The Tsimané , also known as the Tsimane' or Chimane , are an indigenous people of lowland Bolivia , living chiefly in the Beni Department municipalities of San Borja , San Ignacio de Moxos , Rurrenabaque , and Santa Ana del Yacuma . The Tsimané are the main residents of the T’simane Council Territory ( Spanish : Territorio del Consejo T’simane ) and the Pilón Lajas Reserve . They are primarily a subsistence agriculture culture, although hunting and fishing contribute significantly to many of the settlements' food supply. Those Tsimané living in the Reserve are affiliated with the multiethnic Consejo Regional Tsimane Moseten (CRTM), which holds the title to the Reserve as a Native Community Land or TCO.
21-741: The Tsimané are also known as the Achumano, Chamano, Chimane, Chimanis, Chimanisa, Chimnisin, Chumano, Nawazi-Moñtji, and Ramano people. The Tsimané have their own language Tsimané, also called Mosetan , which is a language isolate having several dialect varieties, such as the Mosetén of Santa Ana and the Mosetén of Covendo which are mutually intelligible. They live in small communities composed of 20 to 30 families. Tsimané and Mosetén people depends mainly on subsistence farming, they cultivate bananas and manioc through swidden agriculture , although hunting, fishing and gathering contribute significantly as
42-553: A Spanish-based alphabet devised by Wayne Gill. It uses the additional letters ṕ, ć, q́u, tś, ćh, mʼ, nʼ, ä. It is widely used in publications and is taught in Chimane schools. In 1996, Colette Grinevald created an alphabet for Moseten and Chimane which used only those letters found on a Spanish keyboard. It included the multigraphs ph khdh ch chh tsh dh, and was adopted by the Moseten. Bolivian Law 3603 of 2007 Jan 17 recognizes
63-591: A Tsimané group is to work during the day, congregate around a fire while cooking food, share a meal, then remain by the fire as it gets dark, sharing stories and information. Children and mothers tend to move away to sleep before male adults, with sleep onset occurring, on average, 3.3 hours after sunset. From beginning to end, sleep periods averaged 6.9–8.5 hours, with actual time slept of 5.7–7.1 hours, less sleep than reported in many industrial societies. The average Tsimané woman has nine children in her lifetime. A study of 983 Tsimané women found that 70% were infected with
84-527: A hypothesis still lacks conclusive scientific evidence. In this regard, Adelaar and van de Kerke (2009: 126) have pointed out that if in fact the Puquina languages are, genetically, related to the Arawakan languages, its separation from this family must have occurred at a relatively early date; the authors further suggest that in such a case the location of the Puquina speakers should be taken into account in
105-588: A migratory wave arising from the collapse of the Tiwanaku Empire around 1000 CE. Sometimes the term Puquina is used for the Uru language , which is distinctly different. Puquina has been considered an unclassified language family, since it has not been proven to be firmly related to any other languages in the Andean region. A relationship with the Arawakan languages has long been suggested, based solely on
126-458: A source of food for almost all communities. The population has been undergoing some degree of market integration over the past 15 years, and some Tsimane now participate in the cash economy. Both the Tsimane' Amazonian Panel Study and The Tsimane Health and Life History Project have studied the Tsimane since 2002. Among other things, it appears that they do not develop heart disease as they age in
147-532: Is a small, putative language family , often portrayed as a language isolate , which consists of the extinct Puquina language and Kallawaya , although it is assumed that the latter is just a remnant of the former mixed with Quechuan . Puquina speakers are last mentioned in the early nineteenth century. The Qhapaq simi , which was spoken by the Inca elite, in contrast to the Quechuan-speaking commoners,
168-536: Is thought to be related, as well as the Leco language , generally considered a language isolate. They are spoken by several native ethnic groups in the region surrounding Lake Titicaca ( Peru and Bolivia ) and in the north of Chile . Puquina itself is often associated with the culture that built Tiwanaku . In spite of the fact that Puquina was originally a lingua franca of the region during colonization it rapidly declined and then went extinct. Its decline began before
189-459: The Mosetén. Dialects listed by Mason (1950): Tsimane’ /tsi'maneʔ/ and Mosetén /mose'ten/ are self-designations that refer to both the language and ethnic group. Chimanes also refer to their language as tsunsi’ĉan /tsɨnt'siʔkhan/ ‘in our (language)’, while Mosetenes also refer to their language as tsinsi’ mik /tsint'si mik/ ‘our language’. As a dialect continuum, dialects of Chimane-Mosetén include Covendo Mosetén (500–800 speakers), spoken in
210-763: The Spanish conquest as Aymaran speaking peoples divided the population of Puquina into several small groups. Remnants of the single, ancestral Puquina language can be found in the Quechuan and Spanish languages spoken in the south of Peru, mainly in Arequipa , Moquegua and Tacna , as well as in Bolivia . There also seem to be remnants in the Kallawaya language , which may be a mixed language formed from Quechuan languages and Puquina. ( Terrence Kaufman (1990) finds
231-527: The Tutishcainyo pottery found in this region. Jolkesky (2016) classifies Puquina as a Macro-Arawakan language. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Aymaran, Cahuapanan , Quechuan , Panoan , Tananan and Uru-Chipaya language families due to contact. From a list of 200 basic words words 70 percent weren't borrowed, 14 percent were from Aymara, 2 percent were from
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#1732801852659252-614: The debate over the geographic origin of the Arawakan family. Such consideration was taken up by Jolkesky (op. cit., 611–616) in his archaeo-ecolinguistic model of diversification of the Macro-Arawakan languages. According to this author, the proto-Macro-Arawakan language would have been spoken in the Middle Ucayali River Basin during the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE and its speakers would have produced
273-443: The language without Spanish influence. Tsimane' proper, on the other hand, has at least 4,000 speakers, and the number of speakers is growing. In addition, the majority of speakers of Tsimane' proper are monolingual. The Mosetén were in contact with missions for almost 200 years, while the Tsimane' have remained isolated for much longer, thus leading the Tsimane' to preserve their customs and traditions, including language, much more than
294-593: The languages of South America. There is some lexicon shared with Puquina and the Uru–Chipaya languages , but these appear to be borrowings. Morris Swadesh suggested a Moseten–Chon relationship, which Suárez provided evidence for in the 1970s, and with which Kaufman (1990) is sympathetic. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Uru-Chipaya , Yurakare , and Pano language families due to contact. Chimane has been written since 1980 in
315-406: The parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides , which is believed to have increased their fertility rate by suppressing their immune system, leading to two additional children over the course of a lifetime. Chimane language Chimané ( Tsimane' ) is a South American language isolate. Some dialects are known as Mosetén (Mosetén of Santa Ana, Mosetén of Covendo). Chimane is a language of
336-592: The possessive paradigm (1st no- , 2nd pi- , 3rd ču- ), which is similar to the Proto-Arawakan subject forms (1st *nu- , 2nd *pi- , 3rd *tʰu- ). Jolkesky (2016: 310–317) has presented further possible lexical cognates between Puquina and the Arawakan languages, proposing that this language family belongs to the putative Macro-Arawakan stock along with the Candoshi and the Munichi languages. However, such
357-533: The proposal plausible. ) Some theories claim that "Qhapaq Simi", the cryptic language of the nobility of the Inca Empire , was closely related to Puquina, and that Runa Simi (Quechuan languages) were spoken by commoners. The Leco language might also be related. Moulian et al. (2015) argue that Puquina language influenced Mapuche language of southern Chile long before the rise of the Inca Empire . This areal linguistic influence may have started with
378-547: The rights of the Chimane and Moseten to their language in all aspects of life in Bolivia, including education, and Chimane translation of policy which concerns them, and that written Chimane must use the unique Chimane(-Moseten) alphabet. However, it does not clarify which alphabet this is. Tsimane' has 5 vowels: Tsimane' has 24 consonants: Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Mosetene and Chimane. Puquina language Puquina (or Pukina )
399-799: The same ways as people in the developed world. Blood tissue from the Tsimané exhibits a slower intrinsic epigenetic aging rate than that of other populations according to a biomarker of tissue age known as epigenetic clock . This finding might explain the "Tsimane inflammation paradox", wherein high levels of inflammation and infection, and low HDL cholesterol levels, are not associated with accelerated cardiovascular aging. Tsimané sleep patterns have been studied as an example of "natural" sleep in nonindustrial or preindustrial societies, and to assess relationships between sleep patterns and health. Factors observed include sleep duration, timing, natural light, ambient temperature and seasonality. A normal daily pattern for
420-514: The village of Covendo; Santa Ana Mosetén (150–200 speakers); and Chimane (12,500–15,000 speakers). Covendo is a more remote village that is predominantly ethnic Mosetén, while Santa Ana Mosetén (located between Covendo Mosetén and Chimane) is spoken in Santa Ana, which has many Spanish speakers who have moved from other parts of Bolivia. Chimane is still vigorously spoken, while Mosetén is highly endangered. Mosetenan has no obvious relatives among
441-951: The western Bolivian lowlands spoken by the Tsimane peoples along the Beni River and the region around San Borja in the Department of Beni (Bolivia). Sakel (2004) classifies them as two languages for a number of reasons, yet some of the variants of the language are mutually intelligible and they reportedly have no trouble communicating ( Ethnologue 16) and were evidently a single language separated recently through cultural contact (Campbell 2000). The dialects of Tsimane' are in different sociolinguistic situations. Covendo Mosetén has around 600 speakers, while Santa Ana Mosetén only has around 150-200 speakers. Both of these dialects are fading quickly, and almost all speakers of these dialects are bilingual in Spanish. Only older speakers maintain use of
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