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58-856: The Mōtū River is a major waterway in the eastern part of the North Island of New Zealand . It rises south-west of Mātāwai in the Gisborne District , on the south-western side of the Raukūmara Range , and heads roughly northwards to the Pacific Ocean. It flows in a gorge the whole way through the range, where its important tributaries merge with it. It empties into the eastern Bay of Plenty at Houpoto, between Hāwai and Ōmāio , 31 km (19 mi) north-east of Ōpōtiki . The river passes through mostly uninhabited hill country, very steep and still thickly covered in rainforest. It

116-414: A grammatical relationship that links its complement to another word or phrase in the context. It also generally establishes a semantic relationship, which may be spatial ( in , on , under , ...), temporal ( after , during , ...), or of some other type ( of , for , via , ...). The World Atlas of Language Structures treats a word as an adposition if it takes a noun phrase as a complement and indicates

174-524: A prefix to a verb . As noted above, adpositions typically have noun phrases as complements. This can include nominal clauses and certain types of non-finite verb phrase: The word to when it precedes the infinitive in English is not a preposition, but rather is a grammatical particle outside of any main word class . In other cases, the complement may have the form of an adjective or adjective phrase , or an adverbial. This may be regarded as

232-535: A certain case (e.g., ἐν always takes its object in the dative), while other prepositions may take their object in one of two or more cases, depending on the meaning of the preposition (e.g., διά takes its object in the genitive or the accusative, depending on the meaning). Some languages have cases that are used exclusively after prepositions ( prepositional case ), or special forms of pronouns for use after prepositions ( prepositional pronoun ). The functions of adpositions overlap with those of case markings (for example,

290-514: A complement representing a different syntactic category , or simply as an atypical form of noun phrase (see nominalization ). In the last example, the complement of the preposition from is in fact another prepositional phrase. The resulting sequence of two prepositions ( from under ) may be regarded as a complex preposition; in some languages, such a sequence may be represented by a single word, as Russian из-под iz-pod ("from under"). Some adpositions appear to combine with two complements: It

348-417: A group of words that act as one unit. Examples of complex prepositions in English include in spite of , with respect to , except for , by dint of , and next to . The distinction between simple and complex adpositions is not clear-cut. Many complex adpositions are derived from simple forms (e.g., with + in → within , by + side → beside ) through grammaticalisation . This change takes time, and during

406-416: A noun, e.g., a gerund ), together with its specifier and modifiers such as articles , adjectives , etc. The complement is sometimes called the object of the adposition. The resulting phrase , formed by the adposition together with its complement, is called an adpositional phrase or prepositional phrase (PP) (or for specificity, a postpositional or circumpositional phrase). An adposition establishes

464-446: A particular direction ("Kay went to the store"), the direction in which something leads or points ("A path into the woods"), or the extent of something ("The fog stretched from London to Paris"). A static meaning indicates only a location (" at the store", " behind the chair", " on the moon"). Some prepositions can have both uses: "he sat in the water" (static); "he jumped in the water" (probably directional). In some languages,

522-553: A phrase can function as an adjective or as an adverb. A less common type of adposition is the circumposition , which consists of two parts that appear on each side of the complement. Other terms sometimes used for particular types of adposition include ambiposition , inposition and interposition . Some linguists use the word preposition in place of adposition regardless of the applicable word order. The word preposition comes from Latin : prae- prefix (pre- prefix) ("before") and Latin : ponere ("to put"). This refers to

580-410: A postpositional phrase. Examples include: Some adpositions can appear either before or after their complement: An adposition like the above, which can be either a preposition or a postposition, can be called an ambiposition . However, ambiposition may also be used to refer to a circumposition (see below), or to a word that appears to function as a preposition and postposition simultaneously, as in

638-467: A preposition (Latin: praepositio ) stand before the word it governs (go the fools among (Sh[akespeare]); What are you laughing at ?). You might just as well believe that all blackguards are black or that turkeys come from Turkey; many names have either been chosen unfortunately at first or have changed their meanings in the course of time." Simple adpositions consist of a single word ( on , in , for , towards , etc.). Complex adpositions consist of

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696-409: A prepositional phrase headed by cóng ("from"), taking the locative noun phrase bīngxīang lǐ ("refrigerator inside") as its complement. An inposition is a rare type of adposition that appears between parts of a complex complement. For example, in the native Californian Timbisha language , the phrase "from a mean cold" can be translated using the word order "cold from mean"—the inposition follows

754-560: A pronominal object to form inflected prepositions . The following properties are characteristic of most adpositional systems: As noted above, adpositions are referred to by various terms, depending on their position relative to the complement. While the term preposition sometimes denotes any adposition, its stricter meaning refers only to one that precedes its complement. Examples of this, from English, have been given above; similar examples can be found in many European and other languages, for example: In certain grammatical constructions,

812-464: A river in the Bay of Plenty Region is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a river in the Gisborne District is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . North Island The North Island ( Māori : Te Ika-a-Māui [tɛ i.kɐ ɐ mɑː.ʉ.i] , lit. 'the fish of Māui', officially North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui or historically New Ulster )

870-709: A whole. During the Last Glacial Period when sea levels were over 100 metres lower than present day levels, the North and South islands were connected by a vast coastal plain which formed at the South Taranaki Bight . During this period, most of the North Island was covered in thorn scrubland and forest , while the modern-day Northland Peninsula was a subtropical rainforest . Sea levels began to rise 7,000 years ago, eventually separating

928-532: Is a tendency for languages that feature postpositions also to have other head-final features, such as verbs that follow their objects ; and for languages that feature prepositions to have other head-initial features, such as verbs that precede their objects . This is only a tendency, however; an example of a language that behaves differently is Latin , which employs mostly prepositions, even though it typically places verbs after their objects. A circumposition consists of two or more parts, positioned on both sides of

986-528: Is also found in some Niger–Congo languages such as Vata and Gbadi, and in some North American varieties of French . Some prescriptive English grammars teach that prepositions cannot end a sentence, although there is no rule prohibiting that use. Similar rules arose during the rise of classicism, when they were applied to English in imitation of classical languages such as Latin. Otto Jespersen , in his Essentials of English Grammar (first published 1933), commented on this definition-derived rule: "...nor need

1044-529: Is called improper if it is some other part of speech being used in the same way as a preposition. Examples of simple and complex prepositions that have been so classified include prima di ("before") and davanti (a) ("in front of") in Italian , and ergo ("on account of") and causa ("for the sake of") in Latin . In reference to Ancient Greek , however, an improper preposition is one that cannot also serve as

1102-455: Is going into her bedroom", but not *"Jay is lying down into her bedroom"). Directional meanings can be further divided into telic and atelic . Telic prepositional phrases imply movement all the way to the endpoint ("she ran to the fence"), while atelic ones do not ("she ran towards the fence"). Static meanings can be divided into projective and non-projective , where projective meanings are those whose understanding requires knowledge of

1160-465: Is in the North Island", "my mother lives in the North Island". Maps, headings, tables, and adjectival expressions use North Island without "the". According to Māori mythology , the North and South Islands of New Zealand arose through the actions of the demigod Māui . Māui and his brothers were fishing from their canoe (the South Island) when he caught a great fish and pulled it right up from

1218-414: Is more commonly assumed, however, that Sammy and the following predicate forms a small clause , which then becomes the single complement of the preposition. (In the first example, a word such as as may be considered to have been elided , which, if present, would clarify the grammatical relationship.) Adpositions can be used to express a wide range of semantic relations between their complement and

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1276-690: Is much used for adventure tourism (jet-boating and white-water rafting). The first modern traverse of the river, from the Mōtū Falls to its mouth, was in 1920 by the Fisher brothers and S. Thorburn, and this was re-enacted in 2013 by Kevin Biggar and Jamie Fitzgerald in series 2 of the "First Crossings" TV series. A mid-20th century proposal to dam the river for hydroelectricity was rejected. 37°51′S 177°35′E  /  37.850°S 177.583°E  / -37.850; 177.583 This article about

1334-474: Is one of the two main islands of New Zealand , separated from the larger but less populous South Island by Cook Strait . With an area of 113,729 km (43,911 sq mi), it is the world's 14th-largest island , constituting 43% of New Zealand's land area. It has a population of 4,077,800 (June 2024), which is 76% of New Zealand's residents, making it the most populous island in Polynesia and

1392-448: The 28th-most-populous island in the world. Twelve main urban areas (half of them officially cities) are in the North Island. From north to south, they are Whangārei , Auckland , Hamilton , Tauranga , Rotorua , Gisborne , New Plymouth , Napier , Hastings , Whanganui , Palmerston North , and New Zealand's capital city Wellington , which is located at the south-west tip of the island. The island has been known internationally as

1450-506: The North Island for many years. The Te Reo Māori name for it, Te Ika-a-Māui , also has official recognition but it remains seldom used by most residents. On some 19th-century maps, the North Island is named New Ulster (named after Ulster province in northern Ireland) which was also a province of New Zealand that included the North Island. In 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that, along with

1508-554: The Vedic Sanskrit construction (noun-1) ā (noun-2), meaning "from (noun-1) to (noun-2)". Whether a language has primarily prepositions or postpositions is seen as an aspect of its typological classification, and tends to correlate with other properties related to head directionality . Since an adposition is regarded as the head of its phrase, prepositional phrases are head-initial (or right- branching ), while postpositional phrases are head-final (or left-branching). There

1566-539: The case of the complement varies depending on the meaning, as with several prepositions in German , such as in : In English and many other languages, prepositional phrases with static meaning are commonly used as predicative expressions after a copula ("Bob is at the store"); this may happen with some directional prepositions as well ("Bob is from Australia"), but this is less common. Directional prepositional phrases combine mostly with verbs that indicate movement ("Jay

1624-590: The 2023 census, 63.1% of North Islanders identified as European ( Pākehā ), 19.8% as Māori , 10.6% as Pacific peoples , 19.3% as Asian , 1.9% as Middle Eastern/Latin American/African, and 1.1% as other ethnicities. Percentages add to more than 100% as people can identify with more than one ethnicity. Māori form the majority in three districts of the North Island: Kawerau (63.2%), Ōpōtiki (66.2%) and Wairoa (68.5%). Europeans formed

1682-517: The Indo-European languages this phenomenon is mostly confined to the Celtic languages like Welsh and Irish . Polish also allows some degree of combining prepositions with pronouns in the third person. The majority of Welsh prepositions can be inflected. This is achieved by having a preposition such as o ( ' of/from ' ) + a linking element; in the case of o this is -hon- +

1740-478: The Latin prefix ad- , meaning "to"). However, some linguists prefer to use the well-known and longer-established term preposition in place of adposition , irrespective of position relative to the complement. An adposition typically combines with exactly one complement , most often a noun phrase (or, in a different analysis, a determiner phrase ). In English, this is generally a noun (or something functioning as

1798-619: The North Island is provided by fifteen District Health Boards (DHBs) . Organised around geographical areas of varying population sizes, they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions . Preposition An adposition typically combines with a noun phrase , this being called its complement , or sometimes object . English generally has prepositions rather than postpositions – words such as in, under and of precede their objects, such as in England , under

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1856-519: The South Island, the North Island had no official name. After a public consultation, the board officially named it North Island, or the aforementioned Te Ika-a-Māui, in October 2013. In prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island , with the definite article. It is also normal to use the preposition in rather than on , for example "Hamilton

1914-437: The South Island, this is solely due to the North Island having higher natural increase (i.e. births minus deaths) and international migration; since the late 1980s, the internal migration flow has been from the North Island to the South Island. In the year to June 2020, the North Island gained 21,950 people from natural increase and 62,710 people from international migration, while losing 3,570 people from internal migration. At

1972-462: The South Island, with the country's largest city, Auckland, and the capital, Wellington, accounting for nearly half of it. There are 30 urban areas in the North Island with a population of 10,000 or more: The sub-national GDP of the North Island was estimated at NZ$ 282.355 billion in 2021 (78% of New Zealand's national GDP). Nine local government regions cover the North Island and its adjacent islands and territorial waters. Healthcare in

2030-532: The choice of adposition may be determined by another element in the construction or be fixed by the construction as a whole. Here the adposition may have little independent semantic content of its own, and there may be no clear reason why the particular adposition is used rather than another. Examples of such expressions are: Prepositions sometimes mark roles that may be considered largely grammatical: Spatial meanings of adpositions may be either directional or static . A directional meaning usually involves motion in

2088-411: The circumnavigation of New Zealand. The maps described the North Island as " Ea Heinom Auwe " and " Aeheinomowe ", which recognises the "Fish of Māui" element. Another Māori name that was given to the North Island, but is now used less commonly, is Aotearoa . Use of Aotearoa to describe the North Island fell out of favour in the early 20th century, and it is now a collective Māori name for New Zealand as

2146-407: The complement of a preposition may be absent or may be moved from its position directly following the preposition. This may be referred to as preposition stranding (see also below ), as in "Whom did you go with ?" and "There's only one thing worse than being talked about ." There are also some (mainly colloquial) expressions in which a preposition's complement may be omitted, such as "I'm going to

2204-484: The complement. Circumpositions are very common in Pashto and Kurdish . The following are examples from Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji): Various constructions in other languages might also be analyzed as circumpositional, for example: Most such phrases, however, can be analyzed as having a different hierarchical structure (such as a prepositional phrase modifying a following adverb). The Chinese example could be analyzed as

2262-451: The conclusion of the Otago gold rush in the 1860s, New Zealand's European population growth has experienced a steady 'Northern drift' as population centres in the North Island have grown faster than those of New Zealand's South Island. This population trend has continued into the twenty-first century, but at a much slower rate. While the North Island's population continues to grow faster than

2320-415: The disadvantage of"), zulasten/zu Lasten ("at the expense of"). The distinction between complex adpositions and free combinations of words is not a black-and-white issue: complex adpositions (in English, "prepositional idioms") can be more fossilized or less fossilized. In English, this applies to a number of structures of the form "preposition + (article) + noun + preposition", such as in front of , for

2378-425: The grammatical or semantic relationship of that phrase to the verb in the containing clause. Some examples of the use of English prepositions are given below. In each case, the prepositional phrase appears in italics , the preposition within it appears in bold , and the preposition's complement is underlined . As demonstrated in some of the examples, more than one prepositional phrase may act as an adjunct to

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2436-660: The islands and linking the Cook Strait to the Tasman Sea . The North Island has an estimated population of 4,077,800 as of June 2024. The North Island had a population of 3,808,005 at the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 213,453 people (5.9%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 570,957 people (17.6%) since the 2013 census . Of the total population, 733,893 people (19.3%) were aged under 15 years, 743,154 (19.5%) were 15 to 29, 1,721,427 (45.2%) were 30 to 64, and 609,534 (16.0%) were 65 or older. Ever since

2494-467: The meaning of the English preposition of is expressed in many languages by a genitive case ending), but adpositions are classed as syntactic elements, while case markings are morphological . Adpositions themselves are usually non-inflecting ("invariant"): they do not have paradigms of the form (such as tense, case, gender, etc.) the same way that verbs, adjectives, and nouns can. There are exceptions, though, such as prepositions that have fused with

2552-446: The noun but precedes any following modifiers that form part of the same noun phrase . The Latin word cum is also commonly used as an inposition, as in the phrase summa cum laude , meaning "with highest praise", lit. "highest with praise". The term interposition has been used for adpositions in structures such as word for word , French coup sur coup ("one after another, repeatedly"), and Russian друг с другом ("one with

2610-422: The other"). This is not a case of an adposition appearing inside its complement, as the two nouns do not form a single phrase (there is no phrase * word word , for example); such uses have more of a coordinating character. Preposition stranding is a syntactic construct in which a preposition occurs somewhere other than immediately before its complement. For example, in the English sentence "What did you sit on?"

2668-463: The park. Do you want to come with [me]?", and the French Il fait trop froid, je ne suis pas habillée pour ("It's too cold, I'm not dressed for [the situation].") The bolded words in these examples are generally still considered prepositions because when they form a phrase with a complement (in more ordinary constructions) they must appear first. A postposition follows its complement to form

2726-578: The perspective or point of view. For example, the meaning of "behind the rock" is likely to depend on the position of the speaker (projective), whereas the meaning of "on the desk" is not (non-projective). Sometimes the interpretation is ambiguous, as in "behind the house," which may mean either at the natural back of the house or on the opposite side of the house from the speaker. Some languages feature inflected adpositions—adpositions (usually prepositions) marked for grammatical person and/or grammatical number to give meanings such as "on me," "from you," etc. In

2784-470: The plurality in the Auckland region (49.8%) and are the majority in the remaining 39 districts. The proportion of North Islanders born overseas at the 2018 census were 29.3%. The most common foreign countries of birth were England (15.4% of overseas-born residents), Mainland China (11.3%), India (10.1%), South Africa (5.9%), Australia (5.5%) and Samoa (5.3%). The North Island has a larger population than

2842-458: The prefix post- , from Latin post meaning "behind, after"). There are also some cases where the function is performed by two parts coming before and after the complement; this is called a circumposition (from Latin circum- prefix "around"). In some languages, for example Finnish , some adpositions can be used as both prepositions and postpositions. Prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions are collectively known as adpositions (using

2900-484: The preposition on has what as its complement, but what is moved to the start of the sentence, because it is an interrogative word . This sentence is much more common and natural than the equivalent sentence without stranding: "On what did you sit?" Preposition stranding is commonly found in English , as well as North Germanic languages such as Swedish . Its existence in German is debated. Preposition stranding

2958-464: The rest of the context. The relations expressed may be spatial (denoting location or direction), temporal (denoting position in time), or relations expressing comparison, content, agent, instrument, means, manner, cause, purpose, reference, etc. Most common adpositions are highly polysemous (they have various different meanings). In many cases, a primary, spatial meaning becomes extended to non-spatial uses by metaphorical or other processes. Because of

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3016-756: The sake of . The following characteristics are good indications that a given combination is "frozen" enough to be considered a complex preposition in English: Marginal prepositions are prepositions that have affinities with other word classes, most notably participles. Marginal prepositions behave like prepositions but derive from other parts of speech. Some marginal prepositions in English include barring , concerning , considering , excluding , failing , following , including , notwithstanding , regarding , and respecting . In descriptions of some languages, prepositions are divided into proper (or essential ) and improper (or accidental ). A preposition

3074-517: The same word. In the last of these examples the complement has the form of an adverb, which has been nominalised to serve as a noun phrase; see Different forms of complement , below. Prepositional phrases themselves are sometimes nominalized: An adposition may determine the grammatical case of its complement. In English, the complements of prepositions take the objective case where available ( from him , not * from he ). In Koine Greek , for example, certain prepositions always take their objects in

3132-486: The sea. While he was not looking, his brothers fought over the fish and chopped it up. This great fish became the North Island, and thus a Māori name for the North Island is Te Ika-a-Māui ("The Fish of Māui"). The mountains and valleys are believed to have been formed as a result of Māui's brothers' hacking at the fish. During Captain James Cook 's voyage between 1769 and 1770 , Tahitian navigator Tupaia accompanied

3190-463: The situation in Latin and Greek (and in English ), where such words are placed before their complement (except sometimes in Ancient Greek), and are hence "pre-positioned". In some languages, including Sindhi , Hindustani , Turkish , Hungarian , Korean , and Japanese , the same kinds of words typically come after their complement. To indicate this, they are called postpositions (using

3248-465: The table , of Jane – although there are a few exceptions including ago and notwithstanding , as in "three days ago" and "financial limitations notwithstanding". Some languages that use a different word order have postpositions instead (like Turkic languages ) or have both types (like Finnish ). The phrase formed by an adposition together with its complement is called an adpositional phrase (or prepositional phrase, postpositional phrase, etc.). Such

3306-452: The transitional stages, the adposition acts in some ways like a single word, and in other ways like a multi-word unit. For example, current German orthographic conventions recognize the indeterminate status of certain prepositions, allowing two spellings: anstelle / an Stelle ("instead of"), aufgrund / auf Grund ("because of"), mithilfe / mit Hilfe ("by means of"), zugunsten / zu Gunsten ("in favor of"), zuungunsten / zu Ungunsten ("to

3364-416: The variety of meanings, a single adposition often has many possible equivalents in another language, depending on the exact context. This can cause difficulties in foreign language learning . Usage can also vary between dialects of the same language (for example, American English has on the weekend , whereas British English uses at the weekend ). In some contexts (as in the case of some phrasal verbs )

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