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47-582: Because the 3rd Duke of Alba proposed incorporating the tower into a castle (the Monte Albano ) the tower became known in Dutch as the Monte Albano Toren . Over the years this became garbled to "Montelbaanstoren." The castle was never built. 52°22′19.41″N 4°54′20.46″E  /  52.3720583°N 4.9056833°E  / 52.3720583; 4.9056833 This article about

94-676: A Dutch building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 3rd Duke of Alba Ottoman–Habsburg wars Italian Wars Schmalkaldic War Dutch Revolt War of the Portuguese Succession Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba (29 October 1507 – 11 December 1582), known as the Grand Duke of Alba ( Spanish : Gran Duque de Alba , Portuguese : Grão Duque de Alba ) in Spain and Portugal and as

141-660: A campaign on the island of Djerba in Africa in 1510. At the age of six, Fernando accompanied his grandfather, the second Duke of Alba, on a military mission to capture Navarre . His youth and education were typical for Castilian nobility of the age. He was educated at the ducal court of the House of Alba, located in the Castle Palace of Alba de Tormes , by two Italian preceptors, Bernardo Gentile – a Sicilian Benedictine  – and Severo Marini and by

188-476: A firm stand in the Netherlands. The Albistas' hardline position was hotly contested by the liberal Ebolistas or humanists, led by Ruy Gómez de Silva , prince of Éboli and his secretary Francisco de Eraso. After the death of the prince of Éboli in 1573, the royal secretary Antonio Pérez went on to lead the liberal faction and began his association with Ana de Mendoza de la Cerda , Princess of Éboli. Against

235-632: A number of large stone statues of bulls called Verracos, with the largest number of surviving examples in Ávila. The area of the province was conquered by the Romans around 192 B.C. After the Roman Empire fell, the area became part of the Visigothic Kingdom, and it is from this period we have many of the earliest records of the towns of Ávila. The population of the territory comprising the current-day province of Ávila greatly decreased since

282-622: A permit issued for that purpose by his father the Duke of Alba. Fadrique was sent to prison, in the Castle of La Mota. Fernando, Duke of Alba was banished from the court for one year for "breaking the strict court protocol." The Duke went into exile in Uceda , where his secretaries Fernando de Albornoz and Esteban Ibarra likewise spent their punishment. After Fernando had become the third Duke of Alba in 1532, Charles V sent him to Vienna to help defend

329-717: A prominent Castilian military family, Alba first distinguished himself in the 1535 conquest of Tunis during the Ottoman–Habsburg Wars as part of a long conflict for predominance over the western Mediterranean Sea. He then commanded the Spanish troops at the Battle of Mühlberg (1547), where the army of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V defeated the German Protestant princes in the Schmalkaldic War . Alba

376-403: A writer, allows the historian to delve into the deepest emotions expressed by the Duke of Alba through the poetry of De La Vega, specifically concerning the arduous travels while on a war-footing as well as the emotional longing that Alba expressed for his wife. The Duke's first military command to engage in battle was in the conquest of Tunis . In early June 1535 at Cagliari , he embarked with

423-486: Is Ávila . Ávila is naturally divided into two sections, differing completely in soil and climate. The northern portion is generally level; the soil is of indifferent quality, strong and marly in a few places, but rocky in all the valleys of the Sierra de Ávila; and the climate alternates from severe cold in winter to extreme heat in summer. The population of this part is mainly agricultural. The southern division, however,

470-408: Is a province of central-western Spain , in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is bordered on the south by the provinces of Toledo and Cáceres , on the west by Salamanca , on the north by Valladolid , and on the east by Segovia and Madrid . Ávila has a population of 158,265 (2018) and is ranked 47th out of 50 of Spanish provinces in population. Its capital

517-524: Is one mass of rugged granitic sierras, interspersed with sheltered and well-watered valleys, abounding with rich vegetation. The winter, especially in the elevated region of the Paramera and the wastelands of Ávila, is long and severe, but the climate is not unhealthy. The principal mountain chains are the Guadarrama, separating this province from Madrid; the Paramera and Sierra de Ávila , west of

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564-512: The Castle of La Mota in Valladolid . The following year he was released so he could go to Flanders with his father to serve in the military. In 1578 Philip II ordered the case against Fadrique reopened. It was discovered that in order to avoid marriage, Fadrique had secretly married María de Toledo, daughter of García Álvarez de Toledo and Osorio , IV Marquess of Villafranca del Bierzo , using

611-555: The Golden Rose , the blessed sword and hat granted by Pope Pius V , through the papal brief Solent Romani Pontifices , in recognition of his singular efforts in favor of Catholicism and for being considered one of his champions. From August to October 1566, the " Iconoclasm " ( Dutch : Beeldenstorm ) took place in the Netherlands, during which Calvinist mobs attacked and destroyed numerous Catholic monasteries and churches, ransacking tombs and destroying statues. To tackle

658-519: The Iron Duke ( Dutch : IJzeren Hertog ) or shortly 'Alva' in the Netherlands , was a Spanish nobleman, general and statesman. He has often been considered the most effective general of his generation, as well as one of the greatest in history. Historian John Lothrop Motley wrote of him "no man had studied military science more deeply, or practiced it more constantly" at his day. He

705-883: The Sierra de Gredos are the Alberche , the Tiétar , and the Tormes . The first two belong to the Tagus basin , while the latter belongs to the Douro catchment area. Meanwhile, the Adaja , another Douro tributary whose source lies at the cut-off point of the Sierra de Ávila and La Serrota, carries little water in the Summer. The first recorded inhabitants of Ávila were the Celts , who left behind

752-462: The Spanish Fury at Mechelen , retaking and sacking the city after the rebel garrison had left. From there, they retook Zutphen and Naarden . The Spanish Siege of Haarlem , characterized by brutality and savagery on both sides, culminated in the surrender of the city and the execution of all the garrison, estimated at 2,000 men. The subsequent Siege of Alkmaar was unsuccessful however: it was

799-471: The " Council of Troubles ", popularly known in the Netherlands as the "Court of Blood," to prosecute those responsible for the riots of 1566, especially those deemed heretics. Alba also targeted the local Catholic nobles who favoured dialogue and who opposed outside intervention. Two of the three heads of Flemish nobility, the Count of Egmont , a Catholic General for Philip II, who had led the cavalry that defeated

846-651: The "Council of Blood". Militarily, Alba repeatedly defeated the troops of William of Orange during the first stages of the Eighty Years' War but he failed to extinguish the rebellion, and in 1573 he was recalled to Spain in temporary political disgrace. Alba's last military successes were in the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 , for which he was rewarded the titles viceroy and constable of Portugal . He held both titles until his death in Lisbon in 1582. Fernando

893-542: The Albistas' urging, King Philip II himself publicly acknowledged that "it is not possible to carry Flanders forward by way of war." Political concessions by Luis de Requesens failed to end the rebellion in the Netherlands and hostilities soon resumed. These failures of the Ebolistas to end the Dutch revolt raised the distrust of the king, and Philip II again granted the Duke of Alba an important position in court. After

940-684: The French at the Battle of San Quentin , and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn , were arrested and the court sentenced both counts to death. The Mayor of Antwerp, Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem and Jan van Casembroot were other famous victims of the bloody repression, along with a large group of other apostates. Those condemned were executed on 5 June 1568 in the Town Hall Square in Brussels. Alba had little confidence in conventional Flemish justice, which he perceived as sympathetic to

987-428: The Guadarrama; and the vast wall of the Sierra de Gredos along the southern frontier, where its outstanding peaks rise from around 6,000 to 8,000 feet (1,800 to 2,400 m). Pico Almanzor is the highest point. The ridges which ramify from the Paramera are covered with valuable forests of beeches, oaks and firs, presenting a striking contrast to the bare peaks of the Sierra de Gredos. The main rivers stemming from

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1034-433: The Netherlands. In spite of continuous military action, the political situation in the Netherlands had not turned in favour of the Spanish crown. After five years of repression, more than 5,000 executions and numerous complaints to the Spanish court, Philip II decided to change policy and relieve the Duke. The monarch sent Luis de Requesens to replace him. De Requesens tried to appease the situation by giving concessions to

1081-703: The Netherlands. William the Silent , the prince of Orange, enlisted the help of the French Huguenots and started to actively support the rebellion. William and the Huguenots took many Dutch cities. The Spanish troops advanced under banners with the Latin legend Pro lege, rege, et grege , which in English means For the law, the king, and the people [literally, the flock ]. In 1572 the Spanish army carried out

1128-544: The Spanish Renaissance poet and writer Juan Boscan . He was educated in Roman Catholicism and humanism . He mastered Latin and knew French, English and German. In 1524, when he was seventeen, he joined the troops of Constable of Castile , Íñigo Fernández de Velasco, II Duke of Frías , during the capture of Fuenterrabía , then occupied by France and Navarre. For his role in the siege, Fernando

1175-455: The Spanish from Italy. Papal troops joined the French for this aim. In July 1556 the Pope declared Philip II was removed from the title King of Naples . Alba did not hesitate and marched on Rome at the head of 12,000 Spanish soldiers. He financed the campaign, in part, by obtaining a loan of 430,000 ducats from Bona Sforza , dowager Queen of Poland ; the loan became known as Neapolitan sums and

1222-636: The Spanish monarch in Portugal and was second in hierarchy only after the king in Portugal. Fernando held both titles until his death in 1582. His first child, Fernando de Toledo (1527–1591), was an illegitimate son with a miller's daughter in the town of La Aldehuela . 27 April 1529 the Duke married his cousin María Enríquez de Toledo y Guzmán (died 1583), daughter of Diego Enríquez de Guzmán , III Count of Alba de Liste, with whom he had four children. Alba died in Lisbon on 11 December 1582, at

1269-530: The Spanish-Portuguese border and moved to Lisbon . In late August he defeated a Portuguese army at the Battle of Alcântara and entered Lisbon. This cleared the way for Philip II who became Philip I of Portugal , and created a dynastic union spanning all of Iberia under the Spanish crown. King Philip II rewarded Fernando with the titles of 1st Viceroy of Portugal and Constable of Portugal on July 18, 1580. With these titles Fernando represented

1316-589: The age of seventy-five; he was given the last rites by the famous Luis de Granada . His remains were transferred to Alba de Tormes , where he was buried in the convent of San Leonardo . In 1619 they were transferred to the Convento de San Esteban, Salamanca . In 1983 a mausoleum was erected over his grave, funded by the Provincial Deputation of Salamanca. In 1904 there was in the Dutch press and House of Representatives an intensive debate on

1363-592: The city against an Ottoman invasion army. No battle ensued as the Ottomans, having lost momentum due to time lost during the Siege of Güns , decided not to advance against Vienna and retreated from the field. During this time, he was accompanied by the soldier-poet Garcilaso de la Vega throughout his travels in Europe. The special access that De La Vega had as a close companion to Alba, coupled with his skilled craft as

1410-552: The civil and religious rebels, King Philip II sent Alba to Brussels on 22 August 1567, at the head of a powerful army. Upon arrival, he replaced Margaret of Parma , the sister of the Spanish king, as head of the civil jurisdiction. He decided that the local nobility was in open rebellion against the king and supported the new Protestant teachings, heresy in the Catholic view. A few days later, on 5 September 1567, Alba established

1457-485: The conduct of Gotfried Coenraad Ernst van Daalen , a Dutch commander who during the then current Aceh War was charged with the killing of numerous civilians, including women and children, during the conquest of Aceh in northern Sumatra . Some of van Daalen's detractors compared his conduct with the atrocities committed by the Duke of Alba, still well remembered in Dutch historical memory. Province of %C3%81vila Ávila ( Spanish: [ˈaβila] )

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1504-416: The death of King Sebastian of Portugal , who had no heirs, in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578, the crown fell to his great uncle Cardinal Henry I of Portugal . The death of the latter, without any appointed heirs, led to the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 . One of the claimants to the throne, António, Prior of Crato , a bastard son of Infante Louis, Duke of Beja and only grandson through

1551-711: The death of the monarch in 1556. In 1546, Charles I invested the Duke of Alba Grand Master as knight of the Illustrious Order of the Golden Fleece . From 1548 King Charles intensified the preparations of Prince Philip as his successor in the Spanish Monarchy , and he named Duke of Alba mayordomo mayor of his son to prepare Philip for his new role. Fernando took Philip on a tour around Europe that lasted until 1551. Fernando accompanied Philip to England to attend his marriage to Mary Tudor . The Duke

1598-550: The defendants, and witnessed the executions in person. He would later become equally mistrustful of the local helpers of the Council of Troubles as possibly having their own agendas. The maintenance of the troops in Flanders entailed substantial economic costs. The Duke imposed new taxes on the population and reformed its laws. Some cities, including Utrecht , refused to pay and declared a rebellion, which quickly spread throughout

1645-485: The first defeat in a full scale engagement for the Spanish troops during the Dutch revolt. The prolonged military campaigns and the harsh repression of the rebel citizenry earned the 3rd Duke of Alba the nickname "The Iron Duke" in the Netherlands, and he became an important element of the anti-Spanish Black Legend . His reputation was used for propaganda purposes by rebel statesman Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde to further strengthen anti-Spanish sentiments in

1692-724: The imperial army's decisive victory against the Elector of Saxony . In later years, the focus of conflict between France and Spain had moved to the Italian peninsula. Alba was sent to Italy as commander in chief of the Spanish-Habsburg army in Italy, and became governor of Milan in 1555, and viceroy of Naples in 1556. The newly appointed Pope Paul IV , an enemy of the Habsburgs , prompted King Henry II of France to expel

1739-536: The male line of king Manuel I of Portugal , was proclaimed King in June 1580. Philip II, through his mother Isabella of Portugal also a grandson of Manuel I, did not recognize Antonio as king of Portugal. The king appointed Fernando, Duke of Alba, as captain general of his army. The duke was 73 years old and ill at the time. Fernando mustered his forces, estimated at 20,000 men, in Badajoz, and in June 1580 crossed

1786-589: The military force commanded by the Marquess of Vasto . On 14 July, the fortress of La Goleta was seized, and a week later the army took the city of Tunis which was defended by Hayreddin Barbarossa . Thus Spain regained control over the western Mediterranean Sea. In 1542, he led the Spanish troops against the French Army, ending the siege of Perpignan . The siege was a decisive victory for Alba and one of

1833-554: The rebels. Alba returned to Spain in 1573. Nevertheless, the Duke still had influence in the Royal Council. Alba belonged to the conservative Spanish faction called Albistas or imperialists. This faction included the Inquisitor General Fernando de Valdés y Salas , the House of Pimentel, the Duke de Alburquerque and other members of the House of Álvarez de Toledo. The Albistas advised the king to take

1880-471: The worst defeats of Francis I during the French offensive of 1542. In 1547, Charles I, in his capacity as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor engaged with the Protestant forces in the Schmalkaldic War . The Duke of Alba was in charge of Tercios , the elite Spanish ground troops during the Battle of Mühlberg on the banks of the river Elbe . A flanking attack by Alba's Tercios was largely responsible for

1927-609: Was a royal promoter of military action against France and Protestantism , although he also defended a moral and strategic alliance with England that never realized. Alba achieved notoriety for his role during the Eighty Years' War in the Spanish Netherlands , where his prolonged campaigns and repressive political actions caused his figure to be reviled in European history as a symbol of tyranny . Born into

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1974-478: Was appointed governor of Fuenterrabía. When his grandfather Fadrique died in 1531, the ducal title passed to Fernando as the firstborn son of Garcia. Throughout his adulthood, he served the Spanish monarchs Charles I and his successor Philip II. In 1541 Fernando Álvarez de Toledo was named Mayordomo Mayor del Rey de España (High Steward to the King of Spain) by Charles I of Spain. Alba kept this office in court until

2021-463: Was born in Piedrahíta , Province of Ávila , on 29 October 1507. He was the son of García Álvarez de Toledo y Zúñiga, heir of Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Quiñones , II Duke of Alba de Tormes, and of Beatriz Pimentel, daughter of Rodrigo Alonso Pimentel, IV Count – I Duke of Benavente and his wife, María Pacheco . Fernando was orphaned at age three when his father, García, died during

2068-457: Was never repaid. The Pope called for a truce, giving time for a French army commanded by Francis, Duke of Guise to march on Naples. The Spanish intercepted the French and defeated them in the Battle of San Quentin . Without French support, the papal troops were overwhelmed by the Spanish and the Duke of Alba entered Rome in September 1557. The pope had to sue for peace. In April 1559, Alba

2115-645: Was one of fifteen grandees of Spain who attended the ceremony in the abbey of Winchester on 25 July 1554. After the death of Charles, the new King Philip II maintained Alba as mayordomo mayor until the death of the Duke in 1582. In 1563, King Philip II created the title Duke of Huéscar to be bestowed on the heir of the Dukes of Alba. Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo , son of Fernando became 1st Duke of Huéscar. In 1566, Alba's son and heir, Fadrique, broke his promise of marriage to Magdalena de Guzman, lady of Queen Anne of Austria , which led to his arrest and imprisonment in

2162-584: Was one of the signatories of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis which ended their war with France and released Spanish resources for maximising its economic exploitation of New Spain . The Italian peninsula entered a prolonged period of peace, sealed by marriage between the twice widowed Philip II and Isabel de Valois , daughter of Henry II of France . During the royal wedding, which was held in Paris, Alba acted as proxy for Philip. On December 26, 1566, Alba received

2209-525: Was the commander-in-chief of the Spanish-Habsburg army during the Italian War of 1551–1559 , and became governor of Milan in 1555 and viceroy of Naples in 1556. In 1567, King Philip II of Spain appointed Alba governor of the Netherlands and tasked him with the suppression of Dutch rebels. Alba instituted the Council of Troubles , which led to the condemnations of thousands and came to be known as

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