until 2017 students have typically cut corners to run on the cobbles. The Great Court Run was portrayed in the film Chariots of Fire about
6954-581: The circuit on the day of the Matriculation Dinner. It is a difficult challenge: one needs to be a fine sprinter to achieve it, but it is not necessary to be of Olympic standard, despite assertions made in the press. It is widely believed that Sebastian Coe successfully completed the run when he beat Steve Cram in a charity race in October 1988. Coe's time on 29 October 1988 was reported by Norris McWhirter to have been 45.52 seconds, but it
7076-417: The college founder, Henry VIII , stands in a niche above the doorway. In 1983, Trinity College undergraduate Lance Anisfeld , then Vice-President of CURLS (Cambridge Union Raving Loony Society), replaced the chair leg with a bicycle pump. Once discovered the following day, the college removed the pump and replaced it with another chair leg. The original chair leg was auctioned off by TV Presenter Chris Serle at
7198-827: The college. Other notable female Fellows include Anne Barton , Marilyn Strathern , Catherine Barnard , Lynn Gladden and Rebecca Fitzgerald . This list includes winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , which is not one of the five Nobel Prizes established by Alfred Nobel 's will in 1895. Four members or alumni of Trinity College have been awarded the Fields Medal . Other Trinity politicians include Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex , courtier of Elizabeth I ; William Waddington , Prime Minister of France; Erskine Hamilton Childers , fourth President of Ireland; Jawaharlal Nehru ,
7320-576: The coming of war again her mental instability recurred, and she drowned herself in 1941. In the previous decade she had become one of the century's most famous feminist writers with three more novels, and a series of essays including the moving late memoir " A Sketch of the Past ". It was also in the 1930s that Desmond MacCarthy became perhaps the most widely read—and heard—literary critic with his columns in The Sunday Times and his broadcasts for
7442-599: The concept of form above content in works of art": it has been suggested that, with their "focus on form ...Bell's ideas have come to stand in for, perhaps too much so, the aesthetic principles of the Bloomsbury Group". The establishment's hostility to post-impressionism made Bloomsbury controversial, and controversial they have remained. Clive Bell polemicized post-impressionism in his widely read book Art (1914), basing his aesthetics partly on Roger Fry's art criticism and G. E. Moore's moral philosophy; and as
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#17327823611197564-548: The darkening 1930s, Bloomsbury began to die: "Bloomsbury itself was hardly any longer a focus". A year after publishing a collection of brief lives, Portraits in Miniature (1931), Lytton Strachey died; shortly afterwards Carrington shot herself. Roger Fry died in 1934. Vanessa and Clive's eldest son, Julian Bell , was killed in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War . Virginia Woolf wrote Fry's biography , but with
7686-463: The distinction between love (an intrinsic state) and monogamy (a behavior, i.e. instrumental), Moore's differentiation between intrinsic and instrumental value allowed the Bloomsburies to maintain an ethical high-ground based on intrinsic merit, independent of, and without reference to, the consequences of their actions. For Moore, intrinsic value depended on an indeterminable intuition of good and
7808-590: The early rules of Association football , known as the Cambridge Rules . Trinity's sister college is Christ Church, Oxford . Trinity has been linked with Westminster School since the school's re-foundation in 1560, and its Master is an ex officio governor of the school. The college was founded by Henry VIII in 1546, from the merger of two existing colleges: Michaelhouse (founded by Hervey de Stanton in 1324), and King's Hall (established by Edward II in 1317 and refounded by Edward III in 1337). At
7930-440: The enlargement and completion of Great Court and the construction of Nevile's Court between Great Court and the river Cam . Nevile's Court was completed in the late 17th century with the Wren Library , designed by Christopher Wren . Nevile's building campaign drove the college into debt from which it surfaced only in the 1640s, and the Mastership of Richard Bentley adversely affected applications and finances. Bentley himself
8052-481: The eve of war Keynes gave a "nostalgic and disillusioned account of the pure sweet air of G. E. Moore, that belief in undisturbed individualism, that Utopianism based on a belief in human reasonableness and decency, that refusal to accept the idea of civilisation as 'a thin and precarious crust' ... Keynes's fond, elegiac repudiation of his "early beliefs", in the light of current affairs ("We completely misunderstood human nature, including our own")". In his book on
8174-593: The existence of the group and the extent of its impact, describing it as "curio" for those interested in Keynes and Woolf. All male members of the Bloomsbury Group, except Duncan Grant , were educated at Cambridge (either at Trinity or King's College ). Most of them, except Clive Bell and the Stephen brothers, were members of "the exclusive Cambridge society, the ' Apostles '". At Trinity in 1899 Lytton Strachey , Leonard Woolf , Saxon Sydney-Turner and Clive Bell became good friends with Thoby Stephen , and it
8296-554: The face of the increasingly totalitarian claims of both left and right that "personal relations ... love and loyalty to an individual can run counter to the claims of the State". In March 1920 Molly MacCarthy began the Memoir Club to help Desmond and herself write their memoirs; and also "for their friends to regroup after the war (with the proviso that they should always tell the truth)". It met until 1956 or 1964. The club
8418-658: The family moved to 67 Belsize Gardens in Hampstead , and later to another house in the same street, he was assigned other bed-sitters. But, as he was about to turn 30, family life started irritating him, and he took to travelling into the country more often, supporting himself by writing reviews and critical articles for The Spectator and other periodicals. In 1909 he spent some weeks at a health spa in Saltsjöbaden , near Stockholm in Sweden. In this period he also lived for
8540-435: The first and longest serving Prime Minister of India ; Rajiv Gandhi , Prime Minister of India; Lee Hsien Loong , Prime Minister of Singapore; Samir Rifai , Prime Minister of Jordan; Richard Blumenthal , incumbent senior US Senator from Connecticut; and William Whitelaw , Home Secretary and subsequently Deputy Prime Minister. The head of Trinity College is called the Master. The role is a Crown appointment, formally made by
8662-426: The first three parts of Eminent Victorians . Strachey's theory of biography was now fully developed and mature. He was greatly influenced by Dostoyevsky , whose novels he had been reading and reviewing as they appeared in Constance Garnett 's translations. The influence of Freud was important in Strachey's later works, most notably on Elizabeth and Essex , but not at this earlier stage. In 1916 Lytton Strachey
8784-552: The friends were not necessarily members of Bloomsbury: Keynes's wife Lydia Lopokova was only reluctantly accepted into the group, and there were certainly "writers who were at some time close friends of Virginia Woolf, but who were distinctly not 'Bloomsbury': T. S. Eliot , Katherine Mansfield , Hugh Walpole ". Another is Vita Sackville-West , who became " Hogarth Press 's best-selling author". Members cited in "other lists might include Ottoline Morrell , or Dora Carrington , or James and Alix Strachey ". The lives and works of
8906-457: The front lawn of Trinity College to protest against the College's investments in fossil fuels and its negotiations to sell off a farm in Suffolk that was to be turned into a lorry park. Lord Byron purportedly kept a pet bear whilst living in the college. Trinity is also often cited as the inventor of an English version of crème brûlée , known as "Trinity burnt cream". Trinity College has
9028-467: The governing class that distinguished it since the Civil War. In its infancy Trinity had owed a great deal to its neighbouring college of St John's : in the words of Roger Ascham , Trinity was a colonia deducta . Most of Trinity's major buildings date from the 16th and 17th centuries. Thomas Nevile , who became Master of Trinity in 1593, rebuilt and redesigned much of the college. This work included
9150-456: The grass in the college courts is exclusive to Fellows of the college and their guests. Scholars do, however, have the right to walk on the Scholars' Lawn, but only in full academic dress. The Great Court Run requires a circuit of the 400-yard perimeter of Great Court , in the 43 seconds of the clock striking 12. The time varies according to humidity. Students traditionally attempt to complete
9272-477: The graves of 27 Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge most of whom are also commemorated in Trinity College Chapel with brass plaques. Charles III , King of the United Kingdom , attended from 1967 to 1970. Marian Hobson was the first woman to become a Fellow of the college, having been elected in 1977, and her portrait now hangs in the college hall along with those of other notable members of
9394-909: The group Desmond MacCarthy, his wife Molly, and E. M. Forster. The group met not only in their homes in Bloomsbury, central London , but also at countryside retreats. There are two significant ones near Lewes in Sussex: Charleston Farmhouse , where Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant moved in 1916, and Monk's House (now owned by the National Trust ), in Rodmell , owned by Virginia and Leonard Woolf from 1919. Much about Bloomsbury appears to be controversial, including its membership and name: indeed, some would maintain that "the three words 'the Bloomsbury group' have been so much used as to have become almost unusable". Close friends, brothers, sisters, and even sometimes partners of
9516-417: The group members show an overlapping, interconnected similarity of ideas and attitudes that helped to keep the friends and relatives together, reflecting in large part the influence of G. E. Moore : "the essence of what Bloomsbury drew from Moore is contained in his statement that 'one's prime objects in life were love, the creation and enjoyment of aesthetic experience and the pursuit of knowledge'". Through
9638-490: The homosexual acts of the intelligent from those of "ordinary" men. In these years Strachey was highly prolific in writing verse, much of which has been preserved and some of which was published at the time. Strachey also became acquainted with other men who greatly influenced him, including G. Lowes Dickinson , John Maynard Keynes , Walter Lamb (brother of the painter Henry Lamb ), George Mallory , Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore . Moore's philosophy, with its assumption that
9760-413: The incredulous, weirdly emphasised Strachey voice". After World War I, as the members of the Group "began to be famous, the execration increased, and the caricature of an idle, snobbish and self-congratulatory rentier class , promoting its own brand of high culture began to take shape": as Forster self-mockingly put it, "In came the nice fat dividends, up rose the lofty thoughts". The growing threats of
9882-530: The individual members. Lytton Strachey and his cousin and lover Duncan Grant became close friends of the Stephen sisters, Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf. Duncan Grant had affairs with siblings Vanessa Bell and Adrian Stephen, as well as David Garnett, Maynard Keynes, and James Strachey. Clive Bell married Vanessa in 1907, and Leonard Woolf returned from the Ceylon Civil Service to marry Virginia in 1912. Cambridge Apostle friendships brought into
10004-657: The invention of an ageing and lonely Leonard Woolf , seeking to lift himself and his friends from obscurity. To Williams, the only two so-called "members" of any significance in their respective fields were Keynes and Virginia Woolf. Williams unfavourably compared the Bloomsbury Group to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and Arts and Crafts movement , finding that the older groups were more radical and consequential. Books and articles Museums and libraries Trinity College, Cambridge Scarf colours: navy, with three equally-spaced narrow stripes,
10126-596: The matriculation dinner: while some contestants compete seriously, many others run in fancy dress and there are prizes for the fastest man and woman in each category. {{{annotations}}} One Sunday each June, the College Choir perform a short concert immediately after the clock strikes noon. Known as Singing from the Towers , half of the choir sings from the top of the Great Gate, while the other half sings from
10248-691: The maximum of pleasure out of their personal relations. If this meant triangles or more complicated geometric figures, well then, one accepted that too". Yet at the same time, they shared a sophisticated, civilized, and highly articulated ideal of pleasure. As Virginia Woolf put it, their "triumph is in having worked out a view of life which was not by any means corrupt or sinister or merely intellectual; rather ascetic and austere indeed; which still holds, and keeps them dining together, and staying together, after 20 years". Politically, Bloomsbury held mainly left-liberal stances (opposed to militarism , for example); but its "clubs and meetings were not activist, like
10370-457: The meal, the simple formula Benedicto benedicatur is pronounced. Befitting the term trinity , Trinity College punts are named after people or things related to the number three, such as Bronze (award for third place), Codon (which has three nucleotides ) and Wise Monkey . In 2023, the launch of the punt Charles marked the coronation of alumnus Charles III . Trinity College undergraduate gowns are readily distinguished from
10492-521: The mid 16th century and is Grade I listed . There are a number of memorials to former Fellows of Trinity within the Chapel, including statues, brasses, and two memorials to graduates and Fellows who died during the World Wars. Among the most notable of these is a statue of Isaac Newton by Roubiliac , described by Sir Francis Chantrey as "the noblest, I think, of all our English statues." The Chapel
10614-511: The monarch on the advice of the prime minister. Nowadays, the fellows of the college propose a new master for the appointment, but the decision is formally that of the Crown. The first Master, John Redman , was appointed in 1546. Six masters subsequent to Rab Butler had been fellows of the college prior to becoming master ( honorary fellow in the case of Martin Rees ), the last of these being Sir Gregory Winter , appointed on 2 October 2012. He
10736-700: The most distinctive architecture in Cambridge with its Great Court said to be the largest enclosed courtyard in Europe. The college owns: In 2018, Trinity revealed that it had investments totalling £9.1 million in companies involved in oil and gas production, exploration and refinement. These included holdings of £1.2 million in Royal Dutch Shell, £1.7 million in Exxon Mobil and £1 million in Chevron. In 2019, Trinity confirmed its plan to withdraw from
10858-583: The most influential figure in his life before he went up to Cambridge . In 1899 Strachey took the Christ Church scholarship examination, wanting to get into Balliol College, Oxford , but the examiners determined that Strachey's academic achievements were not remarkable and were struck by his "shyness and nervousness." They recommended Lincoln College as a more suitable institution, advice that Lady Strachey took as an insult, deciding then that he would attend Trinity College, Cambridge , instead. Strachey
10980-475: The noise it made. Each evening before dinner, grace is recited by the senior fellow presiding, as follows: Benedic, Domine, nos et dona tua, quae de largitate tua sumus sumpturi, et concede, ut illis salubriter nutriti tibi debitum obsequium praestare valeamus, per Christum Dominum nostrum. Bless us, Lord, and these gifts which, through your generosity, we are about to receive and grant that we, wholesomely nourished by them, may be able to offer you
11102-467: The outer stripes of yellow and slightly narrower, the central stripe of red and slightly wider Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge . Founded in 1546 by King Henry VIII , Trinity is one of the largest Cambridge colleges , with the largest financial endowment of any Oxbridge college. It is the largest Oxbridge college measured by the number of undergraduates (730). Trinity performs exceptionally as measured by
11224-402: The page has already been reverted to a non-infringing revision or that infringing text has been removed or replaced before submitting this request. This template is reserved for obvious cases only, for other cases refer to Misplaced Pages:Copyright problems . The Bloomsbury Group was a group of associated British writers, intellectuals, philosophers and artists in the early 20th century. Among
11346-438: The people involved in the group were Virginia Woolf , John Maynard Keynes , E. M. Forster , Vanessa Bell , and Lytton Strachey . Their works and outlook deeply influenced literature , aesthetics , criticism , and economics , as well as modern attitudes towards feminism , pacifism , and sexuality . Although popularly thought of as a formal group, it was a loose collective of friends and relatives closely associated with
11468-489: The pigeons which enter the Hall through the pinnacle windows. It was reinstated by students in 2016, and is only visible from the far end of the hall. The college remains a great rival of St John's which is its main competitor in sports and academia. This has given rise to a number of anecdotes and myths. It is often cited as the reason why the older courts of Trinity generally have no J staircases, despite including other letters in alphabetical order. A far more likely reason
11590-421: The political organisations to which many of Bloomsbury's members also belonged", and they would be criticised for that by their 1930s successors, who by contrast were "heavily touched by the politics which Bloomsbury had rejected". The campaign for women's suffrage added to the controversial nature of Bloomsbury, as Virginia Woolf represented the group in the fictional The Years and Night and Day works about
11712-531: The pseudonym "Ignotus", he also published several drama reviews. During the First World War, Strachey applied for recognition as a conscientious objector , but in the event, he was granted exemption from military service on health grounds. He spent much of the war with like-minded people such as Lady Ottoline Morrell and the Bloomsburys . His first great success, and his most famous achievement,
11834-481: The publication of Landmarks , Strachey's mother and his friend Harry Norton supported him financially. Each provided him with £100, which, together with his earnings from the Edinburgh Review and other periodicals, made it possible for him to rent a small thatched cottage, The Lacket, outside the village of Lockeridge , near Marlborough, Wiltshire . He lived there until 1916 and it was there that he wrote
11956-404: The results. Many final year undergraduates who achieve first-class honours in their final exams are offered full financial support, through a scheme known as Internal Graduate Studentships, to read for a master's degree at Cambridge. Other support is available for PhD degrees. The College also offers a number of other bursaries and studentships open to external applicants. The right to walk on
12078-474: The service we owe through Christ our Lord. If both of the two high tables are in use then the following antiphonal formula is prefixed to the main grace: A. Oculi omnium in te sperant Domine: B. Et tu das escam illis in tempore. A. Aperis tu manum tuam, B. Et imples omne animal benedictione. The eyes of all are on you, Lord: and you give them their food, in due time. You open your hand and bestow upon all living things your blessing. Following
12200-598: The suffrage movement. Roger Fry joined the group in 1910. His Post-Impressionist exhibitions of 1910 and 1912 involved Bloomsbury in a second revolution following on the Cambridge philosophical one. This time the Bloomsbury painters were much involved and influenced. Fry and other Bloomsbury artists rejected the traditional distinction between fine and decorative art. These "Bloomsbury assumptions" are reflected in members' criticisms of materialistic realism in painting and fiction, influenced above all by Clive Bell's "concept of 'Significant Form', which separated and elevated
12322-486: The three years he spent at Leamington, although various illnesses continued to plague him. When Strachey turned 17 in 1897, Lady Strachey decided that he was ready to leave school and go to university, but because she thought he was too young for Oxford she decided that he should first attend a smaller institution, the University of Liverpool . There Strachey befriended the professor of modern literature, Walter Raleigh , who, besides being his favourite teacher, also became
12444-494: The time, Henry had been seizing (Catholic) church lands from abbeys and monasteries. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge , being both religious institutions and quite rich, expected to be next in line. The King duly passed an Act of Parliament that allowed him to suppress (and confiscate the property of) any college he wished. The universities used their contacts to plead with his sixth wife, Catherine Parr . The Queen persuaded her husband not to close them down, but to create
12566-695: The top of the Clock Tower approximately 60 metres away, giving a strong antiphonal effect. Midway through the concert, the Cambridge University Brass Ensemble performs from the top of the Queen's Tower. Later that same day, the College Choir gives a second open-air concert, known as Singing on the River , where they perform madrigals and arrangements of popular songs from a raft of punts lit with lanterns or fairy lights on
12688-624: The triumph he had always longed for ... The book was a sensation". The following year came J. M. Keynes's influential attack on the Versailles Peace Treaty : The Economic Consequences of the Peace established Maynard as a Neo-Classical economist and political economist of international eminence. Bloomsbury members became known for distinctive garments; Woolf in particular was opposed to conventions surrounding formal attire, such as "dressing for dinner". The 1920s were in
12810-430: The tutors' garden parties in the summer months, while the Master's Garden is located behind the Master's Lodge. The Old Fields are located on the western side of Grange Road , next to Burrell's Field. It currently houses the college's gym, changing rooms, squash courts, badminton courts, rugby, hockey and football pitches along with tennis and netball courts. Trinity Bridge is a stone built triple-arched road bridge across
12932-532: The upheavals and dislocations of war, in many ways were even strengthened by them". Most but not all of them were conscientious objectors. Politically, the members of Bloomsbury had liberal and socialist leanings. Though the war dispersed Old Bloomsbury, the individuals continued to develop their careers. E. M. Forster followed his successful novels with Maurice which he could not publish because it treated homosexuality untragically. In 1915, Virginia Woolf brought out her first novel, The Voyage Out ; and in 1917
13054-509: The war came he argued that "in these days of storm and darkness, it seemed right that at the shrine of civilization - in Bloomsbury, I mean - the lamp should be tended assiduously". Old Bloomsbury's development was affected, along with much of modernist culture, by the First World War : "the small world of Bloomsbury was later said by some on its outskirts to have been irretrievably shattered", though in fact its friendships "survived
13176-534: Was Eminent Victorians (1918), a collection of four short biographies of Victorian heroes. Unlike any biography of its time, Eminent Victorians examines the career and psychology of historical figures by using literary devices such as paradox, antithesis, hyperbole, and irony. This work was followed by another in the same style, Queen Victoria (1921). From then on, Strachey needed no further financial aid. He continued to live at Tidmarsh until 1924 when he moved to Ham Spray House near Marlborough, Wiltshire . This
13298-438: Was actually 46.0 seconds, while Cram's was 46.3 seconds. The clock on that day took 44.4 seconds and the video film confirms that Coe was some 12 metres short of the finish line when the final stroke occurred. The television commentators were wrong to speculate that the dying sounds of the bell could be included in the striking time, thereby allowing Coe's run to be claimed as successful. One reason Olympic runners Cram and Coe found
13420-585: Was admitted as a Pensioner at Trinity College, Cambridge , on 30 September 1899. He became an Exhibitioner in 1900 and a Scholar in 1902. He won the Chancellor's Medal for English Verse in 1902 and was given a BA degree after he had won a second class in the History Tripos in June 1903. He did not however take leave of Trinity but remained until October 1905 to work on a thesis that he hoped would gain him
13542-580: Was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize . Strachey was born on 1 March 1880 at Stowey House, Clapham Common , London, the fifth son and 11th child of Lieutenant General Sir Richard Strachey , an officer in the British colonial armed forces, and his second wife, the former Jane Grant , who became a leading supporter of the women's suffrage movement. He was named Giles Lytton after an early 16th-century Gyles Strachey and
13664-532: Was back in London, living with his mother at 6 Belsize Park Gardens , Hampstead , where she had now moved. In the late autumn of 1917, however, his brother Oliver and his friends Harry Norton, John Maynard Keynes, and Saxon Sydney-Turner agreed to pay the rent on the Mill House at Tidmarsh , near Pangbourne , Berkshire. From 1904 to 1914 Strachey contributed book and theatre reviews to The Spectator . Under
13786-443: Was held in high esteem at Cambridge, he failed to get the appointment and decided to try for a fellowship at Trinity College. From 1903 through 1905 he wrote a 400-page dissertation on Warren Hastings , the 18th-century Indian imperialist, but the work failed to secure Strachey the fellowship and led to his return to London. After Strachey left Cambridge in 1905, his mother assigned him a bed-sitting room at 69 Lancaster Gate. After
13908-428: Was his home for the rest of his life. Strachey died of stomach cancer on 21 January 1932, aged 51. It is reported that his final words were: "If this is dying, then I don't think much of it." Strachey spoke openly about his homosexuality with his Bloomsbury friends and had relationships with a variety of men including Ralph Partridge . Strachey met the painter Dora Carrington during the First World War and they had
14030-508: Was made up of members of the Bloomsbury Group, a loose collective of artists, writers, intellectuals, and philosophers. Some of the core members of the Bloomsbury Group included Virginia Woolf, Leonard Woolf, Vanessa Bell, Clive Bell, John Maynard Keynes, Roger Fry, E.M. Forster, Lytton Strachey, Sir Desmond MacCarthy, and Duncan Grant. Early complaints focused on a perceived cliquiness: "on personal mannerisms—the favourite phrases ('ex-quisitely civilized', and 'How simply too extraordinary!'),
14152-542: Was mainly interested sexually in Partridge, as well as in various other young men, including a secret sadomasochistic relationship with Roger Senhouse , later the head of the publishing house Secker & Warburg . Strachey's letters, edited by Paul Levy, were published in 2005. Virginia Woolf 's husband Leonard Woolf said that in her experimental novel The Waves , "there is something of Lytton in Neville". Lytton
14274-613: Was notorious for the construction of a hugely expensive staircase in the Master's Lodge and for his repeated refusals to step down despite pleas from the Fellows. Besides, despite not being a sister college of Trinity College in Dublin, as is the case with Saint John's College , Cambridge, it is believed that the Irish institution takes its name from this college, which was the alma mater of its first provost, Adam Loftus and, likewise, from
14396-588: Was portrayed by Ed Birch in the 2015 mini-series Life in Squares . Strachey was portrayed by Nigel Planer as Lytton Scratchy in Gloomsbury , by Sue Limb , a parody of the Bloomsbury Group, 5 series, 2012-2018 on BBC Radio 4. Strachey was portrayed by Simon Russell Beale in the 2020 BBC Radio 3 play Elizabeth and Essex by Robin Brooks . Bloomsbury Group Note to the requestor : Make sure
14518-494: Was the tree from which the apple dropped onto Isaac Newton ; in fact, Newton was at home in Woolsthorpe when he deduced his theory of gravity – and the tree is a horse chestnut tree. For many years it was the custom for students to place a bicycle high in branches of the tree of New Court. Usually invisible except in winter, when the leaves had fallen, such bicycles tended to remain for several years before being removed by
14640-399: Was their home until Sir Richard retired 20 years later. Lady Strachey was an enthusiast for languages and literature, making her children perform their own plays and write verse from an early age. She thought that Lytton had the potential to become a great artist so she decided that he would receive the best education possible to be "enlightened." By 1887 he had begun the study of French, and he
14762-413: Was through Thoby and Adrian Stephen 's sisters Vanessa and Virginia that the men met the women of Bloomsbury when they came down to London. In 1905 Vanessa began the "Friday Club" and Thoby ran "Thursday Evenings", which became the basis for the Bloomsbury Group, which to some was really "Cambridge in London". Thoby's premature death in 1906 brought them more firmly together and they became what
14884-712: Was to admire French culture throughout his life. Strachey was educated at a series of schools, beginning at Parkstone , Dorset. This was a small school with a wide range of after-class activities, where Strachey's acting skills exceeded those of other pupils; he was particularly convincing when portraying female parts. He told his mother how much he liked dressing as a woman in real life to confuse and entertain others. Lady Strachey decided in 1893 that her son should start his more serious education and sent him to Abbotsholme School in Rocester , Derbyshire, where pupils were required to do manual work every day. Strachey, who always had
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