52-983: The MRT Pink Line ( Thai : รถไฟฟ้ามหานคร สายสีชมพู ) is an elevated monorail train line of the MRT in Bangkok and Nonthaburi Province , Thailand. The monorail line is 34.5 kilometres (21.4 mi) long and has 30 stations. It runs in the northern part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Area from Nonthaburi Civic Center in Pak Kret district , Nonthaburi along the major east–west transport corridor of Highway 304 (Chaeng Wattana and Ram Inthra roads) to terminate at Min Buri in Min Buri district in east Bangkok . It opened for free public trial operation on 21 November 2023 with Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin taking
104-623: A dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as a second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with
156-459: A PPP tender process which was not released until mid 2016. The BSR consortium consisting of BTS Group Holdings (75% majority stake) with Sino-Thai Engineering and Construction (STEC), and Ratch Group (RATCH) won the bid in early December 2016 to construct and operate the Pink Line. The BSR consortium won the bid for a 30-year concession operate the line and also won the bid to build and operate
208-612: A car window and injuring a child riding in the back seat. The Minister of Transport ordered a 7-day halt to construction in the area. Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout
260-600: A delay to 7 January, with a 15 percent discount for travels between Royal Irrigation Department and Min Buri, and the first four stations will be free of charge, running only in one direction on rails unaffected by the incident as a shuttle service, while the affected rails are being repaired. The line begins at Nonthaburi Civic Center near Khae Rai Junction, Nonthaburi Province , in the northwest of Greater Bangkok . The line then heads north along Tiwanon Road to Pak Kret Intersection, Pak Kret District , before turning east to run along Chaeng Watthana road . It interchanges with
312-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of
364-674: A handover ceremony attended by the Thai Prime Minister, the Bangkok Mass Transit System PLC. (BTSC) Chairman, MRTA and the Canadian Ambassador to Thailand. By July 2021, 8 sets had been delivered and were being tested. All sets were due to be delivered by early 2022. However, as of mid-April 2022, only 24 sets had been received and were progressively undergoing testing. The remaining sets were expected to be delivered by July 2022, but this
416-519: A new overpass plan, the relocation of Nonthaburi Civic Center station (PK01) and a flood mitigation project by the Highway Department impacting on the construction timeline of Laksi District (PK13), Chaeng Watthana Government Complex (PK 12) and Chaeng Watthana 14 stations (PK 11). By the end of November 2021, construction progress was 84.45%. On 9 December 2021, daily testing conducted at a maximum speed of 25 km/h (16 mph) began on
468-536: A period of 3 months, testing was conducted at higher speeds and along a longer section of track. In April 2022, the acting Director-General of the Department of Rail Transport stated that the line would not begin full testing until September 2022 and that the first stage would not open until late December 2022. In May 2023, a further 345-day extension was announced by the MRTA, delaying the start of trial operations for
520-463: A priority scheme to be completed by 2017–18, as it ran past the then recently opened Bangkok Government Complex. A review was undertaken in early 2012 to reconsider the heavy rail option, but cost restraints prevailed and the Office decided to continue with the monorail plan. The review of the line did result, however, in the addition of 6 new stations. The environmental impact assessment for the Pink Line
572-488: A short 4 km (2.5 mi) section of the line from the depot at Minburi to Bang Chan station. After a period of 3 months, testing was then conducted at higher speeds along a longer section of the line. By the end of March 2022, construction progress was at 86.51%. At the end of January 2023, civil works construction had progressed to 94.93%. By the end of May 2023, construction had progressed to 86.57%. By August 2023, construction had further progressed to 97.54%. In 2016,
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#1732786697993624-530: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and
676-587: Is a BTS Skytrain and MRT station, on the Sukhumvit Line and MRT Pink Line in Bangkok , Thailand . It is located in front of Wat Phra Sri Mahathat and is above Lak Si Roundabout. The BTS station is one of the few stations on the line with an island platform . The BTS station is part of the northern extension of the Sukhumvit Line and opened on 5 June 2020, as part of phase 3. The MRT Pink Line station opened on November 21, 2023 along with
728-506: Is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along the ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As
780-557: Is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of
832-486: Is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of the Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai
884-529: The MRT Orange Line at Min Buri station (OR28). The Pink Line was first proposed in 2005 by the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning as a heavy rail underground line. It was changed to a monorail line in 2008 to reduce construction costs. The director-general of the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning had previously stated in an interview that the Pink Line was considered
936-826: The MRT Yellow Line . On 16 June 2017, contracts were signed by the BSR consortium with the Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand . The BSR established the Northern Bangkok Monorail Company Limited (NBM) to operate the line. Construction of the Pink Line began in December 2017 with the BSR consortium establishing a number of preparation work sites and closing lanes along the east-west Chaeng Wattana-Ram Inthra corridor. By 30 September 2018, overall construction
988-742: The SRT Dark Red Line at Lak Si Station and passes over Vibhavadi Rangsit Road running east through the Ram Intra intersection and the Lak Si monument in Bang Khen District , where it crosses under the BTS Sukhumvit Line and interchanges with Wat Phra Sri Mahathat . The line then continues farther east along Ram Inthra Road to the northeast of Bangkok before terminating at Min Buri where it finally interchanges with
1040-572: The BTSC received a fund for an extension to link Impact, Muang Thong Thani and the Muang Thong Thani condominium buildings from Bangkok Land Public Company Limited. Accordingly, the BSR joint venture proposed a 2.8 km (1.7 mi), 2 station spur monorail route to link to Impact, Muang Thong Thani from what was then Si Rat station (now Muang Thong Thani station; the names were later switched). The two stations will be located adjacent to
1092-611: The Deputy PM approved the EIA and the MRTA evaluated construction costs of the spur line with BSR, with the final proposal proposed to be presented to Cabinet for approval by the end of November 2020. On 9 February 2021, Cabinet approved the 2.8 km (1.7 mi) spur line which is expected to cost 3.37 billion baht. Construction of the spur line was due to commence in July 2021. However, due to COVID-19 outbreaks in greater Bangkok construction
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#17327866979931144-750: The Impact Challenger building near Muang Thong Thani Lake and the Impact Forum. In early August 2018, a second public hearing was conducted by the MRTA into the extension proposal. The spur line proposal required a new EIA, which was completed in August 2020. The proposal was then presented to the Cabinet for approval to commence construction before the end of 2020. On 22 October 2020, the National Environment Board chaired by
1196-555: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to
1248-628: The Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard
1300-581: The Pink Line. The BSR announced that they will purchase 42 four-car sets to operate the line. The total order of 70 sets of trains for the Pink and Yellow lines will cost 50 billion baht. These trains will be manufactured by CRRC Puzhen Bombardier Transportation Systems (joint venture of Bombardier Transportation and CRRC Nanjing Puzhen ) in Wuhu , Anhui , China. The first set was shipped on 4 September 2020 and arrived in Thailand on 1 October at Laem Chabang port with
1352-491: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to
1404-525: The conductor rail was repaired. At 6:00 p.m. on 30 December, the seven stations reopened, with trains running in a single direction between Nonthaburi Civic Center and Royal Irrigation Department stations on the unaffected rails as a shuttle service, and in both directions on the remaining stations. On 30 March 2024 during construction of the Muang Thong Thani branch line, cement fell from the concourse of Impact Muang Thong Thani Station, breaking
1456-499: The country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and
1508-440: The end of November 2019. By the end of January 2020, construction had progressed to 51.96%. By the end of May 2020, construction had progressed to 58.78%. At the end of July 2020, construction had progressed to 61.83%. At the end of September 2020, construction was 66.31% complete. Construction was 70.32% complete by the end of December 2020. Construction progress was 74.14% complete by the end of February 2021. Construction progress
1560-538: The inaugural ride. The line is designed to link the northern areas of Bangkok and Nonthaburi by connecting with three existing and three future mass transit lines. At Nonthaburi Civic Center the line interchanges with the MRT Purple Line and the proposed MRT Brown Line . The line also interchanges with the SRT Dark Red Line , the BTS Sukhumvit Line and the planned BMA Grey Line . At the Min Buri terminus,
1612-562: The initial section and later the final opening of the full line to June 2024. However, after the opening of the MRT Yellow line the BSR announced that the first section of the line would open in November 2023. The line opened for free public trial operation on 21 November 2023 and officially launched on 18 December 2023. Revenue service was initially scheduled to begin on 3 January 2024, but an incident involving conductor rails resulted in
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1664-522: The line interchanges with the MRT Orange Line . Construction of the Pink Line began in December 2017. In October 2020, the BSR consortium stated that they aimed to open the first section of the Pink Line by October 2021, with services initially operating from Min Buri (PK30) to Government Complex (PK12). The complete line was originally set to be fully open by June 2022. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 in Bangkok and changes to station locations delayed
1716-528: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of
1768-447: The maintenance crew for repairs and general maintenance to the system. Originally, the line was designed with 24 stations, two of which with a park and ride facility. However, six new stations were added in mid-2012 for a total of 30 stations. Type During the free trial period on 24 December 2023 at approximately 4:45 a.m., before daily passenger service had begun, an estimated 300m stretch of electrified conductor rail fell down to
1820-551: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled
1872-495: The opening date. On 24 September 2021, the MRTA Board granted a 290-day extension to the construction contract period. In November 2021, the MRTA Board approved a new phased opening of the line starting from August 2022. On 9 December 2021, daily testing conducted at a maximum speed of 25 km/h (16 mph) began on a short 4 km (2.5 mi) section of the line between the depot at Min Buri and Bang Chan station. After
1924-483: The opening of this section of the line. Nopparat station (PK26) has also been moved 313 metres (1,027 ft) away from Nopparat Rajathanee hospital due to the construction of a new Department of Highways bridge. The Cabinet agreed to the amended EIA for the relocation of both stations on 20 October 2020. On 24 September, the MRTA Board granted a 290-day extension to the construction contract schedule due to station design changes at Noppharat Ratchathani station (PK26) due to
1976-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,
2028-435: The road below near Samakkhi station, with an additional 4km of the conductor rail left hanging above the street. Three cars were damaged, and a train became stuck on the damaged section. No injuries were reported. All stations between Nonthaburi Civic Center and Pak Kret Bypass were closed, and a shuttle service was provided between Chaeng Watthana - Pak Kret 28 and National Telecom stations, while an investigation took place and
2080-492: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to
2132-444: The system. The guide beams are 690 mm (27 in) wide. The Innovia Monorail 300 was designed to navigate curves as tight as 46 m (151 ft) and a maximum grade of 6%. Monorail switches will be either beam replacement or multi-position pivot switches. The system will have evacuation walkways down the entire length of the guide beam. These walkways will allow passengers to escape onboard hazards. These walkways will be used by
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2184-451: The tender in relation to the selection of monorail rolling stock and political protests resulting in a snap national election in early Feb 2014 further delayed the Pink Line tender. A coup in May 2014 resulted in a new military administration and the tender being deferred while a review of all mass transit projects was undertaken for a period of 18 months. The Pink line tender was then changed to
2236-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as
2288-600: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Wat Phra Sri Mahathat BTS station Wat Phra Sri Mahathat station ( Thai : สถานีวัดพระศรีมหาธาตุ , RTGS : Sathani Wat Phra Si Maha That , pronounced [sā.tʰǎː.nīː wát pʰráʔ sǐː mā.hǎː tʰâːt] )
2340-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after
2392-508: The urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form a dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai
2444-407: Was 10.37% complete. Construction work on Tiwanon Road began at the end of October 2018 with the temporary closure of long stretches of the middle lanes between Khae Rai and Pak Kret intersections. Construction had progressed to 31.46% complete by the end of March 2019. By the end of July 2019, completion of civil constructions had further progressed to 40.13%. Overall construction was 48.15% complete at
2496-595: Was 77.57% complete by the end of April 2021. The terminus station at Nonthaburi Civic Center (PK01) was moved 337 m (1,106 ft) closer to the Esplanade Cineplex at Khae Rai junction due to objections from civil servants working at the Nonthaburi provincial office who were concerned that their view of the outside would be obstructed. A new EIA was completed for the relocation, but the new station location required Cabinet approval, causing delays to
2548-453: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed
2600-519: Was delayed until after December 2021. Finally, on 20 June 2022 the MRTA issued a Notice to Proceed for the now 4.2 billion baht spur line and soon after construction commenced. By the end of January 2023, civil works construction had progressed to 16.15%. By the end of May 2023, construction had progressed to 27.77%. The MRTA may also consider a further 2 km (1.2 mi) extension in the future from Muang Thong Thani to Tiwanon road. The BSR selected Bombardier Innovia Monorail 300 rolling stock for
2652-491: Was finalized in late 2012. In October 2012, members of the new government requested to extend the planned line east by 3.4 km (2.1 mi) beyond the Min Buri terminus to Nong Chok. However, this extension of the line was not approved. The expected cost of the line in 2012 with the additional 6 extra stations was 55 billion baht . The Pink line was due to be tendered in the third quarter of 2013 with construction due to commence in early 2014. However, delays in preparation of
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#17327866979932704-506: Was later delayed with the last sets delivered by early March 2023. Technical Characteristics Innovia Monorails are all fully automated and are equipped with CITYFLO 650 communications-based train control for driverless operation to increase reliability, shorten head ways between trains and lower maintenance costs. The Bombardier Innovia Monorail 300 operates on a narrow, elevated guide beam. Pre-cast, post-tensioned guide beams are constructed at an off-site location and later installed on
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