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57-458: MIPT can refer to: Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism MiPT, N-Methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine Male Iron Pipe Thread, see Gender of connectors and fasteners Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

114-622: A government decree re-established Phystech as the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Apart from Kapitsa, other prominent scientists who taught at MIPT in the years that followed included Nobel prize winners Nikolay Semyonov , Lev Landau , Alexandr Prokhorov , Vitaly Ginzburg ; and Academy of Sciences members Sergey Khristianovich , Mikhail Lavrentiev , Mstislav Keldysh , Sergey Korolyov and Boris Rauschenbach . MIPT alumni include Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov ,

171-644: A scientific degree. In connection with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the scientific institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, located in the former Soviet republics and which were part of the academies of sciences of the Union republics, became part of the new independent states. Only the Russian Federation did not have its own Academy of Sciences during the Soviet Union despite

228-541: A shadow over an independent school based largely on his ideas. Instead, a new government decree was issued on November 25, 1946, establishing the new school as a Department of Physics and Technology within Moscow State University . November 25 is celebrated as the date of MIPT's founding. Kapitsa foresaw that within a traditional educational institution, the new school would encounter bureaucratic obstacles, but even though Kapitsa's original plan to create

285-658: Is located in Dolgoprudny , a northern suburb of Moscow. However the Aeromechanics Department is based in Zhukovsky , a suburb south-east of Moscow. In international rankings, the university was ranked 44th by The Three University Missions Ranking in 2022, In 2020 and 2021, Times Higher Education ranked MIPT #201 in the world, in 2022 QS World University Ratings ranked it #290 in the world, in 2022 U.S. News & World Report ranked it #475 in

342-466: Is optional, while seminar and lab attendance affects grades. Andre Geim, a graduate and Nobel prize winner stated "The pressure to work and to study was so intense that it was not a rare thing for people to break and leave and some of them ended up with everything from schizophrenia to depression to suicide." MIPT follows a semester system. Each semester includes 15 weeks of instruction, two weeks of finals and then three weeks of oral and written exams on

399-552: The Russian Academy of Sciences . At the time of enrollment, each student is assigned to a base that matches his or her interests. Starting with the third year, a student begins to commute to their base regularly, becoming essentially a part-time employee. During the last two years, a student spends 4–5 days a week at their base institute and only one day at MIPT. The base organization idea is somewhat similar to an internship in that students participate in "real work." However,

456-643: The 2010 winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics . The key principles of the Phystech System, as outlined by Kapitsa in his 1946 letter arguing for the founding of MIPT: In 2016, a large-scale reform took place, and MIPT has since been divided into Phystech schools, created from the ex-faculties: Despite the formation of new departments, students and teachers of the Institute often continue to use

513-605: The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union located in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic were transferred to the ownership of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In December 1991, elections to the Russian Academy of Sciences were held, and the scientists who took part in these elections, together with the full members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, constituted the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1992,

570-405: The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union to Moscow – one of the most important steps towards turning it into the headquarters of Soviet science – was carried out in a fire order". In 1935, the permanent secretary of the academy, Vyacheslav Volgin , wrote a letter to Joseph Stalin asking for his release from the position of permanent secretary. In the letter, he stressed that he alone was doing

627-484: The Academy of Sciences, but already in February, under conditions of extreme pressure, they were forced to reconsider their decision. In 1929, a government commission headed by Yuri Petrovich Figatner was sent to Leningrad to "cleanse" the academy. In June–December 1929, by its decision, 128 full-time employees (out of 960) and 520 supernumerals (out of 830) were dismissed from the Academy of Sciences. Sergey Oldenburg

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684-602: The Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists. In 1925, its 200th anniversary was solemnly celebrated. A new charter was adopted for this date. The first president of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the well-known scientist, geologist Alexander Karpinsky , who previously held the presidency of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Attempts to establish state and party control over

741-930: The General Assembly, it elects every 4 years the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. Presidents of the Academy of Sciences in the Soviet period: The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union consisted of fourteen (from 1956) republican academies (the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic did not have its own academy) and three regional branches in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic: Siberian (1957), Far Eastern (1987) and Ural (1987). and others. Critics noted that, despite

798-613: The International Association of Academies of Sciences was established. The objectives of the activities of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were to promote the full implementation of scientific advances in the practice of communist construction in the USSR; identification and development of the most important and fundamental areas of science. Coordination was also conducted through regional offices and republican academies of sciences. The research activity of

855-819: The Kazakh and Tajik. In 1933, the Transcaucasian branch was established with branches in Armenia and Azerbaijan, and in 1934, the Kola Research Base. In 1935, Azerbaijan, and in 1936 the Armenian branch of the Transcaucasian branch were transformed into independent branches of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Northern Base appeared, in 1939 the Uzbek Base, and in 1941, on

912-521: The Master's thesis). The full course of education at MIPT takes six years to complete, just like an American bachelor's degree followed by a master's degree. The MIPT curriculum is more extensive compared to an average American college according to the school. There is an opinion at the school that an MIPT specialist/Master's diploma may be roughly equivalent to an American PhD in physics. In 2020 and 2021, Times Higher Education ranked MIPT #201 in

969-509: The Qualification Committee consisting of both MIPT faculty and the base organization staff. Defending the thesis is a requirement for graduation. As of 2005, MIPT had 103 base organizations. The following list of institutes is currently far from being complete: In addition, a number of Russian and Western companies act as base organizations of MIPT. These include: Before 1998, students could graduate only after completing

1026-590: The Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991. It united the country's leading scientists and was subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (until 1946 the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union ). In 1991, by the decree of the President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Russian Academy of Sciences

1083-575: The Soviet Union as a whole to 1,700, 5,300, and 5,100 successively in 1945, 1970 and 1985. By 1985, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union had: For its achievements, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was twice awarded the Order of Lenin : in 1969 and 1974. In 1932, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union organized its first branches – the Ural and the Far East – and research bases –

1140-497: The Soviet system of higher education. Applicants, selected by challenging examinations and personal interviews, would be taught by and work together with, prominent scientists. Each student would follow a personalized curriculum created to match his or her particular areas of interest and specialization. This system would later become known as the Phystech System . In a letter to Stalin in February 1946, Kapitsa argued for

1197-416: The academy was conducted in a network of institutes, laboratories, observatories. The network of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union included 295 scientific institutions. The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union had its own publishing house , a research fleet, a network of libraries. The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union awarded awards to scientists who have made significant contributions to

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1254-490: The best expert on the subject". "I'm already 56 years old", Vyacheslav Petrovich continues, "and there is not much time left for science. A few more years – and I will not be able to return to science". Moreover, in a letter to Stalin, he noted that in the party group, he no longer feels the former positive assessment of his work. On August 8, 1935, at a meeting of the Politburo, it was proposed to release Vyacheslav Volgin from

1311-415: The challenge and romanticism of working on the forefront of science and technology and on projects of "government importance," many of them classified, made it an untouchable rival of every other school in the country, including MSU's own Department of Physics. At the same time, the increasing disfavor of Kapitsa with the government (in 1950 he was essentially under house arrest) and anti-semitic repressions of

1368-407: The commission to draw up a charter and reorganize the Academy of Sciences was held on February 28, 1930. The draft of the new charter was discussed and approved by the session of the Academy of Sciences on March 31 – April 5, 1930, and it approved the first work plan of the Academy of Sciences for 1931–1932. On April 4, 1930, the charter was adopted at the General Assembly. In 1930, in connection with

1425-617: The committee for the management of scientists and educational institutions of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union). In 1934, the Presidium of the academy and 14 scientific institutes were transferred from Leningrad to Moscow (On April 25, 1934, Vyacheslav Molotov signed the corresponding decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union ). As Felix Perchenok noted, "the transfer of

1482-493: The decree of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union dated June 26, 1937, this position was abolished altogether, and since that time administrative officers have performed the duties of secretaries. On January 1, 1937, in the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was: From 1945 to 1970, the total number of researchers (including faculty and research personnel of higher education) increased more than sevenfold: from 130 thousand to 950 thousand people. One of

1539-471: The development of science. The total number of active members of the Academy of Sciences on January 1, 1936 – 98 people. In 1989, the academy consisted of: The organs of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were formed exclusively on an electoral basis. The supreme body is the General Meeting of Academicians and Corresponding Members. To guide the academy in the periods between sessions of

1596-420: The difficult work of an indispensable secretary all the time, while other members of the party group only "threw out ideas", sometimes useful, sometimes fantastic. For five years in this post, Volgin not only could not continue his scientific work, but could not even read books in his specialty, could not follow the development of his science. "Meanwhile", he adds, "I was considered in the well-known narrow field as

1653-461: The establishment of a "College of Physics and Technology" ( Russian : Высшая физико-техническая школа ). For unknown reasons, the initial plan came to a halt in the summer of 1946. The exact circumstances are not documented, but the common assumption is that Kapitsa's refusal to participate in the Soviet atomic bomb project and his disfavor with the government and communist party that followed, cast

1710-659: The eve of the Great Patriotic War , the Turkmen branch. By the end of 1941, the Academy of Sciences had 7 branches (Azerbaijan, Armenian, Kazakh, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek, and Ural), two research bases (Kola and North), and one mountain taiga station. The scientific institutions of the branches and bases of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union at that time had about 1,500 scientific and technical workers, including 12 academicians, 11 corresponding members, 126 doctors, 284 candidates of science, 610 scientists without

1767-419: The fact that 98% of the scientific institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were in the Russian Federation, and 95% of the members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union worked and lived in the Russian Federation. In fact, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the Russian Academy of Sciences. On November 21, 1991, on the initiative of Russian academicians, a presidential decree

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1824-561: The faculty. In recent years, oral exams have been eliminated, but the interview remains an important part of the selection process. The strongest performers in national physics and mathematics competitions and IMO / IPhO participants are granted admission without exams, subject only to the interview. In accordance with the traditions of the Soviet education system , education at MIPT is free for most students. Further, students receive small scholarships (as of 2020, $ 70–105 for bachelor's and $ 110–140 for master's degree per month, depending on

1881-410: The first three years. A typical course load during the first and second years can be over 48 hours a week, not including homework. Classes are taught five days a week, beginning at 9:00 am or 10:30 am and continuing until 5:00 pm, 6:30 pm, or 8:00 pm. Most subjects include a combination of lectures and seminars (problem-solving study sessions in smaller groups) or laboratory experiments. Lecture attendance

1938-489: The first years of Soviet Russia, the Institute of the Academy of Sciences was perceived rather ambiguously as a closed and elite scientific education. However, in 1918, after negotiations with the then leadership of the Academy of Sciences, which had already been renamed from "Imperial" to "Russian", cooperation began with the new government. The financing of the academy was entrusted to the People's Commissariat for Education and

1995-486: The full six-year curriculum and defending their thesis. Upon graduation, they were awarded a specialist degree in Applied Mathematics and Physics and, beginning in the early 1990s, a Master's degree in Physics. Since 1998, students have been awarded a Bachelor's degree diploma after four years of study and the defense of a Bachelor's "qualification work" (effectively a smaller and less involved version of

2052-541: The humanities, primarily historians). In February – April 1930, a new charter of the Academy of Sciences was developed and approved. The development of the project was entrusted to an academic commission approved by the plenary session of the Committee for the Management of Scientists and Educational Institutions of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union, headed by Vyacheslav Volgin . The first meeting of

2109-513: The late 1940s made Phystech an easy target of intrigues and accusations of "elitism" and " rootless cosmopolitanism ." In the summer of 1951, the Phystech department at MSU was shut down. A group of academicians, backed by Air Force general Ivan Fedorovich Petrov, who was a Phystech supporter influential enough to secure Stalin's personal approval on the issue, succeeded in re-establishing Phystech as an independent institute. On September 17, 1951,

2166-448: The most important subjects covered in the preceding semester. Starting with the third year, the curriculum matches each student's area of specialization and also includes more elective courses. Most importantly, starting with the third year, students begin work at base institutes (or "base organizations," usually simply called bases ). The bases are the core of the Phystech system. Most of them are research institutes, usually belonging to

2223-538: The need for such a school, which he tentatively called the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , to better maintain and develop the country's defense potential. The institute would follow the principles outlined above and was supposed to be governed by a board of directors of the leading research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences . On March 10, 1946, the government issued a decree mandating

2280-616: The new school as an independent organization did not come to fruition exactly as envisioned, its most important principles survived intact. The new department enjoyed considerable autonomy within Moscow State University. Its facilities were in Dolgoprudny (the two buildings it occupied are still part of the present day campus), away from the MSU campus. It had its own independent admissions and education system, different from

2337-476: The notable figures of this time was the economist Lev Gatovsky , which became director of the Institute of Economics of the academy from 1965 to 1971. In 1980 and 1985, the total number of research workers was already 1.4 and 1.5 million, respectively. The total number of scientific, scientific, pedagogical, design and design organizations of various types from 1945 to 1985 also increased steadily and amounted in

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2394-471: The old names of faculties. For example, LPR students are usually called "fopfs" ( Russian : фопфы ) in honor of the former Department of General and Applied Physics (DGAP, Russian : Факультет общей и прикладной физики , ФОПФ). Most students apply to MIPT immediately after graduating from high school at the age of 18. Traditionally, applicants were required to take written and oral exams in both mathematics and physics, write an essay and have an interview with

2451-452: The one centrally mandated for all other universities. It was headed by the MSU "vice rector for special issues"—a position created specifically to shield the department from the university management. As Kapitsa expected, the special status of the new school with its different "rules of engagement" caused much consternation and resistance within the university. The immediate cult status that Phystech gained among talented young people, drawn by

2508-427: The permanent secretary. Thus, for the first time in the practice of the Academy of Sciences, its leading core was directively appointed at a meeting of the highest party body with subsequent automatic approval at the General Assembly, and this also became a precedent for subsequent practice. During the period from December 1929 to December 1930, over 100 people were arrested under the "Academic Case" (mainly experts in

2565-401: The post of permanent secretary of the academy. On November 20, 1935, by resolution of the general meeting of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, he was thanked for his work in the governing bodies of the Academy of Sciences and freed from the duties of an indispensable secretary. His place was taken by the former affairs manager of the Council of People's Commissars Nikolai Gorbunov . By

2622-476: The president of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has signed a letter of support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine . The rector Dmitry Livanov did not sign it. In late 1945 and early 1946, a group of Soviet scientists, including the future Nobel Prize winner Pyotr Kapitsa , lobbied the government for the creation of a higher educational institution radically different from the type established in

2679-420: The previously independent Academy began in the mid-1920s: in 1925 the academy was subordinated to the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, in 1928, under pressure from the authorities, a number of new Communist members were elected to it. In January 1929, the academicians defiantly failed the three Communist candidates, Vladimir Fritsche , Nikolai Lukin and Abram Deborin , who were running for

2736-463: The reorganization of the Soviet government, the Academy of Sciences was transferred to the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. By the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union of December 14, 1933 "On the transfer of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union to the competence of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union" (before that, it was subordinated to

2793-474: The same are from Moscow region ; the rest come from all over the former Soviet Union. The student population is almost exclusively male, with the female/male ratio in a department rarely exceeding 15% (seeing 2–3 women in a class of 80 is not uncommon). In 2009 more than 20% of first year students were females. There are no reliable statistics on the careers of MIPT graduates. Nobel Prize winners USSR Academy of Sciences The Academy of Sciences of

2850-442: The similarity ends there. All base organizations also have a curriculum for visiting students and besides their work, the students are required to take those classes and pass exams. In other words, a base organization is an extension of MIPT, specializing in each particular student's area of interests. While working at the base organization, a student prepares a thesis based on his or her research work and presents ("defends") it before

2907-407: The student's performance) and rather cheap (as of 2020, $ 13–20 per month, depending on location and comfort) housing on campus. It normally takes six years for a student to graduate from MIPT. The curriculum of the first three years consists exclusively of compulsory courses, with emphasis on mathematics, physics and English. There are no significant curriculum differences between the departments in

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2964-540: The title MIPT . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIPT&oldid=863574588 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology The main MIPT campus

3021-551: The world, and in 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked it #501 in the world. As Phystech's founder, Pyotr Kapitsa , designed the institute inspired by and in accordance with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology model, Phystech is commonly hailed as the "MIT of Russia" and is considered to be the leading specialized technical institution of higher education in the former Soviet Union . Nikolay Kudryavtsev (Кудрявцев Николай Николаевич]),

3078-419: The world, in 2022 QS World University Ratings ranked it #290 in the world, in 2026 U.S. News & World Report ranked it #475 in the world, and in 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked it #501 in the world. Traditional university rankings are often based in part on the universities' research output and prizes won by faculty. About 15% of all students are residents of Moscow and nearly

3135-644: Was established on the basis of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was formed by a resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union dated July 27, 1925, on the basis of the Russian Academy of Sciences (before the February Revolution – the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences). In

3192-546: Was removed from the post of the permanent secretary of the academy at the end of October 1929, defending her independence. After that, the party-state bodies established full control over the academy. A new Presidium of the Academy of Sciences was elected. Even before this, on February 25, 1929, the Politburo issued a special decision: to leave Alexander Karpinsky as president, Gleb Krzhizhanovsky , Nikolai Marr , and Vladimir Komarov as vice-presidents, and Vyacheslav Volgin as

3249-514: Was signed to create the Russian Academy of Sciences , according to which all members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, including those living in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, automatically became members of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All buildings, large scientific instruments, vessels, scientific equipment and other state property that was in the use and disposal of institutions and organizations of

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