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82-486: The city was founded in the 11th century as Murustage but has origins going back to Punic and Roman times. In 1516, it was captured by the Ottoman admiral Barbarossa and became a centre for Mediterranean sea corsairs, as well as a commercial port. By 1700, it had come under Ottoman rule. In 1833, the city was taken by France and a garrison established. Algeria became independent in 1962. Mostaganem corresponds to

164-434: A chardah and a daff, which are instruments inspired by Central Asian Isma'ili traditions. In Indonesia, qasidah (Indonesian spelling: kasidah ) refers broadly to Islamic music in general, rather than a specific style or poetry. Traditional qasidah was historically limited to Arab immigrant and pious Muslim neighbourhoods. Modern qasidah has broadened to include influence from Western and local Indonesian music. After

246-510: A praetor . The existing power structures, infrastructure, and urbanized culture continued largely unchanged. In 216 BC, two Sardo-Punic notables from Cornus and Tharros, Hampsicora and Hanno, led a revolt against the Romans. Punic culture remained strong during the first centuries of the Roman domination, but over time the civic elites adopted Roman cultural practices and Latin became first

328-645: A Christian bishopric, and by which it is referred to in the Catholic Church 's list of episcopal sees . It also underlies the modern name of Mostaganem. The town was ruled by the Zirid dynasty between 973–1146. Then, it was conquered by the Almoravid dynasty , and reached its high point of power under Yusuf ibn Tashfin (c. 1061–1106). Mostaganem was later ruled by the Zayyanid dynasty of Tlemcen and it

410-554: A century, the population of Carthage rose to 30,000, meanwhile, the "mother city" of Tyre , once the economic and political capital of Phoenicia, began to lose its status in the seventh century BC. Phoenicia was eventually conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire , by which point Carthage had become the wealthiest and most powerful of all the Phoenician colonies. Around this time, a distinct culture began to emerge from

492-539: A clade with ancient Canary Island inhabitants thought to be representative of the original founding population. Surprisingly, no individuals with large amounts of Levantine ancestry were detected in this group of Tunisian Punics. One possible explanation is that the colonial expansion of Phoenician city-states at the start of the Iron Age did not involve large amounts of population mobility, and may have been based on trade relationships rather than occupation. According to

574-625: A craniometric analysis indicated likely Mediterranean / European ancestry as opposed to African or Asian. In 2016, it was revealed that the individual belonged to the rare U5b2c1, which is the earliest evidence of this European lineage in North Africa. Mitochondrial analysis of 10 Punic samples from the necropolis of Tharros in Sardinia (5th – 3rd century BC) shows affinities with North African and Iberian populations. A recent genetic study has linked haplogroups E-M81, E-FGC18960 and E-V65 to

656-585: A firefly around those intoxicated with your love In 2013, the recitation of Burushaski ginans was discouraged at Isma'ili jamat khanas by regional councils.  However, Burushaski Qasidas continue to be sung at Dawaat (traditional house warming), zikr -mehfil, and other similar private religious gatherings. Several artists such as Meher-Angez, Barkat Ali, Shakila Parveen, Islam Habib, and Noman Asmet are recording and publishing Burushaski Qasida on streaming platforms online. These renditions have amassed millions of views. Many of these recording are accompanied with

738-454: A prayer to your messenger the best of Guides And say, seeking aid in every circle blessings of Allah , as the crier cries on the Chosen, our master the praised Beloved of Allah preferred of those who ascended, his tomb is above any throne or high place As in every pious place, sincerely musk and spices give fragrances, truly to the tomb of Muhammad light of the heart Every aspect of

820-539: A second at the end of the 9th century BC, documented in written references in both east and west, which culminated in the foundation of colonies in northwest Africa (the cities Auza, Carthage , and Kition ) and formed part of trading networks linked to Tyre , Arvad , Byblos , Berytus , Ekron , and Sidon in the Phoenician homeland. Although links with Phoenicia were retained throughout their history, they also developed close trading relations with other peoples of

902-684: A single elaborate meter throughout the poem, and monorhyme , where every line rhymes on the same sound It typically runs from fifteen to eighty lines, and sometimes more than a hundred. Well-known examples of this genre include the poems of the Mu'allaqat (a collection of pre-Islamic poems , the most being the one of Imru' al-Qays ), the Qasida Burda (Poem of the Mantle) by Imam al-Busiri , and Ibn Arabi 's classic collection Tarjumān al-Ashwāq (The Interpreter of Desires). The most common form of

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984-487: Is 17.9 °C (64.2 °F). About 347 mm (13.66 in) of precipitation falls annually. The city is divided in two by a ravine of the river Aïn Sefra , with the modern town to southwest, and the old Muslim city, Tidgit , to the northeast. In 2010 a tunnel under the city and towards the city centre is expected to change traffic flow significantly. Also, new buildings, some modern and some in colonial style, are being added to this growing city. The new autoroute from

1066-656: Is an ancient Arabic word and form of poetry , often translated as ode . The qasida originated in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and passed into non-Arabic cultures after the Arab Muslim expansion . The word qasida is originally an Arabic word ( قصيدة , plural qaṣā’id , قصائد ), and is still used throughout the Arabic-speaking world; it was borrowed into some other languages such as Persian : قصیده (alongside چكامه , chakameh ), and Turkish : kaside . The classic form of qasida maintains both monometer ,

1148-466: Is an excerpt from, “Noor-e-shama”, one of Allama Hunzai’s most popular Burushaski Qasida: Noor e shama guskil e idigari je parvana mayam Aql e begana numan une shul dewana mayam Je atashqalta kuli tawaf ar maula Unay mohaabat e orsham shuway sis e parvana mayam I will become a firefly around you, O candle of Noor I will lose all my senses and will turn mad in your love If I can not circumambulate around you, O Maula I will become

1230-495: Is attested by Tertullian in his Apologeticus , where he reports that Tiberius crucified the priests of "Saturn" on the same trees they consecrated to the god. Tertullian also mentions the goddess Juno Caelestis as a romanization of Tanit. Carthage was rebuilt about 46 BC by Julius Caesar , and settlements in the surrounding area were granted to soldiers who had retired from the Roman army. People of Punic origin prospered again as traders, merchants and even politicians of

1312-620: Is home to important specialists of Andalusian classical music ( Moulay Benkrizi ), Chaabi ( Maazouz Bouadjadj , Habib Bettahar ), masters of traditional Bedouin music ( Sheikh Hamada , Sheikh Djilali Ain Tedeles ) and poets such as Sheikh Abdelkader Bentobdji and Sidi Lakhdar Benkhelouf who are authors of well-known qasida of Malhun poetry bequeathed as much to the Chaabi legacy as to Bedouins such as Emir `Abd al-Qādir al-Jazā'irī . The poet Ahlam Mostaghanemi Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi

1394-502: Is not allowed to sailors to exit the port and visit the city. The port is being shared by large transport vessels and fishing boats alike. A new, smaller port for fishing boats has been constructed, but is currently not used. Mostaganem has given birth to illustrious figures such as playwright Ould Abderrahmane Abdelkader AKA Kaki, cinema director Mohamed Chouikh , historians such as Moulay Belhamissi , and lyricists such as Kadda Medjeded . A major centre of popular and amateur theater, it

1476-559: Is not shared by all scholars. In modern academic writing, the term Punic exclusively refers to Phoenicians in the western Mediterranean. Specific Punic groups are often referred to with hyphenated names, like Siculo-Punic or Sardo-Punic . (This practice has ancient roots: Hellenistic Greek authors sometimes referred to the Punic inhabitants of central northern Africa ( Libya ) as Liby-Phoenicians .) Like other Phoenician people, their urbanized culture and economy were strongly linked to

1558-482: Is only a corruption by one letter of the alphabet of what we would expect: What else should they reply except that they are " Chananei "? It has been argued by J.C. Quinn that this is a misreading, since although this term is "applied to Levantine people" in the Hebrew Bible, "there is no other evidence for self-identification as Canaanite, and so we might suspect him of learned optimism." However, this opinion

1640-550: Is the last ancient writer to indicate that the Punic language was widely spoken. The last remains of a distinct Punic culture probably disappeared somewhere in the chaos during the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The demographic and cultural characteristics of the region were thoroughly transformed by turbulent events such as the Vandals ' wars with Byzantines and the population movements that followed, as well as

1722-617: The 11th century BC , Phoenician merchants , sailors , and artisans begin to settle in western Sicily , having already started colonies on the nearby parts of North Africa . Within a century, they established major Phoenician settlements at Soloeis (Solunto), present day Palermo and Motya (an island near present-day Marsala ). Others included Drepana (Trapani) and Mazara del Vallo . As Carthage later grew in power, these settlements sometimes came into conflict with them, such as Motya, and Phoenician city-states in western Sicily were eventually fully integrated into Carthage by

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1804-585: The 6th century BC . The Phoenicians integrated with the local Elymian population as shown in archaeology as a distinctive “West Phoenician cultural identity”. It is unclear when the Phoenicians began to seriously colonize North Africa. Writers in antiquity, such as Pliny the Elder , dated the beginning of the colonization efforts to the 12th and 11th centuries BC, as several legends describe interactions between Phoenician colonists and famous figures from

1886-552: The Hebrew Bible describing the sacrifice of children by burning to Baal and Moloch at a place called Tophet . The ancient descriptions were seemingly confirmed by the discovering of the so-called Tophet of Salammbô in Carthage in 1921, which contained the urns of cremated children. However, modern historians and archaeologists debate the reality and extent of this practice. Some scholars propose that all remains at

1968-570: The Islamic month of Ramadan . An old tradition of Old Dhaka is during the time of sehri , groups of people would sing qasidas to wake up the Muslims in the neighbourhood. In Burushaski , the Qasida refers broadly to Isma'ili devotional literature in general rather than a specific style of poetry and is interchangeably used with the word Ginan in the language. It was regularly performed in

2050-773: The Latin poenus and punicus , which were used mostly to refer to the Carthaginians and other western Phoenicians. These terms derived from the Ancient Greek word Φοῖνιξ ( "Phoinix" ), plural form Φοίνικες ( "Phoinikes" ), which was used indiscriminately to refer to both western and eastern Phoenicians. Latin later borrowed the Greek term a second time as "Phoenix" , plural form "Phoenices" , also used indiscriminately. Numismatic evidence from Sicily shows that some western Phoenicians made use of

2132-573: The Muslim conquest of North Africa in the 7th century AD. After the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb , the geographer al-Bakri described a people who spoke a language which was not Berber , Latin, or Coptic , living in Sirte , where spoken Punic survived well past written use. Whether this refers to some remnant Punic population is uncertain; if it does, it represents the last known record of

2214-642: The Roman Empire . The emperor Septimius Severus had Punic ancestry. As Christianity spread in the Roman Empire, it was especially successful in northwest Africa , and Carthage became a Christian city even before Christianity was legal. Saint Augustine , born in Thagaste (modern-day Algeria ), considered himself Punic, and left some important reflections on Punic cultural history in his writing. One of his more well known passages reads: Augustine

2296-458: The Trojan War , such as Aeneas . Archaeological evidence, on the other hand, generally implies that the colonies began in the 8th century BC as, barring a few exceptional sites, any material evidence of Phoenician habitation before this time period is lacking. The Phoenician colonial system was motivated by economic opportunity, not expansionist ideology, and as such, the Phoenicians lacked

2378-956: The Western Mediterranean during the Early Iron Age . In modern scholarship, the term Punic , the Latin equivalent of the Greek-derived term Phoenician , is exclusively used to refer to Phoenicians in the western Mediterranean, following the line of the Greek East and Latin West . The largest Punic settlement was Ancient Carthage , but there were 300 other settlements along the North African coast from Leptis Magna in modern Libya to Mogador in southern Morocco , as well as western Sicily , southern Sardinia ,

2460-553: The prestige language , and later the speech of the majority of the inhabitants. The island of Ibiza derives its name from Phoenician : 𐤀𐤁𐤔𐤌 , ʾBŠM , "Dedicated to Bes ". (Latin Ebusus ). A city, the Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement , which has been excavated, was established in the mid-seventh century. Diodorus dates this foundation to 654 BC and attributes it to the Carthaginians. From

2542-434: The tophet were sacrificed, whereas others propose that only some were. Tunisia was among the areas settled during the first wave of Phoenician expansion into the west, with the foundation of Utica and Hippo Regius taking place around the end of the twelfth century. Further Phoenician settlements, were established in the following centuries, including Hippo Diarrhytus and Hadrumetum . The foundation of Carthage on

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2624-480: The tophet , and by a marked degree of cosmopolitanism . Carthage gained direct control over the Cap Bon peninsula, operating a sandstone quarry at El Haouaria from the middle of the seventh city and establishing the city of Kerkouane in the early sixth century. The region was very fertile and allowed Carthage to be economically self-sufficient. The site of Kerkouane has been extensively excavated and provides

2706-578: The "revivers" of Islam in the 20th century due to his role in spreading the religion, and even influencing the West, including opening the first mosque in Paris. Al-Alawi's tomb is now a popular visitation sight in Mostaganem. Punic The Punic people , usually known as the Carthaginians (and sometimes as Western Phoenicians ), were a Semitic people who migrated from Phoenicia to

2788-406: The 10th century Iranians developed the qasida immensely and used it for other purposes. For example, Nasir Khusraw used it extensively for philosophical, theological, and ethical purposes, while Avicenna also used it to express philosophical ideas. It may be a spring poem (Persian بهاریه, bahâriye ) or autumn poem (Persian خزانیه, xazâniye ). The opening is usually description of a natural event:

2870-662: The 5th century BC, Hanno the Navigator played a significant role in exploring coastal areas of present-day Morocco and other parts of the African coast, specifically noting details of indigenous peoples, such as at Essaouira . Carthaginians pushed westerly into the Atlantic and established important settlements in Lixus , Volubilis , Chellah , and Mogador, among other locations. Being trade rivals with Magna Graecia ,

2952-428: The 8th century BC, Phoenicians founded several cities and strongholds on strategic points in the south and west of Sardinia , often peninsulas or islands near estuaries, easy to defend and natural harbours, such as Tharros , Bithia , Sulci , Nora and Caralis ( Cagliari ). The north, the eastern coast and the interior of the island continued to be dominated by the indigenous Nuragic civilization , whose relations with

3034-651: The Carthaginians had several clashes with the Greeks over the island of Sicily in the Sicilian Wars from 600 to 265 BC. The Carthaginians eventually also fought Rome in three Punic Wars between 265 and 146 BC but they were defeated in each one. In the First Punic War , they lost control of Sicily. In the Second Punic War , an invasion of Italy by Hannibal was unsuccessful in forcing

3116-523: The Habib gives light the one who seeks him, sees the lights with goodness The distances meets it along with the near it will encompass the family, the neighbors of the beloved As well as the people of the community, with knowledge of his fragrance Qasida in Urdu poetry is often panegyric , sometimes a satire , sometimes dealing with an important event. As a rule it is longer than the ghazal but follows

3198-620: The Ismaili Imams . The Burushaski Qasida has had a pivotal role in developing the Burushaski language. Burushaski had been a broken, oral tongue, without a written script. This changed in 1961, ' Allamah Hunzai published his first poetry collection, entitled Nagmah-yi Israfil, which featured a selection of his Burushaski poems. The collection was telegrammed in the same year to the 49th Isma'ili Imam, Shah Karim al-Husayni , who, in his response, ascribed to 'Allamah Hunzai's collection

3280-600: The Mediterranean and beyond, to Atlantic Iberia, the British Isles , the Canaries . Technical achievements of the Punic people of Carthage include the development of uncolored glass and the use of limestone from lakeside deposits to improve the purity of smelted iron . The Punic religion was a direct continuation of the Phoenician variety of the polytheistic ancient Canaanite religion . At Carthage,

3362-601: The Prophet) extols the Prophet Muhammad: إذا ماشئت تيسير المراد فصل على رسولك خير هادى وقل مستنجدا في كل ناد صلاة الله مانادى المنادى على المختار مولانا الحماد حبيب الله افضل من ترقى وقبره فاق كرسيا ومرقى وكل مواضع الخيرات صدقا يفوح المسك والريحان حقا لقبر محمد نور الفؤاد تنور جميع ارجاء الحبيب - يرى الانوار قاصده بطيب ويلقاه البعيد مع القريب - يعم الال جيران الحبيب بعرف عبيره اهل البلاد ‎ Whenever you wish to make easy your objective then give

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3444-595: The Punic population of Ibiza was primarily male dominated. According to Olalde et al. (2018): According to Fernandes et al. (2020): According to Marcus et al. (2020): Two other studies published in 2021 in the journal Annals of Human Biology also show a strong genetic proximity with the populations of North Africa of several individuals from Sardinia and Italy. According to Sarno, Cillion, de Fanti, et al. (2021): Accorging to de Angelis, Veltre, Romboni, et al. (2021): In 2022, 30 ancient individuals from Carthaginian and Etruscan port cities around

3526-491: The Romans as Sardus Pater and apparently an indigenous deity) received worship as the son of Melqart and was particularly associated with the island. The Carthaginians appear to have had both part-time and full-time priests, the latter called khnm (singular khn , cognate with the Hebrew term kohen ), led by high priests called rb khnm , as well as lower-ranking religious officials, called "servants" or "slaves" of

3608-626: The Romans to surrender and the Carthaginians were subsequently defeated by Scipio Africanus in Spain and at the Battle of Zama in northern Africa in 202 BC, marking the end of Carthage's position as a major Mediterranean power. Finally, in the Third Punic War , Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC. Victory in the Punic Wars enabled Roman settlement of Africa and eventual domination of

3690-504: The Sardo-Punic cities were mixed, including both trade and military conflict. Intermarriage and cultural mixing took place on a large scale. The inhabitants of the Sardo-Punic cities were a mixture of Phoenician and Nuragic stock, with the latter forming the majority of the population. Sardinia had a special position because it was central in the western Mediterranean between Carthage, Spain, the river Rhône , and Etruria . Iglesiente

3772-634: The addition of Steppe-related ancestry . A second cluster contains seven individuals who are genetically similar to Bronze Age Sicilian and central Italian populations, as well as some individuals from the Hellenistic Iberian Greek colony of Empúries . A last individual, who projects near modern Mozabite and Moroccan populations in PCA space can be modelled with a combination Morocco Early Neolithic and Anatolia Neolithic ancestry. When compared to other ancient individuals, this individual forms

3854-484: The admixture of local customs with Phoenician traditions, which also gave rise to a nascent sense of national identity. Tyre's status and power continued to diminish under Neo-Assyrian, and subsequently Neo-Babylonian , vassalage, and by the sixth century BC, its voluntary submission to the Achaemenid Empire had severely circumscribed what little power it retained. Its status as the pre-eminent Phoenician city

3936-412: The ancient Punic port of Murustaga . After becoming part of the Roman Empire , it was, according to some sources, officially renamed Cartennae under the emperor Gallienus (253–268). However, according to more weighty sources, Cartennae (or Cartenna or Cartennas ) corresponds instead to modern Ténès , 50 km to the east. In any case, Murustaga is the name by which the town was known when it became

4018-401: The authors: Qasida Features Types Types Features Clothing Genres Art music Folk Prose Islamic Poetry Genres Forms Arabic prosody National literatures of Arab States Concepts Texts Fictional Arab people South Arabian deities The qaṣīda (also spelled qaṣīdah ; plural qaṣā’id )

4100-517: The best-known example of a Punic city from North Africa. Punic control also extended inland over the Libyans . Punic influence on inland regions is seen from the early 6th century, notably at Althiburos , where Punic construction techniques and red-slip pottery appear at the time. Armed conflicts with the Libyans are first attested in the early 5th century, with several revolts attested in

4182-438: The capital Algiers towards Oran will make it easier also to access Mostaganem by road from the capital, as Mostaganem has no public airport. The road connecting Oran (around 80 km from Mostaganem to the west) will remain the same, a crowded 2 lane in each direction highway. The port of Mostaganem is being used for unloading of all sorts of cargo, ranging from provisions to cars and pipelines. As in most ports of Algeria, it

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4264-766: The central Mediterranean, in Tunisia, Sardinia, and central Italy were sequenced. In Tunisia a highly heterogeneous population was observed in Kerkouane , spanning from modern Mozabite populations to modern Sicilian populations, consisting of three primary genetic clusters. One of the genetic groups includes four individuals who have genetic continuity with preceding Maghrebi neolithic farmers, suggesting that these individuals represent an autochthonous North African population. One individual can be modeled with 100% Morocco Late Neolithic farmer ancestry, while three individuals can be modeled predominantly with this component, along with

4346-711: The chief gods were Baal Hammon (purportedly "Lord of the Brazier ") and his consort Tanit , but other deities are attested, such as Eshmun , Melqart , Ashtart , Reshef , Sakon, and Shamash . The Carthaginians also adopted the Greek goddesses Demeter and Kore in 396 BC, as well as the Egyptian deities Bes , Bastet , Isis , Osiris , and Ra . Different Punic centres had their own distinct pantheons; in Punic Sardinia, for example, Sid or Sid Babi (known to

4428-411: The destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, but the Punic language and Punic culture endured under Roman rule, surviving in some places until late antiquity . The English adjective "Punic" is used in modern academic writing to refer to the western Phoenicians. The proper nouns "Punics" and "Punes" were used in the 16th century, but are obsolete and there is no proper noun in current use. "Punic" derives from

4510-509: The diffusion of the Phoenician language in the Western Mediterranean. According to Penninx (2019): Recent genetics studies based on Ancient DNA showed that Punic people from Sardinia, Ibiza, South Iberia and Italy had strong genetic relationships to ancient north African and eastern Mediterranean sources. Zalloua, P., Collins, C.J., Gosling, A. et al. in 2018 showed that Eastern Mediterranean and North African influence in

4592-406: The entire Mediterranean Sea. The destruction of Carthage did not mean the end of the Punic people. After the wars, the city of Carthage was completely razed and the land around it was turned into farmland for Roman citizens. There were, however, other Punic cities in northwest Africa, and Carthage itself was rebuilt and regained some importance, if a shadow of its ancient influence. Although the area

4674-495: The fourth century (398, 370s, 310-307 BC). In the late 4th century, Aristotle reports that the Carthaginians dealt with local discontent by resettling poor citizens in cities in Libya. These settlements had to provide tribute and military manpower when required, but remained self-governing. There is some onomastic evidence for intermarriage between Punic people and Libyans in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. From

4756-457: The ghazal for mystical purposes. Somali Sufi Sheikhs such as Uways Al-Barawi , Shaykh Sufi , and Al-Zayla'i would often compose Qasida's on religious matters. A well known collection of Somali Qasida's is entitled Majumuʿa Qasaʿid fi Madh Sayyid Al-Anbiya (A Collection of Qasidas in praise of the Master of Prophets ). Hadiyat al-ʿAnam ila Qabr al-Nabi (Guidance of Humanity to the tomb of

4838-481: The jamat-khana and has been a cornerstone of Ismaili practics in the Hunza Valley . The Burushaski Qasida is used extensively to describe Ismaili philosophy, theology, and hermeneutics in a vernacular language. Furthermore, the Qasida builds upon classical Isma'ili thought, with original theological, metaphysical, and teleological expositions that draw on the historically unprecedented philosophical injunctions of

4920-507: The largest and most powerful of these city-states by the 5th century BC and gained increasingly close control over Punic Sicily and Sardinia in the 4th century BC, but communities in Iberia remained outside their control until the second half of the 3rd century BC. In the course of the Punic wars (264–146 BC), the Romans challenged Carthaginian hegemony in the western Mediterranean, culminating in

5002-531: The numbers or even the desire to establish an "empire" overseas. The colonies were therefore independent city-states, though most were relatively small, probably having a population of less than 1,000. Some colonies, such as Carthage , were able to grow much larger. Effectively establishing a monopoly on the continent's natural resources, the colonies' wealth exploded, which was compounded by an influx of Phoenician traders fleeing from increasing tributary obligations to foreign powers and trade interference. Within

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5084-630: The origins of the tripartite qasida in the Lakhmid court of the city of al-Hira , the capital of the Lakhmids that is now located in the south-central of modern-day Iraq . The qasida would spread into the Levant in the late sixth century, finding its way to Syria , and from Syria, would be imported into the Hejaz in the time of Muhammad . According to an apocryphal story, a poetry contest resulted in

5166-407: The peninsula began to invoke earlier notions of Arabian kingship in their poetry. The qasida may have emerged in this context, in the process of their negotiations of status with Arabophone kings that were invoking earlier notions of Arabian kingship. Supporting this is the fact that a number of the earliest reported qasidas were directed to the Ghassanids and Lakhmids . In particular, Miller places

5248-448: The people's existence. In 1994, a Punic burial crypt was discovered on Byrsa Hill, near the entry to the National Museum of Carthage in Tunisia. Inside this crypt were the remains of a young man along with a range of burial goods, all dating to the late 6th century BCE. An osteological analysis of the young man from Byrsa, or Ariche, as he has become known, determined that he was approximately 1.7 m tall and aged between 19 and 24 years, and

5330-427: The qasida is tripartite (or is constituted by three parts). The typical three-part structure runs as follows: The tripartite qasida originated among Najdis (then a region extending east of the Hejazi mountains all the way up to modern-day Iraq) in the early sixth century. After repression of the development of kingships in the Arabian Peninsula on the part of the Byzantine and Sassanian empires , individuals in

5412-440: The rest of Bengal , during the Mughal era by Persians . Subahdar of Bengal , Islam Khan Chisti 's naval fleet is said to have sung them after arriving in Jessore in 1604. In 1949, Hakim Habibur Rahman spoke of the recent revival of qasidas since that period in his book, Dhaka Panchas Baras Pahle (Dhaka, fifty years ago). The qasidas were promoted by nawabs and sardars across the region, and especially popular during

5494-413: The sanctuary (male: ˤbd , female: ˤbdt or mt ), and functionaries like cooks, butchers, singers, and barbers. Sanctuaries had associations, referred to as mrzḥ in Punic and Neo-Punic inscriptions, who held ritual banquets. Some Phoenician communities practiced sacred prostitution ; in the Punic sphere this is archeologically attested at Sicca Veneria ( El Kef ) in western Tunisia and

5576-528: The sanctuary of Venus Erycina at Eryx in western Sicily. Punic sacred prostitution is mentioned by Latin author Valerius Maximus , who describes how Carthaginian women gained gifts by engaging in prostitution with visitors at Sicca Veneria. Various Greek and Roman sources describe and criticize the Carthaginian practice of sacrificing children by burning. Many ancient Greek and Latin authors describe some version of child sacrifice to "Cronos" (Baal Hammon). These descriptions were compared to those found in

5658-406: The sea. They settled over Northwest Africa in what is now Algeria , Morocco, Tunisia and Libya and established some colonies in Southern Iberia, Sardinia, Sicily, Ebusus , Malta and other small islands of the western Mediterranean. In Sardinia and Sicily, they had strong economic and political ties to the independent natives in the hinterland. Their naval presence and trade extended throughout

5740-473: The seasons, a natural landscape or an imaginary sweetheart. In the takhallos poets usually address themselves by their pen-name. Then the last section is the main purpose of the poet in writing the poem. Persian exponents include: From the 14th century CE Persian poets became more interested in ghazal and the qasida declined. The ghazal developed from the first part of qasida in which poets praised their sweethearts. Mystical poets and Sufis used

5822-421: The site of modern Tunis is dated to the late 9th century BC by Greek literary sources and archaeological evidence. The literary sources attribute the foundation to a group of Tyrian refugees led by Dido and accompanied by Cypriots . Archaeologically, the new foundation is characterised by the focus of religious cult on the gods Tanit and Baal Hammon , by the development of a new religious structure,

5904-540: The southern and eastern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula , Malta , and Ibiza . Their language, Punic , was a variety of Phoenician , one of the Northwest Semitic languages originating in the Levant . Literary sources report two moments of Tyrian settlements in the west, the first in the 12th century BC (the cities Utica , Lixus , and Gadir ) that hasn't been confirmed by archaeology, and

5986-513: The status of a "ginan book in the Burushaski language." As van-Skyhawk notes this had the effect of sacralizing 'Allamah Hunzai's poetry for the Isma'ilis, and thus his poems were and continue to be widely recited in Isma'ili jama'at-khanas following this exchange.’ Apart from Allama Hunzai, leading Burushaki Qasida poets include Aalijah Ghulamuddin Hunzai ;and Wazir Fida Ali Esar. Below

6068-408: The term "Phoinix", but it is not clear what term (if any) they used for themselves; they may have called themselves 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤌 ( knʿnm , " Canaanites "). A passage from Augustine has often been interpreted as indicating that they called themselves Canaanites ( Chanani in Latin ), Augustine writes: When our rural peasants are asked what they are , they reply, in Punic, " Chanani ", which

6150-629: The victory of seven or ten qasidas winning, which were all taken together and hung up (or suspended) in the Kaaba . Hence, they came to be known as the "Suspended Odes" ( Mu'allaqat ). Though the story is late and uncorroborated, it has shaped the understanding of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry later in the Islamic era. Instead, however, pre-Islamic Arabic poetry was short, self-contained, with an extemporized quality. The Hejaz itself attests to no tripartite qasidas. Qasidas were introduced to Dhaka , and later

6232-422: The western Mediterranean, such as Sicilians, Sardinians, Berbers , Greeks, and Iberians , and developed some cultural traits distinct from those of their Phoenician homeland. Some of these were shared by all western Phoenicians, while others were restricted to individual regions within the Punic sphere. The western Phoenicians were arranged into a multitude of self-governing city-states. Carthage had grown to be

6314-474: Was an important mining area for the metals lead and zinc . The island came under Carthaginian dominance around 510 BC, after that a first attempt at conquest in 540 BC that ended in failure. They expanded their influence to the western and southern coast from Bosa to Caralis, consolidating the existing Phoenician settlements, administered by plenipotentiaries called Suffetes , and founding new ones such as Olbia , Cornus , and Neapolis ; Tharros

6396-564: Was conquered again by the Marinid dynasty of Fes . After that the Zayyanid dynasty took control of the city again. In the 16th century, the town resisted a Spanish invasion and came under the power of the Ottoman Hayreddin Barbarossa . Mostaganem has a mild Mediterranean climates ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). In winter there is more rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in Mostaganem

6478-589: Was originally from near Mostaganem. Furthermore, one of the most notable religious figures of the 20th century was also born and later buried in Mostaganem, the Great Sufi Master, Ahmad al-Alawi , who played a major role in spreading the Shadhili Darqawi tariqa (spiritual order) across the globe, such that this order is now considered one of the world's largest and most influential Sufi paths. Many modern Muslims consider al-Alawi to be one of

6560-537: Was partially romanized and some of the population adopted the Roman religion , while fusing it with aspects of their beliefs and customs, the language and the ethnicity persisted for some time. The cult to Baal Hammon, and the consequent sacrifice of children, though banned by Rome, continued openly under the guise of worshipping Saturn until at least the proconsulate of Tiberius Iulius Secundus in Africa (131–132). This

6642-418: Was probably the main centre. Carthage encouraged the cultivation of grain and cereals and prohibited fruit trees . Tharros, Nora, Bithia, Monte Sirai etc. are now important archaeological sites where Punic architecture and city planning can be studied. In 238 BC, following the First Punic War the Romans took over the whole island, incorporating it into the province of Corsica et Sardinia , under

6724-401: Was then usurped by its rival city-state, Sidon – but Sidon too was under Persian subjugation, leading the way for Carthage to fill the power vacuum as the leading Phoenician political power. With Phoenicia's decline, Carthage had become effectively independent from Tyre by 650 BC. Carthaginians carried out significant sea explorations around Africa and elsewhere from their base in Carthage. In

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