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53-700: The Fourth Council of the Lateran or Lateran IV was convoked by Pope Innocent III in April 1213 and opened at the Lateran Palace in Rome on 11 November 1215. Due to the great length of time between the council's convocation and its meeting, many bishops had the opportunity to attend this council, which is considered by the Catholic Church to be the twelfth ecumenical council . The council addressed

106-570: A ceremony at the start of the academic year to welcome incoming students. A synodical assembly of a church is at times called "Convocation" The Convocations of Canterbury and York were the synodical assemblies of the two Provinces of the Church of England until the Church Assembly was established in 1920. Their origins date back to the end of the seventh century when Theodore of Tarsus (Archbishop of Canterbury, 668-690) reorganized

159-532: A difference in dress distinguishes the Jews or Saracens from the Christians, but in certain others such a confusion has grown up that they cannot be distinguished by any difference. Thus it happens at times that through error Christians have relations with the women of Jews or Saracens, and Jews and Saracens with Christian women. Therefore, that they may not, under pretext of error of this sort, excuse themselves in

212-704: A majority in the lower houses. The Convocation of York was a relatively small part of the Church in England and Wales with only five member dioceses in Henry VIII's reign. In 1462 it decided that all the provincial constitutions of Canterbury which were not repugnant or prejudicial to its own should be allowed in the Northern Province and by 1530 the Archbishop of York rarely attended sessions and

265-528: A number of issues, including the sacraments , the role of the laity , the treatment of Jews and heretics , and the organization of the church . In the case of Jews and Muslims , this included compelling them to wear distinctive badges to prevent social contact "through error". The council is viewed by medievalists as both opening up many reforms, and as formalising and enforcing intolerance in European society, both to heretics and Jews, and thus playing

318-597: A role in the development of systemic European antisemitism . Innocent III first mooted organizing an ecumenical council in November 1199. In his letter titled Vineam Domini , dated 19 April 1213, the Pope writes of the urgent need to recover the Holy Land and reform the Church. The letter, which also served as a summons to an ecumenical council , was included alongside the Pope's papal bull Quia maior . In preparing for

371-602: A significant problem by the Papacy. Implementation of the council's reforms was included within the Canons, with instructions that local councils should be held in order to create plans for their adoption. Provinces held councils to instruct Bishops to hold local synods, however the evidence suggests that this mechanism did not result in Bishops holding meetings and organising reforms in the manner intended. Henry of Segusio likened

424-514: A verse: Epistle by Clément Marot . For the history of the bishopric of Maguelonne, see Bishopric of Montpellier as the episcopal see was transferred there in 1536. Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone has a mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). The average annual temperature in Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone is 15.0 °C (59.0 °F). The average annual rainfall is 592.2 mm (23.31 in) with October as

477-466: Is now housed at the University of Giessen . Dissemination of the Canons themselves was often patchy and incomplete, as it relied on handwritten records kept by local bishops, while it is unclear if the Papacy ever provided official copies. Local adaptations of the Canons could reflect disagreements or differences of priorities, and the incompleteness of the transmission of the canons was recognised as

530-468: Is the name used for the matriculation ceremony that formally welcomes new students at the start of the academic year. At some universities in the UK and other countries, convocation refers to the body of the members of the university that meets to make official decisions. In the University of Oxford , convocation was originally the main governing body of the university, consisting of all doctors and masters of

583-615: The Holy See and relinquished the right of nomination, and Innocent III transferred the feudal rights of the county to the bishop of Maguelonne in 1215, which gave the bishops the right to issue coinage. The bishop, as well as the King of Aragon and the Count of Toulouse , authorized the coinage of Arabic money, not intended for circulation in Maguelonne, but to be sold for exportation to

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636-444: The chancellor of the university, most recently Fiona Hill on 28 November 2022, and receives the annual report of the university. In the University of London , convocation, between its establishment in 1858 and its abolition in 2003, consisted of the university's graduates who were involved in the university's governance. In New Zealand, universities have courts of convocation by which all graduates elect representatives to

689-553: The "marguerite" ( daisy ) took its name from the precious stone. The ending is probably a misattribution: "-ita" is a common Romance feminine diminutive suffix, equivalent in meaning to the Occitan "-ona". Maguelone (or Maguelon) was one of the "seven cities" that may have been the origin of the name for the region called Septimania . Septimania was the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis , which passed under

742-584: The 1530s and the Dissolution of the Monasteries ), Deans, and Archdeacons, plus one representative of each cathedral chapter and two for the clergy from each diocese. By the fifteenth century, each convocation was divided into an upper house (the Bishops) and a lower house (the remaining members). In 1921, the number of proctors (elected representatives) of the diocesan clergy was increased to make them

795-622: The Church of England and feelings ran high until in 1717 the session was prorogued by Royal Writ to avoid the censuring of Bishop Benjamin Hoadly by the lower house (see the Bangorian controversy ) and with the exception of an abortive session in 1741 the Convocations met only for formal business at the beginning of each parliament until the middle of the nineteenth century when Canterbury (in 1852) and York (in 1861) began to discuss issues of

848-719: The Commonwealth but restored on the accession of Charles II in 1660 and they synodically approved the Book of Common Prayer which was imposed by the Act of Uniformity in 1662. Formal sessions at the start of each parliament continued but no real business was discussed until after the Revolution of 1688 which brought William III and Mary II to the throne when attempts to include some of the Protestant dissenters met such resistance in

901-497: The Convocations were used as a source of clerical opinion but ecclesiastical legislation was secured by statute from Parliament. Later between 1559 and 1641, Elizabeth I, James I and Charles I gave the force of law to decisions of Convocation without recourse to Parliament by letters patent under the great seal notably the Thirty-Nine Articles (1571) and the 141 Canons of 1603. The Convocations were abolished during

954-577: The Jews were the culmination of hostility during Innocent's reign as Pope, itself informed by a background of greater hostility to the Jews generated in part by the Crusades. Innocent for example waged a novel campaign against the Talmud as part of the campaign against heresy, claiming that the Talmud was an invention of the Rabbis, and the Jews should be restricted to using Biblical texts for their faith. This

1007-598: The Latin Emperor of Constantinople, John, King of England , Andrew II of Hungary , Philip II of France , and the kings of Aragon, Cyprus, and Jerusalem. This made it the largest ecumenical council between the Council of Chalcedon and the Second Vatican Council ; Anne J. Duggan writes that "it was the largest, most representative, and most influential council assembled under papal leadership before

1060-541: The Pope preached on the Nicene Creed and concluded his remarks by raising up a relic of the True Cross . The archbishop of Mainz attempted to interrupt the speech, although he complied with the Pope's raising of his hand—a command to stay silent. Lateran IV had three objectives: crusading , Church reform, and combating heresy. The seventy-one Lateran canons, which were not debated, were only formally adopted on

1113-440: The anniversary celebration at St. Peter's Basilica brought together such a large gathering that the Pope himself had trouble entering the premises. The second plenary session was held on 20 November; the Pope was scheduled to preach about church reform, but proceedings were disrupted by bishops who opposed the designation of Frederick II as Holy Roman Emperor. The council concluded on 30 November, Saint Andrew's Day , during which

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1166-417: The archbishop could only prorogue (adjourn) a session with the consent of his fellow diocesans. In 1851, Canterbury received a petition, in 1853 it appointed committees and by 1855 Archbishop Sumner was convinced of the value of Convocation and those bishops who had opposed the revival were taking part positively in its debates. Archbishop Musgrave maintained his opposition until his death in 1860—he even locked

1219-560: The beginning of a new Parliament coincided with the polemical nomination of Dr Hampden to the see of Hereford. The formal address to the Queen was debated for six hours and an amendment carried praying the Crown to revive the active powers of convocation. The driving force behind the campaign to achieve this was the London banker, Henry Hoare , who dedicated himself to the task. The opposition

1272-400: The beginning of the twentieth century, both Convocations together with their respective houses of laity began to meet as a Representative Council which however had no legal authority or position. This was superseded in 1920 by the Church Assembly which was given the right to propose measures to Parliament by the " Enabling Act of 1919 ". The Convocations still exist and their members constitute

1325-462: The case of Jews, antisemitism had been rising since the Crusades in different parts of Europe, and the measures of Lateran IV gave the legal means to implement active systemic persecution, such as physical separation of Jews and Christians, enforced through Jews being obliged to wear distinctive badges or clothing. The Council mandated that Jews separate and distinguish themselves, in order to "protect" Christians from their influence. In some provinces

1378-697: The control of the Visigothic kingdom in 462, when Septimania was ceded to Theodoric II , king of the Visigoths. The seven cities were today's Elne , Agde , Narbonne , Lodève , Béziers , Nîmes and Maguelone. In the aftermath of the Battle of Vouille (507), Maguelone managed to remain out of Frankish sway, and was part of the Visigothic kingdom. At first the stronghold of a Visigothic noble, on high ground protected by coastal lagoons , Maguelone became

1431-460: The convocations varied considerably over the centuries. Until 1664, they (not Parliament) determined the taxes to be paid by the clergy, but their powers in general were severely curtailed by Henry VIII in 1532/4; and from the time of the Reformation till 1965 they were summoned and dissolved at the same time as Parliament. Under Henry VIII and his successor Edward VI between 1534 and 1553

1484-536: The council to the "four great councils of antiquity". Lateran IV is sometimes referred to as the "Great Council of the Lateran" due to the presence of 404 or 412 bishops (including 71 cardinals and archbishops ) and over 800 abbots and priors representing some eighty ecclesiastical provinces , together with 23 Latin-speaking prelates from the Eastern Orthodox Church and representatives of several monarchs , including Frederick II, Otto IV ,

1537-519: The council, the Pope spearheaded the extensive refurbishment of the old St. Peter's Basilica , which he designated as the "centrepiece for display and decoration" during the council. The lunette of the main door leading to the tomb of St. Peter had engravings of Old Testament prophets and twenty-four bishops, alongside the messages, "Feed your Sheep" and "This is the Door of the Sheep". The measures against

1590-418: The custom that York waited to see what Canterbury had decided and either accepted or rejected it was well established. The Convocation of York was, in practice, taking second place to that of Canterbury so much so that in 1852 the Archbishop of York Thomas Musgrave stated that since the time of Henry VIII the archbishop had only attended personally two sessions (in 1689 and 1708). The legislative powers of

1643-520: The day. The resumption of proper business was brought about by the political changes which had taken place some twenty years earlier. Until the Great Reform Bill of 1832, Parliament had been theoretically an Anglican body, and many churchmen began to argue that neither Parliament nor the bishops in the House of Lords expressed the mind of the Church as a whole In 1847 the routine session at

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1696-583: The end of the fourteenth century." According to F. Donald Logan , "the Fourth Lateran Council was the most important general council of the church in the Middle Ages", whose effects "were felt for centuries." Convoked In academic use, it can refer variously to the formal body of an institutions alumni or to a ceremonial assembly of the university, particularly at a graduation or commencement ceremony but, at some institutions, for

1749-420: The events have been found in various manuscripts by observers of the council. The Chronica Majora by Matthew Paris contains a line drawing of one of the sessions at the council which his abbot William of St Albans had personally attended. An extensive eyewitness account by an anonymous German cleric was copied into a manuscript that was published in 1964, in commemoration of the Second Vatican Council , and

1802-483: The future for the excesses of such prohibited intercourse, we decree that such Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress. Particularly, since it may be read in the writings of Moses [ Numbers 15:37–41 ], that this very law has been enjoined upon them. While the proceedings were not officially recorded, unlike in previous councils, evidence of

1855-652: The institutions' governing bodies. Maguelonne Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone ( Occitan : Vilanòva de Magalona , before 1992: Villeneuve-lès-Maguelonne ) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in Southern France . Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone station has rail connections to Narbonne, Montpellier and Avignon. The name Maguelone is a variation of Latin "margarita" ( pearl ), from Persian "margaritis" - in modern French

1908-448: The last day of the council; according to Anne J. Duggan, the "scholarly consensus" is that they were drafted by Innocent III himself. They cover a range of themes including Church reform and elections, taxation, matrimony, tithing, simony , and Judaism . After being recorded in the papal registers, the canons were quickly circulated in law schools. Effective application of the decrees varied according to local conditions and customs. While

1961-559: The lower house that the government abandoned them and the Convocations resumed their purely formal meetings In 1697 Francis Atterbury published his Letter to a Convocation Man concerning the Rights, Powers and Privileges of that Body which, in essence, claimed that the Convocation was an estate of the realm like Parliament and that the lower clergy were being illegally disfranchised and denied its proper voice in government. Business

2014-678: The merchants of the Mediterranean. With the expansion of trade in the revival of the High Middle Ages , Montpellier came to be the city for this region, first passing to the Crown of Aragon in 1204, then to that of France (1292 and 1349). In 1536 the see was finally transferred there. A sentimental and chivalric romance of the high-born Miguelonne and Pierre, the son of the King of Provence , who recognized each other in their old age after many heartbreaking separations, inspired

2067-496: The partisans of Simon de Montfort among the French bishops and those of the Count of Toulouse. Raymond VI of Toulouse , his son (afterwards Raymond VII ), and Raymond-Roger of Foix attended the council to dispute the threatened confiscation of their territories; Bishop Foulques and Guy de Montfort (brother of Simon de Montfort) argued in favour of the confiscation. All of Raymond VI's lands were confiscated, save Provence, which

2120-471: The precise application and levels of conformity to Lateran IV were variable, it is argued that it created a wide range of legal measures with long term repercussions, which were used to persecute minorities and helped usher in a specifically intolerant kind of European society, or as historian R. I. Moore defines it, a "persecuting society". These measures applied with vigour first to heretics, and then increasingly to other minorities, such as Jews and lepers. In

2173-500: The room where it was due to meet—and the Northern Convocation remained inactive until his successor took office. The Convocations have always been exclusively clerical assemblies. However, in 1885 the Convocations agreed to the establishment of parallel Houses of Laity elected by the lay members of the diocesan conferences. These were not part of Convocation; they had no constitutional status and were merely advisory. At

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2226-477: The seat of a bishop. When the early history of Maguelone was compiled in 1583 by Abbé Gariel ( Histoire des évêques de Maguelonne ) he provided the see with an apostolic origin, as is de rigueur for any long-established bishopric of Late Antiquity throughout the three Gauls . The first historical bishop of Maguelonne , Boetius, assisted at the Council of Toledo in 589; doubtless the Christian community

2279-639: The start of the first plenary session in the Lateran Palace, the Pope led the singing of " Veni Creator Spiritus " and preached about Jesus' words to his disciples at the Last Supper , quoting from Luke 22 . In his next two sermons, one on the need to recover the Holy Land and the other on dealing with heretics, the Pope was joined on stage by Raoul of Mérencourt and Thedisius of Agde respectively. On 14 November, there were violent scenes between

2332-470: The structures of the English Church and established a national synod of bishops. With the recognition of York as a separate province in 733, this synod was divided into two. In 1225, representatives of the cathedral and monastic chapters were included for the first time and in 1285 the membership of the Convocation of Canterbury assumed the basic form which it retained till 1921: Bishops, Abbots (till

2385-639: The two clerical houses of the General Synod but, apart from some residual and formal responsibilities, all legal authority is now vested in the Synod which was established in 1970. At universities, "convocation" can refer (particularly in North America) to a university's graduation ceremony or, more generally, to any formal assembly of the university (similar to congregation in some British universities). At Harvard and Columbia universities it

2438-569: The university, but it now comprises all graduates of the university and its only remaining functions are to elect the chancellor of the university and the Professor of Poetry . (The equivalent body at Cambridge is the senate. ) At Durham University , convocation was established as the assembly of members of the university by the university's fundamental statue in 1835. Women were admitted to convocation from 1913. Durham's degrees were awarded at meetings of convocation until 1938, when this power

2491-634: Was far older. In the 8th century (circa 725) the Umayyad forces conquered the area, but the stronghold was destroyed by Charles Martel in his 737 campaign across Septimania, almost depopulating the region. The Gallo-Roman and Gothic nobility allied with the Andalusian military kept the position until 752, when Pepin the Short tipped the scale in favour of the Franks, who conquered Septimania. The diocese

2544-480: Was formidable: half the clergy and most of the laity rejected the idea, many politicians were against it and the two archbishops— John Bird Sumner and Thomas Musgrave—had no desire to revive Convocation. The legal basis of the resistance was the claim that convocation could only discuss such business as was expressly specified by the Crown. Over the next eight years it was established that it could debate and act provided it did not try to discuss or frame canons and that

2597-564: Was kept in trust to be restored to Raymond VII. Pierre-Bermond of Sauve's claim to Toulouse was rejected and Toulouse was awarded to de Montfort, while the lordship of Melgueil was separated from Toulouse and entrusted to the bishops of Maguelonne . The next day, in a ceremony attended by many council participants, the Pope consecrated the Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere , which had been rebuilt by Callixtus II . Four days later,

2650-478: Was removed to Substantion ( Sextantio ), but Bishop Arnaud (1030–1060) returned it, rebuilt the destroyed sanctuary and constructed a bridge to link Maguelone to the "new district" of Villeneuve. The powerful and compact Romanesque Maguelone Cathedral , dedicated to Saint Peter , was constructed. The local count retained the traditional Carolingian right of nomination of bishops: in 1085 Pierre, count of Substantion and Melgueil , offered himself as vassal of

2703-442: Was resumed in 1701 and by the time Queen Anne died in 1714 draft canons and forms of service had been drawn up for royal assent. However, there was an inherent tension between the two houses, the lower house was mainly Tory in its politics and high church in its doctrine while the upper house was mainly Whig and latitudinarian and therefore in favour of toleration for Protestant dissenters and their possible reincorporation into

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2756-525: Was the first time that the Catholic church had tried to directly regulate the practice of Judaism. Innocent III deliberately chose for the Fourth Council to meet in November, during which there were numerous feast days . A preliminary legal session took place on 4 November, while the opening ceremony of the council was held on St. Martin's Day and began with a private morning Mass. Afterwards, at

2809-405: Was transferred to the senate and awards were instead made at congregations of the university. As of 2024, it consists of the chancellor, the vice-chancellor and warden, the deputy vice-chancellor and provost, the pro-vice-chancellors, graduates of the university who have registered as members of convocation, and other officers of the university appointed by the university's council. It appoints

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